Foreign policy is how a state interacts with other states and international actors. It is influenced by both internal factors like a country's geography, leadership, and public opinion, as well as external factors like the international system and other states. The foreign policy process involves decision making, which can follow rational, organizational, or bargaining models. Individual leaders and groups also influence decisions through psychological biases or pursuing their interests. A country's diplomats, interest groups, public, military, and legislature all shape its foreign policy choices.

1. FOREIGN
POLICY
Ref. Joshua S. Goldstein, Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations, Pearson
Publications, 11TH Edition . P. 123 – 139

2. Definition of foreign policy
The state involve themselves in
international relations with systematic
as well as defined principles. The
process, the dealing or the interaction
of a state in world system is called
foreign policy.

3. Forces that motivate foreign policy
 Nationalism ( Superiority, jingoism, xenophobia)
 Ideology ( theories of religion, politics, social and
economic- capitalism and communism)
 National interests ( Diplomatic and covert actions)

4. Factor
influencing
foreign
policy
 Size; Vatican City, Taiwan
 Geography; location, climate-temperate zone
 National Capacities; military, technology,
economic develop.
 Political system; Open and Close
 Public mood; given importance in Open
political system
 leadership; in Developing states institutions
are weak while personalities are strong.
Internal
Factors

5. Factor
influencing
foreign
policy
 Structure of international system;
balance of power and bipolar systems
 Regional structure; force state to
extra-regional alliance
 International organization; Pak
adopt UN Charter
 world public opinion; Human rights
& freedom
External
Factors

6. Foreign
policy
process
The foreign policy
process is a process of
decision making.
States take actions
because people in
government- decision
makers- choose those
actions.

8. Model of Decision
Making
 Rational Model
 Organizational Process Model
 Government Bargaining Model

9. Definition Rational model
“A model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each
possible course of action, then choose the one with the highest benefits and
lowest costs”.(Joshua.P.123)
The process of rational model is as under given below.
• Clarify your goals in the situation
• Order them by importance
• List the alternatives for achieving your goals
• Investigate the consequences of each alternative
• Choose the alternative that best achieves your goals

10. Two
Possibilities
of pressuring
rival state
• PeaceTalks
• Backfire
(accepting Risk,
averse Risk)

11. Organizational Process Model
“A decision making model in which policy makers or lower level officials rely
largely on standardized responses or standard operation procedures”.
(Joshua.P.124)
• The process of organizational process model is as under given below.
• Goals are not identified
• Alternative actions are not searched
• SOPs are drafted
• Handled by low level decision makers
• General principles are applied

13. Government Bargaining Model
“ A model that sees foreign policy decisions as flowing from bargaining
process among various government agencies that have somewhat
divergent interests in the outcome”. (Joshua.P.124)
• The process of government bargaining model is as under given
below.
• Result from bargaining process
• It reflects the interest of states
• Reflects interest of state agencies
For Exp. Japan & California (US)

14. Individual
decision
makers:
Idiosyncrasies
 President Harry Truman, “The Buck
stops here.”
 Individual decisions reflect the values
and beliefs of the decision maker.

15. Individual:
Psychological
process;
Psychoanalytic
approaches hold
childhood
experiences
responsible; Bill
Clinton
First. Misperception
Second. Affective bias
Third. Cognitive bias

16. Group:
Psychological
process
• Psychology
experiment;
line
• Iran-contra
scandal

17. Crisis management
Crisis are foreign policy situations in which outcomes are very
important and time frames are compressed. Cuban Missile
Crisis, 1962
 Decision makers, save time, look creative options, and
designate Devil’s advocate.
 Decision makers during crisis face severe psychological stress,
sleep deprivation and biases.
Example: Israeli PM Yitzhak Rabin-nervous breakdown

18. Domestic influence on foreign policy
 Diplomats
 Interest groups
 military industrial complex
 Public opinion
 legislature

19. Bureaucracies: Diplomats
Foreign service/ embassies, consulates
 Political appointees ( who come and go with changes in
government leaders)
 Career diplomats ( who came up through the ranks of the
foreign service)
 Friends or Key advisor
 Rival may be appointed as diplomat
Note: Carry Out Policies rather than Create Policies

20. Interest
Group
Interest groups are coalitions of people who share a
common interest in the outcome of some political issue
 Lobbying ( is the process of talking with
legislatures or officials to influence their
decisions on some set of issues.
 Ethnic groups ( Emerge b/c the rest of
the population generally doesn’t care
about such issues one way or the other.
 Bigwigs ( according to Marxist theories,
the key domestic influence on foreign
policy in capitalist countries are rich
owners of big business)

21. Military –
industrial
complex
A military-industrial complex refers to a huge
interlocking network of governmental agencies,
industrial corporations, and research institutes, working
together to promote and benefit from military spending.
(Joshua.p.135)
 Corporations ( Produce goods for military
profit from government contracts)
 Revolving Door ( Government official
responsible for military procurement
decisions and then return to their companies
again a practice called Revolving Door)
 Military industries ( also influence public
opinion through advertising that ties their
products to patriotic themes.

22. Public
opinion
Public Opinion in International Relations, the range of
views on foreign policy issues held by the citizens of
state. (Joshua.p.136)
 Authoritarian Govt. spend
effort on Propaganda
 Both Print and Electronic
Media is used for propaganda
 Govt. manipulate media b/c
media depend on Govt for
information

23. legislature
Legislature is the law making organ of the state
 Passing Budget
 Regulating bureaucratic rules
 creating trade law
 control immigration policy
 agreement must be signed or
approved by legislature
 Purse Strings [approve or reject new
spending]