Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frictionless Mechanics in Orthodontics
In frictionless mechanics, teeth are moved without the brackets sliding
over the archwire.
Retraction is accomplished with the help of loops or springs.
Friction less mechanics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Roth philosophy /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Frictionless Mechanics in Orthodontics
In frictionless mechanics, teeth are moved without the brackets sliding
over the archwire.
Retraction is accomplished with the help of loops or springs.
Friction less mechanics in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic course...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Construction of bite for various functional orthodontic appliancesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Comparison of The Roth prescription,Alexander prescription & MBT prescription...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Maxillomandibular elastics (or intermaxillary elastics) are commonly used because of their simplicity; however, a lack of understanding of their force system can lead to many serious problems.
Elastics are usually classified by the direction of the force (eg, Class II or Class III elastics).
Sometimes force magnitude is considered, but point of force application is left out. Therefore, many different types of Class II elastics can be applied. There are short or long elastics.
Often too many elastics are used when a single resultant elastic at the correct location would work better. However, sometimes more than a single elastic is needed when the attachment point is not directly accessible.
All maxillomandibular elastics and their actions should be analyzed in three dimensions.
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
William R Proffit was respected in orthodontics. His life journey started in 1936 and ended in 2018. In between, he did lots of research work in orthodontics. He publishes around 170 research articles most of the articles are very helpful for postgraduate students. His nickname was Bill. He joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 1965 and served as the first chairman of the orthodontics department, and then taught at the University of Florida for 2 years.
In 1975, he returned to UNC and joined the orthodontics faculty. He served as a professor and later became chair of the department of orthodontics, a post he held for 26 years. Dr Proffit's textbook, Contemporary Orthodontics, the standard used in dental schools throughout the world, is the world's most influential orthodontic resource.
He contributed to and guided every chapter in every edition, and that is its strength and reason for its endurance.
He coauthored Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity and 2 other books on surgical-orthodontic treatment.
Construction of bite for various functional orthodontic appliancesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Comparison of The Roth prescription,Alexander prescription & MBT prescription...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Maxillomandibular elastics (or intermaxillary elastics) are commonly used because of their simplicity; however, a lack of understanding of their force system can lead to many serious problems.
Elastics are usually classified by the direction of the force (eg, Class II or Class III elastics).
Sometimes force magnitude is considered, but point of force application is left out. Therefore, many different types of Class II elastics can be applied. There are short or long elastics.
Often too many elastics are used when a single resultant elastic at the correct location would work better. However, sometimes more than a single elastic is needed when the attachment point is not directly accessible.
All maxillomandibular elastics and their actions should be analyzed in three dimensions.
K- Sir loop /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
William R Proffit was respected in orthodontics. His life journey started in 1936 and ended in 2018. In between, he did lots of research work in orthodontics. He publishes around 170 research articles most of the articles are very helpful for postgraduate students. His nickname was Bill. He joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 1965 and served as the first chairman of the orthodontics department, and then taught at the University of Florida for 2 years.
In 1975, he returned to UNC and joined the orthodontics faculty. He served as a professor and later became chair of the department of orthodontics, a post he held for 26 years. Dr Proffit's textbook, Contemporary Orthodontics, the standard used in dental schools throughout the world, is the world's most influential orthodontic resource.
He contributed to and guided every chapter in every edition, and that is its strength and reason for its endurance.
He coauthored Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity and 2 other books on surgical-orthodontic treatment.
Envelope of Discrepancy in Orthodontics: Enhancing Precision in Treatmentsaipooja36
Orthodontic treatment involves a delicate balance of science and artistry, where precision is paramount for optimal outcomes. Join us for an enlightening presentation as we explore the nuanced concept of the "Envelope of Discrepancy" within the realm of orthodontics.
In this session, we'll embark on a comprehensive journey through the challenges and intricacies of managing discrepancies in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. From assessing dental and skeletal irregularities to understanding soft tissue dynamics, we'll dissect the multifaceted nature of discrepancies and their implications for treatment efficacy.
Drawing upon the latest research and clinical insights, we'll unveil practical strategies and innovative techniques aimed at optimizing treatment outcomes while minimizing discrepancies. Whether you're a seasoned orthodontist or a budding practitioner, this presentation promises invaluable knowledge and actionable insights to elevate your practice and enhance patient satisfaction.
Congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors is a frequent clinical challenge which must be solved by a multidisciplinary approach in order to obtain an
esthetic and functional restorative treatment. . Fixed prosthodontic and removable prostheses, resin bonded retainers, orthodontic movement of maxillary
canine to the lateral incisor site and single tooth implants represent the available treatment modalities to replace congenitally missing teeth. This case report
demonstrates the team approach in prosthetic and surgical considerations and techniques for managing the lack of lateral incisors. The aims of this case
report of replacement of bilaterally congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with dental implants.
Esthetic Evaluation of ImplantsPlaced after Orthodontic Treatment in Patients...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Congenitally missing teeth are frequently presented to the dentist. Interdisciplinary approach may be needed for the
proper treatment plan. Several treatment options exist for the replacement of congenitally missing lateral incisors.
These options include canine substitution, resin bonded fixed partial dentures, cantilevered fixed partial dentures,
conventional fixed partial dentures and single tooth implants. Depending on which treatment option is chosen, a
specific criterion has to be addressed. Interdisciplinary treatment plays a vital role to achieve an excellent, esthetic
result for a most predictable outcome. This article aims to present a case report of replacement of bilaterally
congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with dental implants
Key words: congenitally missing lateral incisor, interdisciplinary treatment, dental impla
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. The Royal London Space Planning:
The effect of other treatment
procedures on space
Robert H. Kirschen et. al.
الرحيمالرحمنهللا بسم
Mohanad Elsherif
BDS (U of K), MFD RCSI, MFDS RCPS(Glasg), MSc (Orthodontics), M.Orth. RCSEd
University of Khartoum
Faculty of Dentistry
Department of Orthodontics
2. Introduction
The Royal London Space Planning process is carried out
in 2 stages. The first stage, assessing the space required to
attain the treatment objectives.
In Part II, the process of integrating space analysis with
treatment planning continues with consideration of the
effects other treatment procedures have on space.
In this stage, any additional space to be created or used
during treatment is assessed and recorded is special form.
3.
4. Introduction
The procedures that may have an effect on the
space are:
Tooth enlargement or reduction.
Tooth extraction.
The creation of space for prosthetic replacement.
Mesial and distal molar movement.
The effects of favorable and unfavorable growth.
5. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
1. Tooth Reduction and Enlargement:
Good occlusion can only be achieved when the
amount of tooth material in both arches is in
proportion.
Therefore, space is required to enlarge small tooth
(e.g. peg shaped laterals)
Conversely, space is gained from reducing the
mesiodistal width of an unusually broad tooth by
proximal enamel reduction.
6. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
2. Extractions:
The space gained by extraction is not entirely available for relief
of anterior crowding unless the posterior teeth are prevented from
moving forward.
Where no anchorage reinforcement is used, the net space
available is determined by several factors, including the following:
Which teeth are extracted.
Which arch is considered.
Whether second molars are banded.
7. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
Whether the crowding is located anteriorly or in the buccal segments.
The degree of incisor crowding and therefore the amount of canine
retraction.
The angulation and inclination changes needed mesial of the extraction
spaces.
The angulation of teeth distal to the extraction spaces.
These wide-ranging variables make it impossible to recommend a
percentage space available after loss of first or second premolars.
It is therefore wise to think of a range of space availability from
extractions, and it is thus necessary to base clinical judgments on the
anchorage in terms e demands of each case.
8. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
Typically, 40% to 65% of first premolar space will be
available for the benefit of the labial segment without
anchorage reinforcement.
This reduces to 25% to 50% for second premolar
extractions.
The net space available is less in the upper arch than for
the equivalent lower extraction, as the tendency is for
greater mesial movement of the upper molar.
9. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
The analysis:
In the analysis, the entire mesiodistal width of the
permanent teeth to be extracted is recorded, and mesial
movement of the posterior teeth is recorded separately.
10. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
3. Absent Teeth
The initial assessment of crowding and spacing does not
take absent teeth into consideration.
Thus, the decision to open space for the prosthetic
replacement of absent teeth is an extension of the
principle of building up small teeth. For example, the space
to be taken up by a prosthetic upper lateral incisor is
recorded as –6 mm to –7 mm.
11. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
4. Distal and Mesial Molar Movement
The distal and mesial movement of molars requires
particularly careful consideration.
Except in unusual cases where the molar relationship is
perfect Class I at the outset, or where treatment is carried
out in one arch only, changes in molar relationship will
inevitably involve a combination of relative mesial and
distal movements.
12. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
The changes in the molar relationship will usually involve some of the
following:
Distalizing headgear.
Protraction headgear.
Intra-arch traction.
Anchorage loss.
Intermaxillary elastics.
Functional appliances.
Orthognathic surgery.
Natural growth.
13. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
Clearly, this aspect of space planning is undertaken at the same time
as decisions on mechanotherapy are being made.
For example, should a given Class II molar relationship be converted to
Class I by means of headgear, intermaxillary elastics, or functional
appliances, or will orthognathic surgery be necessary?
The anchorage demands of the labial segments are also relevant, for
example: correcting the angulation and inclination of teeth may be
associated with only small amounts of space, but these factors may be
very significant in terms of anchorage with greater mesial movement of
the molars during treatment unless additional measures are taken to
control anchorage.
14. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
5. Differential Maxillary/Mandibular Growth
Space planning requires an assessment of the difference in A/P
growth between the maxilla and mandible.
In the majority of cases in the permanent dentition, there will be
little quantifiable difference between upper and lower
anteroposterior growth during the period of treatment.
The most relevant are Class II and Class III malocclusions,
particularly in boys, with normal lower face heights or with forward
mandibular growth rotations, and where there is a significant
horizontal component of growth.
15. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
The effect of favorable mandibular growth in some Class II
patients is to reduce the overjet. However, in space planning terms,
there is a paradox as the additional mandibular growth is
equivalent to reducing upper arch space requirements, and a +2
mm upper arch score (1 mm per side) might be given in appropriate
cases, in addition to the changes anticipated from treatment.
Conversely, the deterioration in Class III cases has no impact on
the upper arch but can significantly increase the space requirement
in the lower arch. Space for additional lower incisor compensation
should thus be planned, (eg, –2 mm to –4 mm).
16. ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIONAL SPACE
CREATION AND USE
Residual Space at Completion of the Analysis
Once all the aspects of treatment planning and the space
implications of the mechanics are assessed, the residual
space requirement for each arch should return to zero.
If this cannot be achieved, it may signify either that the
treatment objectives cannot be attained or that different
treatment mechanics are necessary.
17. Case report
This patient presented at 11 years with a Class II Division 2 incisor relationship.
18. Case report
Upper arch crowding = 6 mm
Lower arch crowding = 5 mm
Upper occlusal curve = 5 mm
Lower occlusal curve = 3 mm
Upper arch is narrow by 2 mm
22. CONCLUSION
The Royal London Space Planning process integrates space analysis with
treatment planning.
The first stage quantifies the space required in each dental arch to attain
the treatment objectives.
The second stage combines this information with the space implications
of planned treatment procedures.
The outcome is an ability to identify whether the treatment objectives
are attainable and whether the planned treatment mechanics are
appropriate.
One of the strengths of the Royal London Space Planning is that it is not
linked to any particular treatment philosophy or appliance technique.
23. Declaration
The author wish to declare that; these presentations are his original work, all
materials and pictures collection, typing and slide design has been done by the
author.
Most of these materials has been done for undergraduate students, although
postgraduate students may find some useful basic and advanced information.
The universities title at the front page indicate where the lecture was first
presented. The author was working as a lecturer of orthodontics at Ibn Sina
University, Sudan International University, and as a Master student in Orthodontics at
University of Khartoum.
The author declare that all materials and photos in these presentations has been
collected from different textbooks, papers and online websites. These pictures are
presented here for education and demonstration purposes only. The author are not
attempting to plagiarize or reproduced unauthorized material, and the intellectual
properties of these photos belong to their original authors.
24. Declaration
As the authors reviews several textbooks, papers and other references during
preparation of these materials, it was impossible to cite every textbook and journal
article, the main textbooks that has been reviewed during preparation of these
presentations were:
Contemporary Orthodontics 5th edition; Proffit, William R, Henry W. Fields, and
David M. Sarver.
Handbook of Orthodontics. 1st edition; Cobourne, Martyn T, and Andrew T. DiBiase.
Clinical cases in orthodontics; Martyn T. Cobourne, Padhraig S. Fleming, Andrew T.
DiBiase, Sofia Ahmad
Essentials of orthodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment; Robert N. Staley, Neil T. Reske
Orthodontics: Current Principles & Techniques 5th edition; Graber, Lee W, Robert L.
Vanarsdall, and Katherine W. L. Vig
Evidence based Orthodontics; Greg J. Huang, Stephen Richmond, Katherine W.L. Vig.
25. Declaration
For the purposes of dissemination and sharing of knowledge, these
lectures were given to several colleagues and students. It were also
uploaded to SlideShare website by the author. Colleagues and students
may download, use, and modify these materials as they see fit for non-
profit purposes. The author retain the copyright of the original work.
The author wish to thank his family, teachers, colleagues and students
for their love and support throughout his career. I also wish to express
my sincere gratitude to all orthodontic pillars for their tremendous
contribution to our specialty.
Finally, the author welcome any advices and enquires through his
email address: Mohanad-07@hotmail.com