Lecture 12.2a- Mol-Mol Stoich
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The document provides an explanation of stoichiometry and how to use mole ratios to solve stoichiometry problems. It defines mole ratios as conversion factors made from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation. It outlines the steps to solve stoichiometry problems: 1) use a balanced equation, 2) convert quantities to moles if needed, 3) use mole ratios to convert between compounds, and 4) convert back to other units like grams if needed. An example problem is shown calculating moles of products from moles of reactants.
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Balance the equation: Zn + I2 → ZnI2
2) Convert given mass of Zn to moles:
125.0 g Zn → 2.25 mol Zn (molar mass = 65.38 g/mol)
3) Use mole ratio from balanced equation:
2.25 mol Zn → 2.25 mol ZnI2
4) Convert moles of ZnI2 to grams:
2.25 mol ZnI2 x 143.32 g/mol = 322.5 g ZnI2
So the mass of ZnI2 produced from 125.0 g of Zn is 322.5 g.
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The document discusses relationships derived from a balanced chemical equation. It states that coefficients in a balanced equation represent the numbers of individual particles and moles of particles, indicating mole ratios between reactants and products. Stoichiometry relies on the law of conservation of mass, where the mass of reactants equals the mass of products. Mole quantities can be converted to mass by multiplying by the molar mass to determine the mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction.
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This document provides information about stoichiometry, which is the study of quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical reactions. It gives examples of how to use mole ratios to calculate masses of reactants and products from a balanced chemical equation. Specifically, it works through examples of calculating grams of aluminum oxide formed from a reaction of aluminum and oxygen, and calculating liters of gases produced from various reactions involving hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and potassium chlorate.
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) Balance the equation: Zn + I2 → ZnI2
2) Convert given mass of Zn to moles:
125.0 g Zn → 2.25 mol Zn (molar mass = 65.38 g/mol)
3) Use mole ratio from balanced equation:
2.25 mol Zn → 2.25 mol ZnI2
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This study guide covers various stoichiometry calculations students will need to know for an upcoming test, including:
1) Describing chemical reactions in terms of particles and moles.
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Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction based on the law of conservation of mass. It can be used to calculate the amounts of substances involved in a reaction using mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation and molar masses. Specifically, stoichiometric calculations can be done between moles, between moles and mass, or between masses.
Chapter12stoichiometry 1229099374861225-1
This document introduces the concept of stoichiometry in chemistry, which is the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions from a balanced chemical equation. It discusses how stoichiometry allows chemists to determine the amounts of reactants and products using concepts like moles, molar masses, and mole ratios derived from balanced equations. Specific calculations covered include mole-mole, mass-mole, mole-mass, and mass-mass problems. It also introduces related concepts like theoretical yield and percent yield.
Chapter 3 notes
The document defines atomic mass, molar mass, molecular mass, and formula mass. It explains that atomic mass is the mass of an atom measured in atomic mass units (amu) and is based on carbon-12. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance in grams. One mole contains 6.022x1023 elementary units. Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses in a molecule. Formula mass is the sum of atomic masses in a formula unit of an ionic compound. The document provides examples of calculating molar mass, molecular mass, and formula mass from atomic masses on the periodic table.
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Chapter 3 and 5 lecture- Ecology & Population Growth
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including levels of organization, energy flow through ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycles. It discusses the following:
1) The levels of ecological organization from lowest to highest are individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.
2) Energy enters ecosystems mainly through photosynthesis by producers like plants and algae. It is then transferred as heterotroph consumers eat producers or other consumers.
3) Matter cycles through ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles like the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. These cycles describe how chemical elements move through and between living and nonliving components of ecosystems.
Chapter 24- Seeds & Flowers
1. Reproduction in seed plants occurs within flowers or cones through a process called alternation of generations. In this process, haploid gametophytes are produced from diploid sporophytes and fuse during fertilization to form a new diploid sporophyte.
2. Angiosperms and gymnosperms have similar life cycles that involve male and female gametophytes and double fertilization. However, in angiosperms the gametophytes develop within flowers while in gymnosperms they develop within cones.
3. Fertilized flowers produce fruits containing seeds, which are then dispersed by a variety of mechanisms. Seeds may enter dormancy before germinating under suitable conditions
Chapter 22- Plant Diversity
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose and carry out photosynthesis. They go through life cycles of alternating diploid and haploid generations. Early plants evolved from multicellular green algae and the first plants were similar to modern mosses. Bryophytes like mosses reproduce using sperm and eggs that require water, while vascular plants like ferns have specialized tissues to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Chapter 39- Endocrine & Reproductive Systems
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the human endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system is made up of glands that release chemical messengers called hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. It outlines the major glands of the endocrine system including the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and reproductive glands. It explains how hormones work, the differences between steroid and non-steroid hormones, and provides examples of endocrine disorders that can occur when glands are underactive or overactive.
Chapter 37- Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to pump oxygenated blood from the lungs and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins. The respiratory system exchanges gases through the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli in the lungs. Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata and diaphragm. Smoking damages lungs and increases risk of diseases like cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis.
Digestive & Excretory Systems- Chapter 38
This document discusses the digestive and excretory systems. It explains that the digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells. The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine are involved in mechanical and chemical digestion. The excretory system, including the skin, lungs, and kidneys, removes waste from the body and maintains homeostasis. The kidneys filter blood and regulate water balance by removing waste via urine production.
Chapter 18- Classification of Life
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Chapter 14- Human Genetics
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Chapter 13 Lecture- Biotech
This document discusses various genetic engineering techniques including selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, and inducing mutations to increase genetic variation in organisms. It also describes manipulating DNA through techniques like extraction, cutting with restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, sequencing, PCR, and genetic engineering in bacteria, plants, and animals. Examples are given of applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin in bacteria and developing pest-resistant plants. Cloning is explained through the example of Dolly the sheep.
Chapter 12- DNA, RNA, and Proteins
Fredrick Griffith discovered that heat-killed pneumonia bacteria could transform harmless bacteria into deadly disease-causing bacteria when mixed together and injected into mice. This led researchers like Oswald Avery to determine that DNA was the molecule responsible for transformation. Further experiments by Hershey and Chase showed that the genetic material of viruses that infect bacteria is DNA. Together, these findings established DNA as the genetic material that gets passed from parents to offspring and controls inheritance.
Chapter Eleven- Intro to Genetics
1. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who studied inheritance patterns in pea plants and is considered the founder of genetics.
2. He conducted breeding experiments with pea plants involving both self-pollination and cross-pollination to study inherited traits like plant height, seed texture, flower color and more.
3. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units later known as genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive.
Chapter Ten Lecture- Mitosis
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- Cell division occurs through mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. This ensures each daughter cell has the proper number of chromosomes and identical copies of DNA from the parent cell.
- The cell cycle, regulated by cyclins, coordinates cell growth and division. Cells progress through interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) before entering mitosis (M phase) to accurately replicate DNA and divide. Tight controls ensure cells only grow and divide
Chapter Nine- Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
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Chapter Eight- Photosynthesis
Living things need energy from food to survive. Plants are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis, which uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water to produce oxygen and sugars. The sugar glucose can then be stored and used as a source of energy in a cell in the form of ATP molecules, which store and release energy through the addition and removal of phosphate groups.
Chapter Seven- The Cell
This document discusses cell structure and function. It begins by explaining that cells are the basic units of life and outlines the three main points of the cell theory. It then describes several types of microscopes that have enabled scientists to explore the internal structures of cells, such as electrons microscopes, confocal light microscopes, and scanning probe microscopes. The rest of the document details the structures and organelles found within plant and animal cells, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, cell wall, and how diffusion and osmosis allow for movement of molecules across cell boundaries.
Chapter One- Intro to Biology
This document introduces the key concepts of the scientific method and the field of biology. It explains that science involves making observations and formulating hypotheses and theories that can be tested through controlled experiments. The goal is to understand the natural world through evidence-based explanations and predictions. Biology is defined as the study of life, with core characteristics shared by all living things like being made of cells, reproducing, and evolving over time. Different tools like microscopes are used to study biological systems at different levels of organization.
Biotechnology Chapter Five Lecture- Proteins (part b)
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Biotechnology Chapter Five Lecture- Proteins (part a)
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Editor's Notes
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