The document discusses the key factors that influence the formulation of US foreign policy: 1) Institutions such as the executive branch, Congress, and various government agencies and bureaucracies play a role in both creating and implementing foreign policy. This process can involve struggles between the branches. 2) Ideas like moralism, realism, and neo-realism shape how decision-makers view America's role in the world and its national interests. 3) Domestic and foreign interests, including defense contractors, also exert influence through lobbying and advocacy. Of these factors, institutions have the greatest role in actually creating foreign policy.

1. US Foreign Policy: Part I Who is involved in formulating US foreign policy? What ideas are fundamental in foreign policy creation?

2. Global Perspective

3. Definition Foreign Policy- A nation’s external goals and the techniques and strategies used to achieve them. (Schmidt et. al)

4. Policymaking Process Implementation Policy Formation Policy Evaluation Agenda Setting Policy Adoption

5. Foreign Policy Change Source of policy change is external “ Geographical ‘realities’ and ideological challenges from potential aggressors” (Kegley and Wittkopf) Includes all factors “of America’s external environment or any actions occurring abroad that…influence the choices made by its officials” (Rosenau)

6. Institutions Struggle

7. Institutions: Policy Formation Government Institutions in Policy Formation Invitation to Struggle “ America’s unique constitutional system creates an ‘invitation to struggle’ between the president and Congress in the foreign policy process” (Crabb and Holt) Federal structure of national, state and local levels Three branches of government Competing bureaucratic agencies

8. Institutions: Struggle for Influence Executive/Congressional relations may be described as exhibiting a “pendulum or cyclical effect” Phases of Executive / Congressional Relations: Up until WW II: Congress played limited role 1945 – late 1950s: Collaboration 1960s – early 1970s: Imperial Presidency Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 1973 – 1980s: Congress re-asserts itself War Powers Act- 60 day limit 1980- present: Tense Sharing of Responsibility

9. Institutions: Foreign Policy Formation Institutions Executive Branch President Constitutional Powers Commander and chief of the armed forces Make treaties Appoint ambassadors and executive officers Receive/refuse to receive ambassadors Joint Chief of Staff Secretary of State Secretary of Defense National Security Advisor

10. Institutions: Policy Formation Institutions Bureaucratic politics model “ Where you stand depends on where you sit” Competition for power and influence Pentagon CIA FBI Intelligence community Department of Defense Department of State

11. Institutions: Policy Formation Institutions Congress Constitutional Powers Power to declare war Power of the purse Responsible for raising and supporting the armed forces Legislative power

12. Interest

13. Interests: Policy Formation Increasing voice of domestic and foreign interest groups Domestic and foreign policy issues are related Increasingly interconnected Military Industrial Complex Defence industry Peace Groups The Quakers The Raging Grannies

14. Interests: Defense Industry Influence 109% (Fortune 500 website) 871 Raytheon 37% 2,572 Boeing 44% 1,825 Lockheed Martin Percentage Change From 2004 Profits in 2006 (in millions) Company

15. Ideas: Policy Formation Moral Idealism “ American National Style” Moralistic Moral mission Immorality of communism Liberalism America as a unique state Europe and War; U.S. and Peace Advocate of Middle-Class Capitalism Consent of the majority

16. Ideas: Policy Formation Realism Nations act in own interest World is a dangerous place Act to survive Policy based on basic cold calculations without regards to morals Must be militarily prepared because other nations are also self interested

17. Ideas: Policy Formation Neo-realism (Structural realism) The international structure constrains state behavior. The structure then limits cooperation among states through fears of relative gains made by other states, and the possibility of dependence on other states. Violence is part of the structure of the international system it is likely to continue in the future.

18. Ideas: Policy Formation The sources of ideology Individual (personality) Source Personal makeup makes a difference in the kinds of decisions that are made Clinton Doctrine- national interest partly in terms of humanitarian interventions Bush Doctrine- National interest may require pre-emption However, “individuals’ influence [over] foreign policy outcomes are likely to be much subtler than popular impressions would have us believe” (K/W)

19. Bush’s Personality Political Cartoon

20. Implementation: Foreign Policy Actions Carrot- persuade foreign nation with non-aggressive means Trade agreements Economic aid Technical assistance Economic Sanctions Diplomacy Stick-persuade foreign nations through aggressive means Military Intervention

21. Quiz Which most greatly influences foreign policy creation, institution, ideas, or interest?