Lecture 9 quality evaluation
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The document discusses various methods for evaluating the quality of bleached, dyed and printed textiles, including: 1) Identification tests for different fibers like burning tests and solubility tests. 2) Methods to evaluate desizing, scouring, bleaching, dyeing and printing efficiency. 3) Tests for fastness properties like wash fastness, light fastness and rubbing fastness. 4) Requirements for laboratory facilities and equipment to conduct various tests. 5) Methods to estimate banned amines and heavy metals and their impact on human health.
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Continuous dyeing Faults
This document discusses common faults that can occur in continuous dyeing processes, including creasing caused by tension issues or roller problems, shade matching faults due to errors in formulation or substrate changes, two-sidedness from uneven drying temperatures, and listing/ending variations across or along the fabric from inconsistencies in preparation or processing. It also describes potential staining faults such as random staining from dye migration during drying, resist marks from inadequate preparation, and spots from deposits or droplets on the fabric or rollers.
Lab dip
This document is a presentation on lab dips given by Shariful Islam from Uttara University. It discusses that a lab dip is a small swatch of dyed fabric used to visually show how the color will look before bulk production. The lab dip must be approved by comparing it to the original swatch under different light conditions before full production. The presentation provides examples of how to calculate dye, salt, and soda ash requirements for a lab dip based on the desired shade percentage. It stresses getting accurate lab dips approved by buyers before sending.
Dyeing lab
Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production. So this is an important task before bulk production.
Fastness testing of fabric
This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed Fabrics
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
Color fastness to domestic and commercial laundering (ISO 105-C06:1994)
This document summarizes a test method for determining colorfastness to washing. The test involves washing samples attached to a multifiber swatch using standard detergents, then assessing any change in shade of the sample or staining of the swatch. Key steps include cutting samples, preparing a wash liquor, running samples through a wash wheel for a set time, then drying and assessing color changes and staining using grey scales under standardized lighting. The test evaluates performance of textiles to common washing conditions.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyes
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
Color fastness
This document outlines tests to identify dyes and determine colorfastness. To identify dyes, test specimens are treated with solvents which cause sulphur, oxidation black and vat dyes to decolorize or change shade. Vat dyes can be restored with developer. Sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde-glycol solution with sodium hydroxide decolorizes or alters the shade. Colorfastness to rubbing is determined by rubbing a specimen against a white cloth and comparing color transfer. Colorfastness to washing is tested by laundering specimens in a LaunderOmeter and evaluating color change and staining on a multifiber fabric.
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This document discusses common faults that can occur in continuous dyeing processes, including creasing caused by tension issues or roller problems, shade matching faults due to errors in formulation or substrate changes, two-sidedness from uneven drying temperatures, and listing/ending variations across or along the fabric from inconsistencies in preparation or processing. It also describes potential staining faults such as random staining from dye migration during drying, resist marks from inadequate preparation, and spots from deposits or droplets on the fabric or rollers.
Lab dip
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Lab dip is a process by which buyers supplied swatch is matched with the varying dyes percentage in the laboratory with or without help of “DATA COLOR”
Lab dip plays an important role in shade matching & and detaching the characteristics of the dyes and chemicals are to be used in the large scale of production. So this is an important task before bulk production.
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This document discusses different types of fastness testing that are important for textiles. It defines fastness as the resistance of a material's color to fading or running. It then lists 11 different types of fastness testing including color fastness to wash, light, rubbing, perspiration, chemicals, and weathering. The document focuses on describing the procedures for testing color fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration, light, and heat pressing. It emphasizes that fastness testing is essential in the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness.
Evaluation of Wash and Light Fastness of Some Selected Printed Fabrics
Abstract: The printed fabrics were subjected to ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 wash fastness test and assessed for
change in colour and staining using the grey scale. The change in colour of the tested specimen and the staining
of the adjacent undyed cloths were assessed with the appropriate grey scales. The fabrics were also tested for
light fastness property. The specimen and the blue standard were exposed behind a glass and inserted into the
light fastness testing machine. Exposure was carried out for 48 hours. Based on the research carried out, it was
found that the selected foreign fabrics show a higher wash and light fastness property as compared to the local
fabrics which also show high wash and light fastness property.
Color fastness to domestic and commercial laundering (ISO 105-C06:1994)
This document summarizes a test method for determining colorfastness to washing. The test involves washing samples attached to a multifiber swatch using standard detergents, then assessing any change in shade of the sample or staining of the swatch. Key steps include cutting samples, preparing a wash liquor, running samples through a wash wheel for a set time, then drying and assessing color changes and staining using grey scales under standardized lighting. The test evaluates performance of textiles to common washing conditions.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyes
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
Color fastness
This document outlines tests to identify dyes and determine colorfastness. To identify dyes, test specimens are treated with solvents which cause sulphur, oxidation black and vat dyes to decolorize or change shade. Vat dyes can be restored with developer. Sodium sulphoxylate formaldehyde-glycol solution with sodium hydroxide decolorizes or alters the shade. Colorfastness to rubbing is determined by rubbing a specimen against a white cloth and comparing color transfer. Colorfastness to washing is tested by laundering specimens in a LaunderOmeter and evaluating color change and staining on a multifiber fabric.
Project presentation
This document summarizes a study on correlating dyeing results between lab and bulk production processes. Samples were dyed in the lab using different pressures and speeds on the padding mangle. The dyed samples were compared to a control sample dyed in bulk production. For a shade called "Sage", samples dyed at 1-2 bar pressure came out darker and greener-yellow than the control. Raising the pressure to 3 bar produced samples closer in strength to the control. Higher speeds generally resulted in lower strengths. In conclusion, a pressure of 3 bar and speed up to 5 m/min on the lab padding mangle best matched the bulk dyeing results.
Assesment of colour fastness
Color fastness refers to a textile's resistance to fading or color transfer during washing, light exposure, or other processes. It is important to test dyed or printed fabrics for color fastness using standardized methods. These include using a xenotester to test light fastness, a wash wheel to test washing fastness, and a crock meter to test rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness is tested using a perspirometer. Test results are evaluated using grey scales to rate the degree of color change or transfer on a scale of 1 to 5. Proper evaluation of color fastness helps ensure textiles maintain their color as intended for the customer.
Color fastness of dyed goods .
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
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This document discusses various types of textile fastness testing, including procedures and importance. It covers color fastness to light, heat pressing, chlorinated water, and wash. Color fastness to light determines how color fades under light exposure. Tests involve exposing samples to light and comparing color change. Color fastness to heat and chlorinated water involve applying heat or chlorine solutions to samples and assessing color change. Color fastness to wash determines color change and staining when samples are laundered using standard detergent solutions and procedures. Proper fastness testing is important for the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness under relevant conditions.
Lab dip
A lab dip is a fabric swatch that is dyed to match a color standard provided by a buyer. The lab dip process involves dyeing fabric swatches using varying dye percentages with or without a spectrophotometer to match the buyer's color. Getting an accurate lab dip is important for shade matching before bulk production. There are different lighting conditions used to evaluate lab dips, such as tube light, sunlight, and ultraviolet light. The main objectives of a lab dip are to calculate the dye recipe, compare the dyed sample to the buyer's swatch, revise the recipe if needed, and finally approve an accurate lab dip.
Fixing agent
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries”.
Classification
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Preparation
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
right first time dyeing
This document discusses right first time (RFT) dyeing and the challenges in achieving it. RFT dyeing means completing the dyeing process properly on the first try without any faults. Achieving RFT dyeing increases productivity and profits by reducing time, fabric damage, and costs from multiple dyeing attempts. However, small inaccuracies in measuring and adding chemicals and dyes during bulk production can result in shades that do not match, requiring re-dyeing. Even minor differences of 0.1% of chemicals in dyeing 1000kg of fabric can result in using 1-2kg less dye. Careful control of all process variables is needed to consistently achieve RFT dyeing.
Colrfastness to washing
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
Dyeing kinetics, (diffusion, pore model, free volume model)
This document discusses dyeing kinetics and diffusion models for dye uptake in fibers. It describes the exhaustion curve which defines the rate of dyeing over time. The initial rate is called the strike. Diffusion occurs through three transport zones: flow, absorption, and diffusion into the fiber. Two main diffusion models are described: the pore model which considers diffusion through pores filled with dye liquor, and the free volume model which involves diffusion through amorphous, mobile regions of the polymer chain. The document contrasts these models and discusses how temperature affects dyeing rates.
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The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
Physico chemical aspects of the dyeing process
1. The physico-chemical aspect of the dyeing process describes how dye molecules penetrate and diffuse into fibers over time through various stages.
2. When dyeing reaches equilibrium, dye is distributed between the dye bath and textile material through processes like convection, molecular diffusion, adsorption, and diffusion into and bonding within fibers.
3. Key stages include dye dispersing in the bath, diffusing through liquid layers to the fiber surface, passing the electrical double layer, absorbing and diffusing into the fiber, and physically or chemically bonding within the fiber.
LABORATORY CALCULATIONS & PROCEDRES
This document provides information about lab dip development and dyeing processes. It begins with an overview of lab dip development, which involves matching dye samples to buyer's swatches. Key objectives of lab dip include calculating dye recipes, comparing samples to swatches, and approving the final lab dip. Common stock solutions and an example calculation for a 0.5% shade are also provided. The document then outlines the general procedure for lab dip dyeing and provides a flow chart depicting the process for sample dyeing from scouring through to softening. Additional details include a recipe and calculations for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes and information about the turquoise color including its types and the specific process flow for dyeing cotton knit fabric that
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
1. This document describes various fastness machines and techniques used to evaluate colorfastness of textiles, including the AATCC Gray Scale, Chromatic Transference Scale, spectrophotometer, ozone fading, perspirometer, cuprammonium fluidity test, Blue Wool standards, laundromat, gas fading, and chlorine fastness tests.
2. Key machines/techniques covered are the Gray Scale for visual evaluation of staining and color change, spectrophotometer for measuring color concentration, perspirometer for perspiration fastness, laundromat for washing fastness, and Blue Wool standards for lightfastness evaluation.
3. The tests subject textile samples to various conditions
Wet Testing of textile materials
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Textile dyeing practices including finishing
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
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The document provides an overview of the processes involved in converting fibres into garments, including:
1) Fibres are converted into yarns through processes like spinning or filament production. Yarns are then converted into fabrics using looms or knitting machines.
2) Fabrics then undergo chemical processes like dyeing, printing, and finishing to add color and properties before being made into garments.
3) The document describes the various fibre types and the key processing stages of yarn production, weaving, knitting, dyeing, printing and finishing that convert fibres into finished garments.
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This document summarizes R&D activities conducted by the Textile Department of IIT Delhi to improve the quality of khadi fabric and products in order to enhance sales. Key projects included standardizing finishing techniques for khadi garments, developing a quality assurance manual, modifying a charkha design, and blending wool and acrylic yarn. Technology demonstrations were held across India and a model garment finishing facility was established based on feedback. The department also studied natural dyeing methods and the status of khadi institutions in one region.
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The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing starch sizes added during weaving using hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with hydrogen peroxide being a commonly used bleaching agent. Modern preparatory processes often combine and continuousize these steps for improved efficiency and environmental performance.
Environment friendly finishes cii prentation
The document discusses developments in eco-friendly finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It outlines several finishing techniques that can make cotton more sustainable and environmentally-friendly, such as organic cotton cultivation, naturally dyed cotton, and cross-linking agents that are safer alternatives to formaldehyde. New techniques are also explored, like the NexTec process that can encapsulate fibers to impart multiple functional properties at once, as well as using genetic engineering to develop novel cotton varieties. The conclusion states that applying functional finishes can enhance cotton's qualities while adding value, and many innovative ideas for more sustainable textile finishing are currently being explored.
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Project presentation
This document summarizes a study on correlating dyeing results between lab and bulk production processes. Samples were dyed in the lab using different pressures and speeds on the padding mangle. The dyed samples were compared to a control sample dyed in bulk production. For a shade called "Sage", samples dyed at 1-2 bar pressure came out darker and greener-yellow than the control. Raising the pressure to 3 bar produced samples closer in strength to the control. Higher speeds generally resulted in lower strengths. In conclusion, a pressure of 3 bar and speed up to 5 m/min on the lab padding mangle best matched the bulk dyeing results.
Assesment of colour fastness
Color fastness refers to a textile's resistance to fading or color transfer during washing, light exposure, or other processes. It is important to test dyed or printed fabrics for color fastness using standardized methods. These include using a xenotester to test light fastness, a wash wheel to test washing fastness, and a crock meter to test rubbing fastness. Perspiration fastness is tested using a perspirometer. Test results are evaluated using grey scales to rate the degree of color change or transfer on a scale of 1 to 5. Proper evaluation of color fastness helps ensure textiles maintain their color as intended for the customer.
Color fastness of dyed goods .
This document provides information about various color fastness tests that are conducted on dyed textile goods. It describes tests for color fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, hot pressing and other factors. For each test, it outlines the objectives, equipment needed, sample preparation procedures, testing methods, and processes for evaluating results. Color fastness is an important requirement for textile customers. This document serves to explain the various methods used to test how resistant the color of dyed textiles is to different conditions and hazards.
Color fastness to rubbing by Crockmeter
Color fastness is an important factor for fabric manufacturers and exporters, here slightly describe about color fastness to rubbing.
FASTNESSES BEHAVIOUR OF TEXTILE MATERIAL
This document discusses various types of textile fastness testing, including procedures and importance. It covers color fastness to light, heat pressing, chlorinated water, and wash. Color fastness to light determines how color fades under light exposure. Tests involve exposing samples to light and comparing color change. Color fastness to heat and chlorinated water involve applying heat or chlorine solutions to samples and assessing color change. Color fastness to wash determines color change and staining when samples are laundered using standard detergent solutions and procedures. Proper fastness testing is important for the textile industry before bulk production to ensure colorfastness under relevant conditions.
Lab dip
A lab dip is a fabric swatch that is dyed to match a color standard provided by a buyer. The lab dip process involves dyeing fabric swatches using varying dye percentages with or without a spectrophotometer to match the buyer's color. Getting an accurate lab dip is important for shade matching before bulk production. There are different lighting conditions used to evaluate lab dips, such as tube light, sunlight, and ultraviolet light. The main objectives of a lab dip are to calculate the dye recipe, compare the dyed sample to the buyer's swatch, revise the recipe if needed, and finally approve an accurate lab dip.
Fixing agent
Fixing agent is one of the important textile auxiliaries in dyeing and printing industry, which can improve the color fastness of dye in fabric. On the fabric, it can form insoluble colored material with dye, thus to improve the color of washing, perspiration fastness, and sometimes can improve its sun fastness.
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, dyeing and finishing technology has also been significantly improved. Due to the expansion of international textile trade and the improvement of people's living standards and environmental awareness, it's more required of textiles comfort, clean and safety. Since the 1970s, Germany first launched the "Blue Angel" plan, the world's developed countries (Japan, the United States, etc.) have passed and implemented the related laws, regulations, and rules for the various indicators of textiles. Green textiles require that in the printing and dyeing process prohibit the use of carcinogenic, teratogenic, poor biodegradability of poor and some aromatic amine intermediates banned in the regulations. At the same time, the use of additives not contain heavy metal ions and not producing free formaldehyde is also required, which means the use of "green auxiliaries”.
Classification
The commonly used color fixing agent for dyeing and printing in textile has cationic fixing agent, such as Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Cetylpyridinium Bromide; fixing agent Y; polyamine contraction (silk fixing agent la); crosslinking fixing agent; non formaldehyde dye fixing agent, and phenolic sulfonate formaldehyde condensate used for nylon (polyamide) fabrics instead of tannin as fixing agents.
Preparation
Take the fixing agent y as an example: After adding the quantitative double cyanide amine to the atmospheric pressure reaction kettle to dissolve, in order to quantify the formaldehyde solution in the constant agitation slowly drops into the reactor, finally uses the ammonium chloride neutralization, produces the certain solid quantity transparent viscous liquid to be the finished product. This method produces the formaldehyde fixing agent, the solid color effect is good but there is free formaldehyde pollution problem, which is now banned in many products.
right first time dyeing
This document discusses right first time (RFT) dyeing and the challenges in achieving it. RFT dyeing means completing the dyeing process properly on the first try without any faults. Achieving RFT dyeing increases productivity and profits by reducing time, fabric damage, and costs from multiple dyeing attempts. However, small inaccuracies in measuring and adding chemicals and dyes during bulk production can result in shades that do not match, requiring re-dyeing. Even minor differences of 0.1% of chemicals in dyeing 1000kg of fabric can result in using 1-2kg less dye. Careful control of all process variables is needed to consistently achieve RFT dyeing.
Colrfastness to washing
This document discusses colourfastness testing to washing. It provides details on four ISO and AATCC test methods that evaluate how colourfast textiles are to domestic and commercial laundering. These tests subject textile samples to simulated washing cycles to test for colour change, staining of adjacent fibres, and self-staining. The document also describes the test procedures, assessments of results, and case studies demonstrating how understanding test outcomes and the end use of textiles is important for ensuring colourfastness.
Dyeing kinetics, (diffusion, pore model, free volume model)
This document discusses dyeing kinetics and diffusion models for dye uptake in fibers. It describes the exhaustion curve which defines the rate of dyeing over time. The initial rate is called the strike. Diffusion occurs through three transport zones: flow, absorption, and diffusion into the fiber. Two main diffusion models are described: the pore model which considers diffusion through pores filled with dye liquor, and the free volume model which involves diffusion through amorphous, mobile regions of the polymer chain. The document contrasts these models and discusses how temperature affects dyeing rates.
textile chemical testing
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
Physico chemical aspects of the dyeing process
1. The physico-chemical aspect of the dyeing process describes how dye molecules penetrate and diffuse into fibers over time through various stages.
2. When dyeing reaches equilibrium, dye is distributed between the dye bath and textile material through processes like convection, molecular diffusion, adsorption, and diffusion into and bonding within fibers.
3. Key stages include dye dispersing in the bath, diffusing through liquid layers to the fiber surface, passing the electrical double layer, absorbing and diffusing into the fiber, and physically or chemically bonding within the fiber.
LABORATORY CALCULATIONS & PROCEDRES
This document provides information about lab dip development and dyeing processes. It begins with an overview of lab dip development, which involves matching dye samples to buyer's swatches. Key objectives of lab dip include calculating dye recipes, comparing samples to swatches, and approving the final lab dip. Common stock solutions and an example calculation for a 0.5% shade are also provided. The document then outlines the general procedure for lab dip dyeing and provides a flow chart depicting the process for sample dyeing from scouring through to softening. Additional details include a recipe and calculations for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes and information about the turquoise color including its types and the specific process flow for dyeing cotton knit fabric that
Different fastness machines or techniques used in textiles
1. This document describes various fastness machines and techniques used to evaluate colorfastness of textiles, including the AATCC Gray Scale, Chromatic Transference Scale, spectrophotometer, ozone fading, perspirometer, cuprammonium fluidity test, Blue Wool standards, laundromat, gas fading, and chlorine fastness tests.
2. Key machines/techniques covered are the Gray Scale for visual evaluation of staining and color change, spectrophotometer for measuring color concentration, perspirometer for perspiration fastness, laundromat for washing fastness, and Blue Wool standards for lightfastness evaluation.
3. The tests subject textile samples to various conditions
Wet Testing of textile materials
Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.
Textile dyeing practices including finishing
This document provides an overview of dyeing and finishing practices for textile fabrics. It discusses dyeing cotton, synthetic, and wool fabrics using different dye types like reactive dyes, acid dyes, and disperse dyes. It also covers laboratory dyeing procedures and color matching techniques. The document then explains various finishing processes like sanforizing, calendaring, and compacting that are used to improve fabric properties and aesthetics.
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The document provides an overview of the processes involved in converting fibres into garments, including:
1) Fibres are converted into yarns through processes like spinning or filament production. Yarns are then converted into fabrics using looms or knitting machines.
2) Fabrics then undergo chemical processes like dyeing, printing, and finishing to add color and properties before being made into garments.
3) The document describes the various fibre types and the key processing stages of yarn production, weaving, knitting, dyeing, printing and finishing that convert fibres into finished garments.
R & d activities in khadi sector – 15.11.03, iitd
This document summarizes R&D activities conducted by the Textile Department of IIT Delhi to improve the quality of khadi fabric and products in order to enhance sales. Key projects included standardizing finishing techniques for khadi garments, developing a quality assurance manual, modifying a charkha design, and blending wool and acrylic yarn. Technology demonstrations were held across India and a model garment finishing facility was established based on feedback. The department also studied natural dyeing methods and the status of khadi institutions in one region.
Lecture 2 preparatory processes
The document discusses various preparatory processes for cotton textiles including desizing, scouring, and bleaching. Desizing involves removing starch sizes added during weaving using hydrolysis or oxidation. Scouring uses alkaline solutions to remove natural impurities like fats, waxes, pectins and proteins. Bleaching removes color pigments through oxidation, with hydrogen peroxide being a commonly used bleaching agent. Modern preparatory processes often combine and continuousize these steps for improved efficiency and environmental performance.
Environment friendly finishes cii prentation
The document discusses developments in eco-friendly finishes for cotton fabrics and garments. It outlines several finishing techniques that can make cotton more sustainable and environmentally-friendly, such as organic cotton cultivation, naturally dyed cotton, and cross-linking agents that are safer alternatives to formaldehyde. New techniques are also explored, like the NexTec process that can encapsulate fibers to impart multiple functional properties at once, as well as using genetic engineering to develop novel cotton varieties. The conclusion states that applying functional finishes can enhance cotton's qualities while adding value, and many innovative ideas for more sustainable textile finishing are currently being explored.
Biogas final project proposal submitted
This document discusses a research project that aims to develop a low-cost technology for generating biogas from kitchen waste in Ethiopia. The project is being conducted by investigators from Bahir Dar University in response to Ethiopia's overreliance on biomass for fuel, which is causing environmental degradation and health issues. Specifically, the project will test using inexpensive plastic tank digesters and kitchen waste as the substrate to generate biogas, as an alternative to the more expensive underground fixed dome digesters and use of animal manure/human waste proposed in other biogas initiatives in Africa. The goal is to provide a lower cost and more sustainable option for biogas production that can help address Ethiopia's energy and environmental challenges.
Tarpaulin ppt final jaipur 17.19.08
Tarpaulins are thick fabric sheets made from materials like cotton, polyester, nylon, PVC, PE or PP. They are used in various industrial applications as protective covers. Common applications include uses in agriculture, construction, sports, defense and household. Tarpaulins are finished and coated to make them water resistant, fire resistant, UV protected and antimicrobial. Popular types include cotton/PET blended and PVC or PE coated polyester tarpaulins.
1. wool scouring environment issues
Wool scouring produces an effluent high in organic material like grease, dirt, and residues from veterinary medicines used on sheep. This effluent requires extensive treatment before discharge to remove oxygen-depleting substances and potentially toxic pesticides. Two main wastes - grease and sludge - are also produced. Grease can be recovered and sold, but sludge contains pesticides and must be disposed of carefully, typically through incineration, to avoid polluting land or water. Air pollution is minimal except from hot acid cracking of grease. Strict control of effluent and waste is needed to protect the environment from wool processing.
Scouring
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Government initiatives
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Cleaner production concepts for chemical processing of si
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Lecture 8 digital printing of textiles (condensed)
Digital printing of textiles is an emerging technology that offers several advantages over traditional analog printing methods. Digital printing uses electronic design files and inkjet printing heads rather than physical screens or rollers. It allows for mass customization, quick design changes, and reduced waste. While the technology is gaining ground in niche markets like sampling, wider adoption has been slowed by issues like printing speeds and the high costs of inks and printers needed for bulk production. Continued improvements may allow digital printing to compete with conventional rotary screen printing for medium-sized runs in the future.
Eco fibres and ecofriendly textiles ms univ. 21.2.04 final
The document discusses eco-friendly textiles and organic cotton cultivation. It notes that conventional cotton production relies heavily on pesticides and fertilizers that harm the environment and human health. Organic cotton cultivation avoids the use of chemicals and promotes sustainable agriculture. Some of the benefits of organic cotton include reduced costs, management of pesticide resistance, and environmental friendliness. India is a major cotton producer but organic cotton currently makes up a very small percentage of production. Several organizations promote organic cotton farming in India.
Eco fibres and eco friendly textiles 2
The document discusses organic and naturally colored cotton production around the world. It provides details on the history and development of organic cotton cultivation in various countries like India, Peru, Australia, and its usage in textile and apparel production. It also summarizes the work of Sally Fox in breeding varieties of naturally colored cotton and establishing companies for producing fabrics and clothing from these cotton varieties.
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Cleaner production concepts for chemical processing of si
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Lecture 8 digital printing of textiles (condensed)
Lecture 8 digital printing of textiles (condensed)
Eco fibres and ecofriendly textiles ms univ. 21.2.04 final
Eco fibres and ecofriendly textiles ms univ. 21.2.04 final
Dyeing of nat and synth. fibres and fastness properties
Dyeing of nat and synth. fibres and fastness properties
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2) Grey scales contain pairs of neutrally colored chips used to visually assess color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3) Color fastness tests assess dye resistance to factors like rubbing, washing, light and perspiration through standardized testing procedures.
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2. Various types of color fastness are described, including to washing, light, rubbing/crocking, perspiration, and more. Tests evaluate color change and staining on a scale of 1-5.
3. Factors like dye structure, bonding to fibers, shade depth, fiber chemistry, and test conditions impact color fastness properties. Standard tests and assessment methods following organizations
Dyeing parameters
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
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Dyefix CF--Chlorine Fastness Improver For dyed Cellulosic Fabrics
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Fixing agent
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This particular presentation discusses the test methods used to evaluate laundry care product performance, but Dell Tech offers a wide range of performance testing for most types of cleaning products. For a full list of the test methods we offer, please see: https://delltech.com/services/lab-services/claims-substantiation-performance-testing/
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The document discusses various aspects of textile dyeing processes including:
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The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop on demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, while CIJ includes single and multiple jet systems using deflection plates or air jets. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the need for post-treatments, while envisioning future possibilities like mass customization and integration with other technologies.
Dyeing of pet wool blends
This document discusses methods for high temperature dyeing of wool-polyester blends to minimize damage to the wool. It recommends using formaldehyde or similar agents to protect the wool at temperatures up to 120°C. Specific dyeing times and temperatures are provided for different levels of wool protection. One-bath and two-bath dyeing methods are described that allow deep shades while reducing staining of the wool component. Considerations for dye selection, recipes, and procedures are provided to optimize results while minimizing wool degradation.
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This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. Cotton is dyed by first converting the vat dye to its soluble form, dyeing the cotton, then reoxidizing the dye inside the fiber. The document outlines the chemical classes of vat dyes and the steps involved in vat dyeing cotton fabric using exhaust or continuous methods.
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The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
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2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at 120-130°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
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The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, with the latter providing higher resolution and suitability for wider ranges of inks. The technologies each have advantages and limitations for different applications like textile printing.
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This document compares and contrasts analog and digital printing technologies. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each, such as analog printing being better for mass production while digital is more suitable for variable, personalized, or short print runs. The document also examines factors to consider when choosing a printing method like image quality, production speed, and cost. Additionally, it describes how some systems combine analog and digital to leverage the strengths of both.
4. essential elements for inkjet printing
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the future potential of digital printing for mass customization and integrated production systems.
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Digital printing offers several advantages over conventional analog printing methods for textiles. It allows for mass customization and quick turnaround due to minimal press setup times. Digital printing can change color schemes or designs in real time during production. It also produces less waste and has a lower environmental impact than screen printing. However, digital printing has lower throughput than analog methods and higher costs for long runs. It also requires specially coated substrates and has limitations in ink color options and opacity.
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The document discusses various methods for dyeing polyester fibers, including:
1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
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This document summarizes the key properties and processes involved in dyeing cotton with vat dyes. Vat dyes are insoluble in water but can be converted to a water-soluble form through a process called vatting, which involves reducing the dye and forming a salt. The water-soluble form dyes cotton fibers, and is then re-oxidized inside the fibers. The dyeing process involves steps of reduction, dyeing, oxidation, and soaping to achieve bright shades and fastness properties.
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Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It begins by distinguishing between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. It then covers various printing styles like direct, resist, and discharge printing. The document concludes by describing common printing methods such as block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing.
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The document summarizes the general composition and essential qualities of print pastes used in textile printing. Print pastes typically contain dyestuffs, thickeners, solvents, humectants, oxidizing agents, and defoaming agents. Thickeners are important for ensuring the print paste sinks into the fabric quickly and adheres properly after printing and drying. Other components like hydroscopic agents and pH controllers help facilitate dye fixation during steam treatment. Proper selection and balance of ingredients is necessary for achieving high quality, well-defined prints on fabrics.
Pigment printing
There are key differences between dye and pigment printing. Pigments have no affinity for fibers and are insoluble in water, requiring a binder to fix them onto fibers. Dyes have affinity for fibers and are water soluble. Pigment printing uses a binder that is an aqueous emulsion copolymer which polymerizes during curing to form a strong film embedding the pigment and adhering it to the fiber. Suitable thickeners for pigment printing are emulsion or synthetic thickeners which do not interact negatively with the binder. Emulsion thickeners are prepared using oil, water, emulsifiers and other agents, while synthetic thickeners are high molecular weight copolymers that thicken when
Indroduction to printing
The document discusses different types of textile printing methods. It distinguishes between dyeing and printing, noting that dyeing results in uniform coloration while printing applies color locally in designs. Printing uses an aqueous medium of high viscosity to prevent color from spreading. Common printing methods described include block, stencil, roller, screen, and digital printing. Resist and discharge styles of printing are also outlined.
Manual screen printing
Roller printing was invented by James Bell of Scotland in 1783. It was the first machine used for textile printing and remained popular for over 200 years until the 1960s. The roller printing machine used engraved rollers to transfer designs onto fabric passing between multiple rollers. It could print 1 to 12 colors at speeds of 70-80 meters per minute. The popularity of roller printing declined after the invention of rotary screen printing in 1960, which allowed for faster, multi-color printing and is now obsolete.
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Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
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South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
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Lecture 9 quality evaluation
- 1. Quality evaluation of bleached, dyed and printed textiles R.B.CHAVAN Department of Textile Technology Indian Institute of Technology Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016 E-mail: rbchavan@hotmail.com
- 2. Identification of fibres Burning test Burn, no melting, black char Acrylic Does not burn, melt, white hard bid Polyester Does not burn, melt, white hard bid Nylon Does not burn, rotten smell Silk Does not burn, smell burning hair, balck char Wool Burn with continuous flame, smell burning paper Cotton Burning behaviour Fibre
- 3. Solubility test Dimethyl formamide (DMF) Acrylic Formic acid Nylon Ortho chloro phenol (OCP) Polyester Saturated zinc chloride Silk 5% NaOH, boil Wool Cuprammonium hydroxide, cadoxene Cotton Solvent Fibre
- 10. List of banned amines Amine 1-4 Carcinogenic to human Amine 5-20 Carcinogenic to animals
- 11. Mechanism of dye degradation in human body
- 12. Metal Estimation Cr, Cu, Hg etc Instrument used Atomic abasorption spectrometer