The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mixed dentition analysis. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Mixed dentition analysis. /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Types of malocclusion
Malocclusion can occur singly or in combination as follows:
1- Dental mal-relationship.
2- Dento-alveolar, involving the teeth and alveolar process.
3- Dental arch mal- relationship
4- Basal arch discrepancy
5- Cranio-facial abnormalities.
1- Dental mal relationship
Including crowding, spacing, ectopism and other local malposition of the teeth that not affect the arch size, relationship and growth.
Causes of dental malposition:
1- genetic factors.
2- Prolonged retention or early loss of primary teeth.
3- Delayed eruption of permanent teeth.
4- Supernumerary teeth, missing teeth, either congenital or due to extractions.
5- Ectopic eruption and abnormal tooth morphology.
6- Abnormal development of the teeth.
Frequency:
=The most frequently malposed teeth in permanent dentition are the 3rd molars, maxillary lateral incisors, mandibular incisors, 2nd premolars and 2nd molars, the less frequently malposed teeth are the 1st molars and 1st premolars.
= spacing is predominating in deciduous dentition while crowding is common in permanent dentition.
= Irregularities due to local pot natal causes will manifest themselves clinically and will requires corrective treatment.
= rotation of the teeth in most cases is a sequlea of crowding but sometimes occurs with spacing due to loss of proximal contact between the erupting and adjacent teeth.
= crowding and spacing of the same arch may be expected in deciduous dentition but if occurs in permanent dentition, it will represent a symptoms of tooth shifting and detective eruption due to local interfere.
Spacing of permanent teeth:
In the permanent dentition, spacing in the maxillary arch is usually localized from canine to canine.
The median diastema in maxillary arch may be caused by:
1- Abnormal labial Frenum or presence of mesiodense
2- Dwarfed or congenitally absent lateral incisors.
3- Or as a part of generalized spacing.
Spacing in the mandibular arch is less common but may occurs due to:
1- Abnormal large tongue and bi dental protrusion.
2- Abnormal lingual Frenum ----- median diastema.
3- As a part of generalized spacing.
Loss of space or space closure:
a- In mixed dentition:
= In children with well-developed arches, there is little or no space loss after extraction of primary molars, this may be due to the cuspal interlocking of U and L 6
= There will be more space loss after extraction of E then after extraction of D
= loss of UE before the eruption of UB causes the U6 to erupt far mesially toward UD occupying the space required for eruption of U5------ impaction of U5.
= in the mandibular arch the forward shifting of L6 is less great and space loss is less marked.
= the order of eruption of permanent teeth has some effect on determining the space closure. For example: the maxillary canine may block out labially because it erupts after U4, the mandibular 2nd bicuspids may block out lingually because it is the last tooth erupt in the front of L6.
b- In permanent
preventive and interceptive for general practitioners.docxDr.Mohammed Alruby
Scope of orthodontics
for general practitioner
Prepared by
Dr. M Alruby
Orthodontics: is a branch of science and art of dentistry dealing with prevention, interception, and correction of positional and dimensional dentofacial abnormalities.
Orthodontic treatment could be divided as follow:
1- Preventive orthodontic treatment.
2- Interceptive orthodontic treatment.
3- Corrective orthodontic treatment. a) Early corrective. b) late corrective.
4- Post. Treatment maintenance or retentive and follow up.
Preventive orthodontics:
It is defined as that phase of orthodontics employed to recognize and eliminate potential irregularities and malposition in the developing dentofacial complex. It is directed toward improving environmental conditions to permit future normal development
N: B: the child as a patient: children will accept orthodontic treatment if the purpose for treatment is explained in a simple terms that they can understand. Information concerning treatment aims and procedures should be given to the child without hesitation and under authority; neither gives him a great attention nor neglect him. Be familiar with the child and give him some sympathy.
Most children at preadolescent age are ready to accept orthodontic treatment if the orthodontist was able to establish a sympathetic relationship with the child. The child must not force to treatment but it is better to postpone treatment until the child feels the needs for treatment.
The adolescent patients: the 15 years old patient frequently consider himself as a man and must has a special management. Adolescent patient may deny that his teeth need correction and warning of the appliances. It is very important to know whether the patient came to the office alone, with friends or forced by his parents.
Preventive orthodontics is a long range approach and it is largely a responsibility of the general dentist. Many of the procedures are common in preventive and interceptive orthodontics but the timing are different.
Preventive procedures are undertaken in anticipation of development of a problem. Interception procedures are undertaken when the problem has already manifested. For extraction of supernumerary teeth before they cause displacement of other teeth is a preventive procedure, while their extraction after the signs of malocclusion have appeared is an interceptive procedure.
Preventive procedures:
A- Pre-dental preventive procedure ( parents education):
Instruct the mother to feed her baby from breast and if the baby to be feed by a bottle, the nipple should be long enough to rest on the anterior third of the tongue. It also should contain a small side opening instead of single large end hole, this allows the milk to flow on the dorsum of the tongue and prevent it from being squeezed directly into the pharynx, by this method the tongue is allowed to function properly during swallowing which is very important in general growth of the jaws, al
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. 1. Ankylosis
2. Ectopic eruption
3. Premature loss of deciduous teeth
4. Delayed eruption
5. Primary failure of eruption
6. Single tooth in crossbite
7. Gingival recession
8. Midline diastema
9. Molar Incisor hypomineralization
10. Late lower incisor crowding
3.
4.
5. Anatomical fusion of alveolar bone with
tooth cementum
It can occur at any time during eruption
either before or after the tooth emerges into
the oral cavity
6. Mild The entire occlusal surface is located at least 1 mm below the
occlusal plane and above the contact point of the adjacent non-
ankylosed teeth.
Moderate The entire occlusal surface is located below the contact point level
but above the CEJ of adjacent tooth.
Severe The entire occlusal surface is level with or below the CEJ of the
adjacent tooth
7. 1. Syndromic
2. Non-Syndromic
a. Genetic
b. Trauma
c. Infection
d. Radiation and chemicals
e. Congenital absence of the second premolar.
f. Idiopathic
g. Iatrogenic
8. Any tooth that reached the occlusal plane
and subsequently dropped out of occlusion
should be considered ankylosed
Mobility test
Percussion sound
10. Computerized tomography (CT)
Failure of the tooth to move following the
application of orthodontic forces is believed to
be the definitive diagnostic test
11. In the presence of permanent successor
1. Exfoliate naturally
2. Restore the vertical dimension or extract the
affected tooth with lingual or palatal arch to
maintain the space if the infraocclusion
becomes greater
12. In the absence of a permanent successor or if the
permanent tooth is severely displaced
1. Retention of the second deciduous molar
2. Early extraction to facilitate spontaneous space
closure
3. Premolaizing the E
4. Extraction and prosthetic replacement
13. It depends on whether the patient is growing
or not
If he is a growing patient then extract
ankylosed tooth to prevent bone deficiency in
the area of ankylosis
If he is a non growing patient, maintain the
tooth as previously mentioned
14. If they survive to twenty years of age, continued
long-term function can be anticipated
15. 1. Extraction of the ankylosed tooth followed by prosthetic replacement.
2. Surgical luxation followed by periodontal ligament distraction
3. Osteotomy of the dentoalveolar segment with immediate repositioning of the
dentoalveolar structures.
4. Osteotomy followed by intraoral distraction.
16. 5. Osteotomy followed by heavy orthodontic forces.
6. Osteotomy followed by a combination of dentoalveolar distraction and light
orthodontic forces.
7. Osteotomy followed by conventional orthodontic forces.
8. Osteotomy with partial repositioning followed by heavy orthodontic forces
9. Lingual corticotomy of the dentoalveolar segment, followed by a labial
corticotomy three weeks later and a conventional orthodontic force.
17.
18.
19. A condition in which the permanent teeth,
because of deficiency of growth in the jaw or
segment of jaw, assume a path of eruption
that intercepts a primary tooth, causes its
premature loss and produces a consequent
malposition of the permanent tooth.
20. Grade I Mild – limited resorption to cementum or with minimum dentin
penetration
Grade II Moderate – resorption of the dentin without pulp exposition
Grade III Severe – resorption of the distal root leading to pulp exposure
Grade IV Very severe – resorption that affects the mesial root of the primary
second molar
21. If angle is from 15-30˚ of ectopic molar then
good prognosis of eruption
22. 1. Genetic
2. Associated with developmental disorders (ectopic
canines)
3. Increased mesial-distal width of 6
4. Increased mesial eruption angle of 6
5. Delayed calcification of the effected molars
6. Small maxilla
23. Eruption path where distal cusps emerge before
mesial cusps
Unilateral or bilateral delay in emergence of 6
Bulbos E and small jaw
Mobility of E
Neuralgia at area of 6
Diagnosis confirmed by dental radiographs
(superimposition and impaction against
distobuccal root of deciduous tooth)
25. If resorption of E <1.5mm
observe 3-6months (to establish if reversible)
if no resorption and vertical position
improved
monitor eruption
if no resorption and vertical position not
improved
expose unerupted 6 and wait for 3 months
if still not improving treatment to move the impacted tooth
distally
26. If resorption of E >1.5mm
• If E symptomatic or mobility >1mm consider extraction and management of
space problem once 6 erupts
If E asymptomatic and mobility <1mm and
6 partially erupted
treatment to move the impacted tooth
distally
If E asymptomatic and mobility <1mm and
6 unerupted
expose 6 and commence treatment to
move the impacted tooth distally
27. 6 is partially erupted
Brass wire ligature
Elastomeric
Halterman appliance
Humphrey appliance
Steel spring clip separators
Orthodontic band on the E and a bonded bracket on the exposed cusp of
6, with an open coil spring
6 is unerupted
Surgically expose and try above techniques or distal extension attached
to SS crown
28.
29. Orthodontic band on E with attached distal
spring +/- transpalatal arch when maximal
anchorage required (Halterman appliance)
30. A bonded button is placed on
the first permanent molar at the
same time the appliance is
cemented on the second
primary molar. The free arm
engages on the mesial side of
the button using reciprocal
anchorage to distalize the
permanent molar
Activation at 3 to 4-week
intervals is made with three-
prong pliers until overcorrection
occurs
31.
32.
33. Extent of it depends upon the degree of
crowding, the patient’s age, and the site
34. Local factors
1. Trauma
2. Periapical pathology
3. Periodontal problem
4. Caries
General factors
1. Congenital disease, fibrous dysplasia
2. Nutritional, vitamin D deficiency
3. Endocrine, diabetes
4. Genetic disease, hypophosphatemia or Ehler Danlos
syndrome
5. Tumour
6. Iatrogenic
35. 1. Stage of eruption of successors
2. Which tooth: space loss greater for E`s than D`s
by mesial drift of permanent teeth
3. rate of space closure is greater in maxilla than
mandible
4. Amount of crowding: greater space loss in
crowded dentitions
5. Occlusal interlocks
37. Loss of primary incisors – Early loss of primary incisors has little
effect. It is not necessary to balance or compensate the loss of a
primary incisor
Loss of primary canines– In all but spaced dentitions is likely to
have most effect on centre lines.The more crowded the dentition,
the more the need for balance
Loss of primary first molars – Balancing extraction may be
needed in a crowded arch but compensation is not needed
Loss of primary second molars –There is no need to balance the
loss of a primary second molar because this will have no
appreciable effect on centreline coincidence. However, when a
primary second molar has to be extracted consideration should
be given to fitting a space maintainer
38.
39.
40. Eruption time is defined either by chronological age
(Expected tooth eruption time )or biological age
(indicated by progression of root development)
41. When teeth do not erupt at the expected age
(mean 2 SD)
A disruption in the normal sequence of eruption
An asymmetry in eruption pattern between
contra lateral teeth. If a tooth on one side of the
arch has erupted and 6 months later there is still
no sign of it’s equivalent on the other side
(radiographic examination is indicated)
42. Generalized Localized
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Congenital absence
Down’s syndrome Crowding
Cleidocranial dysplasia Delayed exfoliation of primary
predecessor
Cleft lip and palate Supernumerary
Rickets Dilaceration
Abnormal position of cyst
Primary failure of eruption
43. if root formation is not complete in
permanent follow up of root development by
periodic radiographic examination.
If the tooth is lagging in its eruption status,
active treatment is recommended
Obstruction must be removed ( soft tissue or
dental)
44. If self-correction is not observed over time,
active treatment should begin. Exposure
accompanied by orthodontic traction has been
shown to be successful when more than 2/3 of
the root has developed
If ectopic teeth deviate more than 90° from
the normal eruptive path, autotransplantation
might be an effective alternative.
45.
46.
47. non syndromic eruption failure of permanent
teeth in the absence of mechanical obstruction
with no obvious local/systemic causative factor
Teeth distal to affected tooth also involved.
48. Complete failure of tooth eruption (primary retention)
Initial eruption prior to the eruption failure (secondary
retention).
49. Rare condition of unknown aetiology
Significant genetic influence suggested (PTH1
gene)
Commonly family history
50. Effect on vertical facial growth, the bite distal to
the first affected tooth is usually open
Permanent teeth may become ankylosed
Diagnosis often made retrospectively and
orthodontic extrusion is unsuccessful
May be associated with infra-occluded
deciduous teeth, in particular E's
51. No orthodontic solution, will tend to intrude
the rest of options dentition
Consider restorative options, e.g. Crown
build-ups
May consider segmental osteotomy
Extraction
52.
53.
54. Dental malocclusion resulting from the
abnormal axial inclination of one or more
maxillary teeth
55. Depends on:
1. Adequate space to reposition the tooth in the
arch
2. Sufficient overbite to hold the tooth in position
following correction
3. An apical position of the tooth in cross bite that
is the same as it would be if the tooth was in
normal occlusion
57. The “reverse” stainless
steel crown
Two disadvantages :
1. Unsightly silver
appearance of the crown
form
2. The limitations of working
with an inclined slope that
is already formed.
Both problems can be avoided
by using a bonded resin-
based composite custom
formed inclined slope.
61. 1. Plaque
2. Position of the tooth
3. Vigorous tooth brushing
4. Traumatic occlusion
5. Prominent frenum
6. Thin marginal gingiva
7. Alveolar plate is thin
8. Orthodontic movement (position the tooth labially)
62. 1. Maintain good oral hygiene throughout orthodontic
treatment
2. Eliminate potential causes of recession
3. Avoid uncontrolled dento-alveolar expansion and maintain
arch form by extraction or IDS
4. Modify tooth anatomy whenever indicated
5. in lower incisor crowding, consider segment arch mechanics
and create space before using it and use it wisely
6. Consider atypical extractions of severly involved tooth
7. Avoid jiggling because it may cause periodontal problems
8. Treat early
9. Gingival grafting before orthodontic treatment
63. 1. Thorough instructions on plaque control should be provided.
2. Free gingival graft before orthodontic treatment
3. Modified coronally advanced tunnel flap approach
4. envelope technique with connective tissue graft
5. The laterally positioned flap with or without connective
tissue graft.
6. A frenectomy can also be considered
7. The gingiva is attached to the supracrestal portion of the
root so that lingual movement of the incisor will result in a
labial increase in gingival height
64.
65.
66. 1. Normal development in the deciduous dentition
2. Ugly duckling stage before the eruption of the permanent canines
3. Abnormal frenal attachments
4. Microdontia (peg-lateral incisors)
5. Presence of a supernumerary
6. Abnormal shape or crown-root angulation of the centrals
7. Congenitally missing teeth
8. Abnormal pressure habits (tongue thrust, digit sucking,
9. Trauma, leading to tooth loss in the incisor region
10. Hereditary & Racial predisposition, Negros
11. Pathological migration of the anterior maxilla teeth (rarely)
12. during RME
13. Iatrogenic
67. Direct visualization
Blanching in the region of the frenum can occur
when tension is applied by lifting the upper lip
A spade-shaped or notched intermaxillary segment
can be visible on radiographic examination
68. Depends primarily upon the removal of the underlying cause
In the deciduous dentition: no treatment
In mixed dentition: reassurance
In permanent dentition: aesthetic build-up of the centrals
Active orthodontic treatment to close a diastema is usually
carried out in the permanent dentition using fixed appliance
72. Hypomineralization of systemic origin that
affects one to all of the first permanent
molars and is often associated with affected
permanent incisors
73. The etiology of MIH still remains unclear
Environmental conditions:
Respiratory tract infections
Perinatal complications
Oxygen starvation and low birth weight
Calcium and phosphate metabolic disorders
Childhood diseases
Antibiotics
Prolonged breast feeding
74. Primary teeth are not affected
The remaining permanent dentition is usually not affected
One, two, three or four permanent first molars affected
White/yellow/brown opacities well demarcated compared to normal
enamel
The lesions on the incisors are usually not as extensive as those in the
molars and present mainly a cosmetic problem
The risk of defects to the incisors appears to increase when more first
permanent molars have been affected
75. Behavioural avoidance of erosive diet
Preventive
Applying desensitizing agent in combination with fluoride
varnish applications could be of some help in decreasing
sensitivity
Fissure sealant
Restorative requirements
Extraction combined with orthodontic treatment should be
considered as an alternative treatment especially if the molars
have a poor longterm prospect.The optimal time for
extraction is indicated by the calcification of the bifurcation of
the roots of the lower second permanent molar
76.
77.
78. Begins between the ages of 17 and mid-twenties
and progressing through into late adult life is
common
Approximately 2/3 of adolescents with good
alignment and “normal” occlusions will develop
incisor irregularity be early adulthood
79. 1. Lack of attrition
2. Soft tissue maturation: late mandibular growth changes
may bring the lower incisors into a different soft tissue
3. Late anterior growth and mandibular remodelling
4. Anterior component of occlusal forces
5. Mesial vectors of muscular contraction
6. Degenerative periodontal changes allowing teeth to drift
under light pressures
7. Mesial drift of posterior teeth by trans-septal fibres
8. Tooth size and shape which can result in contact point
displacement
9. The mandibular third molar: Mandibular third molars–
presence and position
80. Ades at al. (1990): 4 study groups all a
minimum of 10 years post retention
(Washington group) ( Absent 8s, Impacted 8s,
Erupted and functional, Extracted at least 10
years before post retention records)
No significant differences in mandibular
growth or LLS crowding between any of
the subgroups.
81. Accept
Prophylactic measurement: IPS as prophylactic
measure had been described by Peck and Peck
Permanent retainer
In the presence of significant malocclusion,
incisor crowding is best managed as part of a
comprehensive orthodontic treatment plan
either by IPS, extraction or proclination with
permanent retention.
82. The work of Little and others has shown that
although larger lower incisor changes in
position are less stable, lower incisor
alignment tends to deteriorate after
retention whether or not the lower incisor
position has been maintained Rowland 2008
found PFR is more efficient in a maintaining
the LLS position post orthodontic treatment
83. 1. Gingival recession : State of the science on controversial topics: orthodontic therapy and gingival recession (a report of the Angle
Society of Europe 2013 meeting)Ama Johal, Christos Katsaros, Stavros Kiliardis, Pedro Leito, Marco Rosa, Anton Sculean, Frank
Weiland, and Björn Zachrisson
2. Tooth ankylosis: Orthodontic implications P. PANOS Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
3. Ectopic eruption - A review and case report Syed Mohammed Yaseen, Saraswati Naik,1 and K. S. UloopiContemp Clin Dent. 2011
Jan-Mar; 2(1): 3–7. doi: 10.4103/0976-237X.79289 PMCID: PMC3220171
4. Single tooth in crossbite: Bonded compomer slope for anterior tooth crossbite correction Theodore P. Croll, DDS William H.
Lieberman, DDS Dr. Croll is in private practice in Doylestown, Pennsylvania and clinical professor, Department of Pediatric
Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; Dr. Lieberman is in private practice in Redbank, NJ and
coordinator of continuing education at Monmouth Medical Center in Monmouth, New Jersey.
5. Rapid correction of a simple one-tooth anterior cross bite due to an over-retained primary incisor: clinical report Susan A.
McEvoy, DMD, MS
6. Delayed tooth eruption: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. A literature review Lokesh Suri, BDS, DMD, MS,a Eleni Gagari,
DDS, DMSc,b and Heleni Vastardis, DDS, DMScc Boston, Mass
7. Judgement criteria for Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on
MIH held in Athens, 2003 K.L. WEERHEIJM1 , M. DUGGAL2 , I. MEJÀRE3 , L. PAPAGIANNOULIS4 , G. KOCH5 , L.C. MARTENS6 ,
A-L HALLONSTEN
8. Primary eruption failure: A review Vijesh, Prashanth Kamath, Arun Kumar BR, Rajat Scindhia, Raghuraj MB
9. A long-term study of the relationship of third molars to changes in the mandibular dental arch
10. Author links open overlay panelDDS, MSDAmin G.Adesa12DDS, MSDonald R.Joondephb12DDS, MSD, PhDRobert
M.Littlec12PhDMichael K.Chapkod12
11. Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th EditionBy William R. Proffit, DDS, PhD, Henry W. Fields, Jr., DDS, MS, MSD and David M.
Sarver, DMD, MS
12. An Introduction to Orthodontics PDF by Laura Mitchell
13. Postgraduate Notes in Orthodontics (7th Edition) for DDS and MOrth programmes from the University of Bristol
Editor's Notes
can be performed by direct finger pressure or by the use of a periodontometer. The healthy tooth is able to move labio-lingually while the affected one fails to produce any kind of movement.
should be recorded after tapping the crown of the tooth vertically as well as horizontally with the handle of a probe. Ankylosed teeth have a sharp, solid sound on percussion in contrast to the dull cushioned sound of a normal tooth
usually reveals obliteration of periodontal membrane space, indicative of fusion between root cementum and the alveolar bone
The limitations of conventional radiography can be overcome by the use of ct
Although a high percussion sound and decreased mobility might be sensitive and accurate signs of ankylosis,
. It is better to allow permanent teeth to drift into the edentulous space and bring bone with them, and then reposition the teeth prior to implant or prosthetic replacement, so that large periodontal defects do not develop.
Grade III and IV ususally are Irreversible type
, with a significantly higher prevalence of ectopic canines
Balancing extractions: Removal of a second tooth in the same arch, but on the opposite side, to preserve midline and molar symmetry
Compensating extractions: Removal of a second tooth on the same side of the mouth, but in the opposite arch, to preserve the molar relationship
The advantage of using chronologic norms of eruption lies in the ease of use. Although not necessarily representating biologic age, expected time of tooth eruption often helps in forming a baseline for further clinical evaluation of a patient
During eruption of teeth, many processes take place simultaneously: the dental root lengthens, the alveolar process increases in height, the tooth moves through the bone, and, in cases of succedaneous teeth, there is resorption of the deciduous tooth. These parameters are currently used as clinical markers for orthodontic treatment planning
Moyers
and is different from skeletal crossbite
a well-known method of correcting single tooth anterior crossbite (Fig 1). When an elongated preformed incisor stainless steel crown is luted with the lingual surface facing labially, the resulting slope contacts the opposing mandibular incisors and normal occlusal forces move the incisors out of crossbite relationship. The reverse crown method corrects “dental tipping” type single tooth crossbite rapidly, comfortably, inexpensively, and without the need for special patient cooperation
(interceptive procedures and treatment in mixed dentition)
(piercing, smoking, traumatic tooth brushing)
50% risk of relapse with high incidence in patient with:
More than 2mm diastemas
Family tendency