Diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite .
The patients usually see the cross-bite as a severe aesthetical problem. The orthodontists see the problem as a severe functional and anatomical disturbance.
The problem “cross-bite” is a result of an anatomical or functional disturbance in the occlusion.
“The best time to treat a crossbite is the first time it is seen”
Or else it may grow into Skeletal Malocclusion
Many treatment modalities ranging from simple to complex means are available to correct anterior crossbite ; some use removable appliances and others use fixed appliances
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and management of anterior crossbite .
The patients usually see the cross-bite as a severe aesthetical problem. The orthodontists see the problem as a severe functional and anatomical disturbance.
The problem “cross-bite” is a result of an anatomical or functional disturbance in the occlusion.
“The best time to treat a crossbite is the first time it is seen”
Or else it may grow into Skeletal Malocclusion
Many treatment modalities ranging from simple to complex means are available to correct anterior crossbite ; some use removable appliances and others use fixed appliances
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. Impacted teeth can be defined as those prevented from eruption at the expected time due to physical barrier. The etiology, frequency of impactions are given. Classification systems are based on the depth, angulation, and available space. Complications associated with lower third molar impaction are discussed and methods of treatment are explained. Comparison between maxillary third molar and mandibular one is given. Upper canine is the second most commonly impacted tooth after third molars. It form the foundation of an esthetic smile. The management of impacted canine is interdisciplinary management comprises of a team of an orthodontist, oral surgeon, and periodontist.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Lecture 2 managment of the developing dentition
1. Sudan International University
Faculty of Dentistry
Department of Orthodontics
Management of the developing
dentition (preventive and
interceptive procedures)
Mohanad Elsherif
BDS (U of K), MFD RCSI, MFDS RCPS(Glasg), MSc (Orthodontics), M.Orth. RCSEd
2. Orthodontic Triage
1. Infraoccluded primary molars:
Prevalence: 8-14%
More common in the lower arch
Primary first molar is the most
commonly affected tooth.
Believed to be due to ankylosis
but genetic causes and missing
permanent premolars are also
described as etiological factors
3. Orthodontic Triage
Classification of infraocclusion:
Mild (slight):
Between occlusal surface and interproximal
contact, (less than 2mm).
Moderate:
Within occluso-gingival margins of interproximal
contact.
Sever:
Below interproximal contact point.
4. Orthodontic Triage
Consequences of infraocclsion
Tipping of adjacent teeth
Overeruption of opposing teeth
Caries of infraoccluded teeth or
adjacent teeth.
Delyed eruption, deflection or
impaction of the successor tooth.
5. Orthodontic Triage
Diagnosis:
Clinical
Inspection to assess the severity.
Percussion classical, high-pitched, ‘cracked-teacup’ sound of ankylosis
when percussed with a metal instrument
Radiographic
To assess the severity of infraocclusion and radiographic signs of ankylosis
(absence of lamina dura)
To assess the presence/absence of successor tooth.
6. Orthodontic Triage
Treatment
In the presence of successor tooth
Wait for normal exfoliation
Extract if no exfoliation occurred or problems
occurred.
In the absence of successor tooth:
Depending on the severity:
Mild to moderate composite filling or crown
Sever extract the tooth followed by orthodontic
space closure or prosthetic replacement.
7. Orthodontic Triage
4. Other Eruption Problems
Ectopic eruption
Eruption of a tooth in the wrong place, or along
the wrong eruption path.
Often leads to early loss of a primary tooth
The most commonly affected tooth is the
maxillary first molar (2 -6 %).
8. Orthodontic Triage
4. Other Eruption Problems
Ectopic eruption
Eruption of a tooth in the wrong place, or along
the wrong eruption path.
Often leads to early loss of a primary tooth
The most commonly affected tooth is the
maxillary first molar (2 -6 %).
9. Ectopic eruption of the first permanent
molar
Ectopic eruption of first
permanent molar occurs when
its eruption is prevented by
the distal surface of the
second primary molar.
Spontaneous correction
occurs before the age of 8
years in 66% of cases.
10. Ectopic eruption of the first permanent
molar
It can be classified into:
Reversible:
if spontaneous eruption occurs
before 8 years of age and
without premature loss of “E”).
Irreversible:
if no correction after 8 years or
premature loss of “E” occurred.
11. Ectopic eruption of the first permanent
molar
Treatment:
1. Brass wire separator.
2. Distalization of the first
permanent molar.
3. Disking of the distal surface of
second primary molar.
4. Extraction of second primary
molar and space regaining
following eruption of first molar.
12. Unerupted maxillary incisors
Presents in the mixed dentition stage and is often noticed between the ages
of 7–9 years.
Can be due to:
Early loss or prolonged retention of primary incisors.
In adequate space or space loss.
Physical Obstruction (supernumerary, cyst, tumor).
Trauma.
Dilaceration and eruption failure following trauma affecting the primary
incisors.
Cleft lip and palate.
13. Unerupted maxillary incisors
Diagnosis:
Delayed eruption of the permanent maxillary incisor teeth can be
considered when:
Eruption of the contralateral incisor has occurred more than six
months earlier.
The maxillary incisors remain unerupted more than one year
after eruption of the mandibular incisors.
There is significant deviation from the normal eruption sequence
(for example, lateral incisors erupting before the central incisor).
14. Management
The management will depend on:
Patient age and compliance.
Medical statutes.
Space within the arch.
Location of the incisor.
Developmental stage of the incisor.
The presence of associated problem (dilacerations,
resorption,..).
15. Management
The general principles of managing delayed
eruption or impaction of the permanent maxillary
incisor teeth, include:
(1) The provision of adequate space in the dental arch; and
(2) Removal of any obstruction to eruption.
16. Treatment options
Removal of obstruction ± space creation followed by
spontaneous eruption.
Removal of obstruction ± space creation followed by
orthodontic traction.
Extraction of the incisor.
Extraction and reimplantation.
17. Treatment
In the younger patient (<9 years of age) with an immature
permanent maxillary incisor, it may be reasonable to allow
up to 9–12 months for spontaneous eruption after the
removal of an obstruction and/or creation of space, before
considering further intervention.
In the older individual (>9 years of age) with a mature
permanent maxillary incisor, it is reasonable to consider
‘open’ or ‘closed’ surgical exposure with bonding of an
orthodontic attachment at the time of removal of an
obstruction, particularly if the unerupted incisor is high.
19. Risks of treatment
The potential risks of treatment include
Failure of eruption.
Ankyloses.
External root resorption.
Poor gingival aesthetics.
Occasionally, damage to adjacent teeth.
20. First permanent molar with poor
prognosis
Extraction of a first permanent molar is rarely the extraction of choice.
However, favorable spontaneous development of the dentition and space
closure can be expected in some cases.
Why the 1s molar:
Early development, makes them susceptible to chronological enamel defects
leading to hypo-mineralisation and/or hypoplasia
First permanent tooth to erupt makes them vulnerable to the development
of dental caries.
Commonly Affected by Molar incisor hypomineralizatoin (MIH) [incidence =
15% in Caucasian]
21. Balancing Vs compensating
extraction
Balancing extraction
Refers to removal of the equivalent tooth from the contra-lateral
side of the same dental arch.
It is usually done to prevent midline shift.
Compensating extraction
Refers to removal of the equivalent tooth from the same side of
the opposing dental arch.
It is usually done to prevent overeruption of the opposing tooth
22. Balancing Vs compensating
extraction
As a general rule:
Compensating extraction of an upper first molar is often
recommended when extraction of the lower is required to prevent
over-eruption of an unopposed upper first molar.
On the other hand, compensating extraction of the lower first
molar is not recommended when extraction of the upper first
molar is required.
Balancing the extraction of healthy first molars is not generally
recommended in either arch and there is little evidence that
unilateral extraction will adversely effect the dental centerline.
23. Ideal timing for extraction
Ideally, first permanent molar extractions should be
followed by successful eruption of the second molars to
replace them and ultimately, the third molars to
complete the molar dentition.
The criterial for this to occur are:
1. Patient age 8-10 years
2. The second molar is developed to the bifurcation area
3. Presence of the third molar
4. The angle between the long axis of the first molar and
the long axis of the third molar is 15-30.
24. Conclusion
“As a general rule, if in doubt, get the patient out of
pain, try and maintain the teeth and refer for an
orthodontic opinion”
Reference:
A Guideline for the Extraction of First Permanent
Molars in Children (Royal college of Surgeon-UK)
25. Orthodontic Triage
Premature loss of deciduous tooth:
1. Primary Incisors:
Minimal effect after eruption of deciduous canines.
No space maintainer is usually needed except for aesthetic or
speech.
2. Primary Canines:
Can cause midline shift.
Space maintainer or balanced extraction of the contralateral canine
is indicated.
26. Orthodontic Triage
Treatment options for premature loss of primary
canine:
If no centerline line shift and no crowding space
maintainer.
If there is centerline shift and no crowding balanced
extraction of the contralateral canine followed by space
maintainer after midline correction.
If there is crowding complex problem need specialist
evaluation for space management so refer
27. Orthodontic Triage
3. Primary first molar:
Can cause midline shift specially if it was lost in young age.
Space maintainer is indicated.
4. Primary second molar:
Can space loss by mesial drift of the first molar can occur.
Space maintainer is indicated.
29. Space maintainers
Factors to be considered before placing a space maintainer
Time lapse since lost.
Dental age of patient.
Amount of bone covering the unerupted tooth.
Which tooth is lost, in which arch.
Presence or absence of permanent teeth.
Cooperation level of child and parents.
Existing malocclusion.
30. Space maintainers
Space maintainers may not be needed when:
Widely spaced primary dentition.
If succeeding tooth is expected to erupt within 6 months When?
1. More than ½ to 2/3 of the root is present on the succeeding
tooth.
2. Less than 1 mm of alveolar bone is covering succeeding tooth.
3. Destruction of the alveolar bone occurred when the primary
tooth was lost.
40. Orthodontic Triage
1. In primary dentition:
Unilateral single tooth loss
Bilateral single tooth loss
Multiple teeth loss
Loss of second deciduous
molar before eruption of
permanent first molar .
Unilateral Band and loop space maintainer.
Bilateral Band and loop space maintainers.
Partial denture.
Distal shoe space maintainer.
What type of space maintainer should I use?
41. Orthodontic Triage
2. In Mixed dentition:
Unilateral single tooth loss
Bilateral single tooth loss
Lower arch multiple loss
Upper arch unilateral
multiple loss.
Upper arch bilateral
multiple loss.
Unilateral Band and loop space maintainer.
Bilateral Band and loop space maintainers.
Lingual arch.
Transpalatal arch.
What type of space maintainer should I use?
Nance button (appliance).
42. Declaration
The author wish to declare that; these presentations are his original work, all
materials and pictures collection, typing and slide design has been done by the
author.
Most of these materials has been done for undergraduate students, although
postgraduate students may find some useful basic and advanced information.
The universities title at the front page indicate where the lecture was first
presented. The author was working as a lecturer of orthodontics at Ibn Sina
University, Sudan International University, and as a Master student in Orthodontics at
University of Khartoum.
The author declare that all materials and photos in these presentations has been
collected from different textbooks, papers and online websites. These pictures are
presented here for education and demonstration purposes only. The author are not
attempting to plagiarize or reproduced unauthorized material, and the intellectual
properties of these photos belong to their original authors.
43. Declaration
As the authors reviews several textbooks, papers and other references during
preparation of these materials, it was impossible to cite every textbook and journal
article, the main textbooks that has been reviewed during preparation of these
presentations were:
Contemporary Orthodontics 5th edition; Proffit, William R, Henry W. Fields, and
David M. Sarver.
Handbook of Orthodontics. 1st edition; Cobourne, Martyn T, and Andrew T. DiBiase.
Clinical cases in orthodontics. Martyn T. Cobourne, Padhraig S. Fleming, Andrew T.
DiBiase, Sofia Ahmad
Essentials of orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment; Robert N. Staley, Neil T. Reske
Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques 5th edition; Graber, Lee W, Robert L.
Vanarsdall, and Katherine W. L. Vig
Orthodontics: The Art and Science. 3rd Edition. Bhalajhi, S.I.
44. Declaration
For the purposes of dissemination and sharing of knowledge, these
lectures were given to several colleagues and students. It were also
uploaded to SlideShare website by the author. Colleagues and students
may download, use, and modify these materials as they see fit for non-
profit purposes. The author retain the copyright of the original work.
The author wish to thank his family, teachers, colleagues and students
for their love and support throughout his career. I also wish to express
my sincere gratitude to all orthodontic pillars for their tremendous
contribution to our specialty.
Finally, the author welcome any advices and enquires through his
email address: Mohanad-07@hotmail.com