Antibiotics are produced by fermentation. Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air is called Fermentation.

1. Exploration of ethno-medicinally important wild plants and their
medicinal uses by locals of District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
1
Presented By: Muhammad Asif Iqbal
Registration No. F20BBOTN3E01044
MS Botany
Session (2020-2022)
Supervisor: Dr.Tauseef Anwar
Co- supervisor: Dr. Huma Qureshi
1/22/2023

2. BREIF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Research Hypothesis
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Results
 Conclusions
 Future Recommendations
 References
2
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3. Ethnobotany is the sub-discipline of herbal science that
concentrates on the connection among people and plants as a
social worth. It is currently commonly employed as a
technique to store ancient literature (Heinrich et al., 2006)
Medicinal species are necessary aspect for traditional
medical care framework since they are used to extract or
derive a variety of allopathic medications (Siddique et al., 2021)
INTRODUCTION
3
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4. Conti… PLANTS ROLE IN HUMAN HISTORY
Farmers and nomads who were older had more traditional
wisdom than those who were younger (Meen et al., 2020)
This field is notable around the world, and a few
overviews have been directed in different pieces of globe
(Ullah et al., 2019)
Herbal treatments have played an important part in the
elimination and curing of diseases. Medicinal herbs largely
used to cure various diseases (Hussain et al., 2018).
4
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5. Traditional remedies based on medicinal flora are widely
used to treat diseases in Pakistan, particularly among rural
areas (Shah et al., 2014)
Himalayan medicinal flora are important because they
are employed in both traditional medicine and modern
pharmaceutical businesses (Shah et al., 2014)
Conti… Introduction
5
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6. 6
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
This is the quantitative study which will
be carried out to record the
ethnobotanical knowledge about the
plant species of district Bahawalnagar,
Punjab for investigation to document the
plants utilized in various diseases.
The research study will be carried by
taking interviews, the field survey aimed to
collect field data and activities, such as
plant collection, local knowledge about
plants, trying to identify associated
implications to plants through individual
observation, photography and medicinal
plant uses and administration modes.
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7. 7
 To evaluate the plants which are used
by locals for medicinal purpose in
district Bahawalnagar
OBJECTIVE 1
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8. METHODOLOGY
8
Objective 1
1) Exploration and enlistment of data
In current study different villages of district Multan were
investigated. Plants were collected by field surveys and identified.
2) Plant Samples and data collection
The research data was collected from district Bahawalnagar. Semi
structured interviews and field observations were used.
4) Plant identification and preservation
During multiple field trips, medicinal plant species were obtained
from various sites. The Flora of Pakistan (https://www.eflora.com) was utilized for
identification‘, The Online World Flora was utilized. The wild flora
was taken and pressed between sheets of newspaper or blotting paper,
dried and mounted on standard herbarium sheets.
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9. 9
RESULTS Objective 1
1. Albizia lebbeck (Siris tree) 12. Datura innoxia (Dahtura)
2. Fumaria (Shahtara) 13. Erigeron Canadensis (Aspigrass)
3. Alhagi maurorum (Jawan) 14. Oxalis corniculata (Khat meth Boti)
4. Anagallis arvensis (bili Boti) 15. Physalis angulate (Mamola)
5. Capparis decidua (Karira) 16. Rumex obtusifolius (Khatetar)
6. Casurina equisetifolia (jungli) 17. Saueda foliosa (flowering plant)
7. Chenopodium album (Bathu) 18. Senna occidentalis (Kasonji)
8. Chenopodium murale (Batoo) 19. Solanum nigrum (Mako)
9. Cirsium arvense (Kandai) 20. Taraxacum campylodes (Cacronda)
10. Convolvulus arvensis (Wunwheeri bail) 21. Withania somnifera (Askan)
11. Cynodon dactylon (Khabal) 22. Ziziphus nummularia (Jungle bari)
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10. Results
 Medicinal plant enumerations
o Life form
o Plant life spans

11. Families
From total responses of respondent’s maximum responses were reported for family
Euphorbiaceae that was (8.5%) of total responses after these maximum responses
came from family Asteraceae (8.2%) followed by Boraginaceae which was reported
(7.7%) of total. While the least number of responses were reported for family
Nyctaginaceae (3.4%) and Zygophyllaceae (3.4%)
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11

12. 12
 To explore modes of administration of
herbal remedies and methods of
preparation
OBJECTIVE 2
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13. METHODOLOGY
13 Objective 2
1) Modes of Preparation
Decoctions made by boiling the plant in water until it is reduced to
half its original volume. According to previous studies, decoction and
infusion was predominated because they are quick to prepare,
affordable, and simple to drink. Furthermore, the widespread use of
decoctions could be attributed to their long-term efficacy and local
awareness of the usefulness of such preparations (Younis et al.,
2018). 1/22/2023

14. Result
Demographic data
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14
Variable Demographic categories Numbers Percentage
Gender
Male 333 88.1
Female 43 11.4
Occupation
Farmer 78 8.7
Laborers 61 20.6
Pansar 54 11.4
House wife 43 14.3
Government employs 33 16.1
Other 107 28.3
Age groups
30-39 year 123 32.5
40-49 year 129 34.1
50-59 year 82 21.7
≥60 year 42 11.1
Education
Illiterate 53 14.0
Primary 103 27.2
Middle 142 37.6
Matric 61 16.1
Above Matriculation 17 4.5

15. RESULTS
Table 1: Percentage of different modes of medicinal preparation
15
Objective 2
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16. 16
 To determine association of occurrence of
plants with ethno-medicinal data
OBJECTIVE 3
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17. METHODOLOGY
17 Objective 3
1) Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
Informant consensus factor (ICF) was applied to verify the
agreement among participants and plant used for particular disease
group (Heinrich et al., 1998). It was determined by fusing given formula (Vitalini et al.
(2013) ICF = Nur-Nt/ Nt-1
Where Nur was used, reports for particular disease group, and Nt
were total species used for this disease group. Its value ranges
between 0-1.
ICF =
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18. 18 2) Use Value (UV)
It was the quantitative measure of relative significance of
plant species locally known and was determined by using given
formula after Savikin et al. (2013)
UV = ΣU /ns
where U is the sum of the total number of use citations by all
informants for a given species, divided by the total number of
informants (ns)
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19. 1/22/2023
19
It demonstrates most preferred species used to treat specific
disease. It was calculated by using given formula after Friedman et al.
(1986):
3) Fidelity Level (FL)
Whereas “Np” demonstrates the participant number that cite
plant used for treating specific disease and “N” were total
participants citing plant species for any ailment

20. 20
Objective 3
Informant consensus factor (ICF) was determined for 20 ailments.
Informant consensus factor (ICF) value ranges from 0.19 to 1.00
Commonly the value of ICF for disease treatment depends upon the
availability of plant species in that area.
Highest value of ICF (1.00) was calculated for diaphoretic.
The lowest ICF were calculated for leucorrhea is (0.19).
The usage value (UV) varies from (0.04) to (0.106).
The minimum number of Use value for the Plant of Solanum
xanthocarpum (0.04)
Highest use value reported for Tricholepis glaberrima (0.106)
RESULTS
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21. 21
Fidelity level (FL)
Range of (FL) value is minimum 5.88% to maximum 80%.
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22. 1/22/2023
22
Table 2: ICF Value for Different Diseases
Sr. No. Diseases ICF Sr. No. Diseases ICF
1 Diaphoretic 1.00 13 Kidney stones 0.72
2 Leucorrhea 1.00 14 Generalized weakness 0.72
3 Skin issues 0.82 15 Hemorrhoids 0.72
4 Liver disorders 0.82 16 Asthma 0.68
5 Constipation 0.79 17 Stomach issues 0.64
6 Blood purifier 0.78 18 Bleeding wounds 0.63
7 Fever 0.77 19 Reproductive issues 0.59
8 Cough 0.76 20 Menstrual pain 0.50
9 Rheumatic pain 0.76 21 Worms 0.50
10 Soreness urination 0.75 22 Hyperglycemia 0.25
11 Mucus 0.74 23 Diuretic 0.19
12 Inflammation 0.73 - - -

23. 1/22/2023
23
Table 3: Use Value for Different plants
Sr. No. Plant species Families UV
1 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae 0.77
2 Euphorbia granulate Frossk. Euphorbiaceae 0.67
3 Swertia angustifolia var. pulchella (D. Don) Burkill Gentianaceae 0.67
4 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae 0.64
5 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Asphodelaceae 0.64
6 Cleome viscosa L. Cleomaceae 0.63
7 Peganum harmala L. Nitrariaceae 0.63
8 Tricholepis glaberrima DC. Asteraceae 0.63
9 Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Pteridaceae 0.60
10 Alhagi maurorum Medik Fabaceae 0.57
11 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad Cucurbitaceae 0.57
12 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae 0.56
13 Tribulus terrestris L. Zygophyllaceae 0.54
14 Fagonia arabica L. Zygophyllaceae 0.53
15 Echiops echinatus Roxb. Asteraceae 0.47
16 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Papaveraceae 0.44
17 Physalis peruviana L. Verbenaceae 0.44
18 Solanum virginianum L. Solanaceae 0.44
19 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae 0.41
20 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Malvaceae 0.40
21 Capparis decidua (Frossk,) Edgew Capparaceae 0.40
22 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst Plantaginaceae 0.38
23 Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulaceae 0.33
24 Heliotropium indicum L. Boraginaceae 0.31
25 Phalacroloma strigosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Tzvelev Boraginaceae 0.25

24. 1/22/2023
24
Fidelity Level (FL); Table 4: Fidelity level for different diseases
Sr. No. Plant species Diseases FL %
1 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Inflammation 80
2 Physalis peruviana L. Liver disorders 75
3 Cleome viscosa L. Fever 69
4 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad Joint pain 64
5 Convolvulus arvensis L. Blood purifier 60
6 Swertia angustifolia var. pulchella (D. Don) Burkill Blood cleaner 60
7 Euphorbia hirta L. Skin issues 59
8 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Liver weakness 56
9 Peganum hermala L. Rheumatic pain 56
10 Fagonia arabica L. Blood purifier 53
11 Tricholepis glaberrima DC. Skin issues 50
12 Achyranthes aspera L. Stomach issues 50
13 Euphorbia granulate Frossk. Blood purifier 47
14 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst Fever 44
15 Phalacroloma strigosum Willd. Liver disorders 44
16 Adiantum raddianum C. Presl Dysuria 40
17 Echiops echinatus Roxb. Fever 40
18 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Constipation 38
19 Heliotropium indicum L. Blood purifier 38
20 Solanum virginianum L. Sexual issues 38
21 Tribulus terrestris L. Cough 38
22 Alhagi maurorum Medik Diaphoretic 36
23 Capparis decidua (Frossk,) Edge Rheumatic pain 33
24 Boerhavia diffusa L. Liver disorders 31
25 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Rheumatic pain 21

25. 25
 To compare documented data of current
study with published literature
OBJECTIVE 4
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26. METHODOLOGY
26 Objective 4
1) Jaccard Index (JI)
It was determined by comparing the documented data with already
published research from adjoining areas at regional level and at
global countries to determine novelty of work. It was determined by
using given formula (Gonzalez-Tejero et al. 2008):
ICF =
Where “a” were species of study area, “b” were species of adjoining
area, and c were mutual plant species in both areas.
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27. 27
Objective 4
Jaccard index gives the similarity index between the species
reported from study area and the previously published papers from
the neighboring areas.
The values of the Jaccard index ranges between the 0.98-18.03.
The minimum value of Jaccard index is 0.98 calculated from the
district Kasur (Arshad et al., 2020).
The maximum value was 18.03 which calculated from the district
Toba Tek Singh (Tufail et al., 2020).
The low values of Jaccard index shows the novelty of the data
collected.
RESULTS
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28. Jaccard Index;
28

29. 29

30. The present study found that the plant families Asteraceae (2),
Boraginaceae (2), Euphorbiaceae (2) and Solanaceae (2) families
represented the maximum number of medicinal plants.
Quantitative indices such as (ICF), the highest value was found for skin
issues (0.824). While lowest (ICF) calculated for diuretic that is used to
cure less quantity of urine production (0.188) and hyperglycemia
(0.25). The highest (UV) was calculated for Tricholepis glaberrima
0.106, Swertia angustifolia 0.106, and the lowest use value reported for
Heliotropium indicum (0.31) and Phalacroloma strigosum 0.25.
CONCLUSIONS
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31. Conti…
 (FL) value was highest for Abutilon indicum (80%) to cure
Inflammations and after this Cleome viscosa (68.75%) for curing
fever. And lowest fidelity level (FL) value was calculated for
Euphorbia hirta (5.88%) that was used in reproductive issues and
sexual complexities.
 Plant species Asphodelus tenuifolius, Bacopa monnieri, Boerhavia
diffusa, Phyla nodiflora, Solanum virginianum and Physalis
peruviana reported by their novel uses from study area. In
conclusion, calculations of different quantitative ethno-medicinal
indices showed that many of the plants from study area has a great
potential to cure various diseases. 1/22/2023
31
CONCLUSION

32. Plants reorganized in current study would serve as a
baseline for additional phytochemical and pharmacological
research, as well as pharmaceutical screening to cross-
check folk remedies.
Establishment of a guideline for protection of cultural
knowledge that could provide a significant control on
ethical utilization of cultural knowledge for both academic
researchers and industrial applications
FUTURE
RECMMENDATIONS
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33. Reference
Ghani, A., Ali, Z., Ishtiaq, M., Maqbool, M. and Parveen, S. (2012) Estimation of macro and micro
nutrients in some important medicinal plants of Soon Valley, District Khushab, Pakistan. African Journal
of Biotechnology. 11:14386-14391.
Chaudhry, S. R., Akram, A., Aslam, N., Wajid, M., Iqbal, Z., Nazir, I. and Muhammad, S. (2019)
Antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic potential of Echinops echinatus in rat models of type I and type II
diabetes. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 32:505-514.
Heinrich, M., kufer, J., Leonti, M., Pardo de Santayana, M., (2006) Ethno-botany and ethnopharmacology.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 107:157-160.
Meen, M. L., Dudi, A. and Singh, D. (2020) Ethno-veterinary study of medicinal plants in a tribal society
of Marwar region of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 9:549-554.
Siddique, Z., Shad, N., Shah, G. M., Naeem, A., Yali, L., Hasnain, M., Mahmood, A., Sajid, M., Idrees, M.
and Khan, I. (2021) Exploration of ethno-medicinal plants and their practices in human and livestock
healthcare in Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and
Ethnomedicine. 17:1-22.
Ullah, A., Qureshi, R., Iqbal, Z., Rahman, I. U., Ali, N., Shah, M. and Ahmad, M. (2019) Ethno-medicinal
flora of Frontier Region Tank, Fata, Pakistan. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 39:321-327.
Altaf, R., Bhatti, K. H., Mirza, S. A., Ajaib, M. and Ishtiaq, M. (2019) Ethno-medicinal study of Tehsil
Wazirabad Gujranwala Punjab Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Science. 70:233-238.
Heinrich, M., Ankli, A., Frei, B., Weimann, C. and Sticher, O. (1998) Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers'
consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and Medicine. 47:1859-1871.