We present you a part of our Tampere University's team - FHAIVE!
Besides producing excellent science, they are in charge or coordinating this project as well Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology.
This report details the geological observations and interpretations made during a field investigation of the Kaptai Rangamati road-cut section, located in southeastern Bangladesh. The purpose of this report is to document the exposed rock units, their characteristics, and the geological structures present within the road cut.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. We have learned that the coefficients in a chemical equation
indicate the relationships between moles of reactants and
products. We can use this relationships between coefficients to
derive conversion factors called mole ratios. A mole ratio is a ratio
between the number of moles of any two of the substances in a
balanced chemical equation.
Mole Ratio
4. Example: Potassium (K) reacts with bromine (Br2) to form potassium bromide. In the
product, the salt potassium bromide is prescribed by the veterinarians as an antiepileptic
medication for dogs and cats.
MOLE RATIO
𝟐𝑲 + 𝑩𝒓𝟐 → 𝟐𝑲𝑩𝒓
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒓𝟐
,
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝑩𝒓𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑩𝒓
,
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑩𝒓
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲
,
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒓𝟐
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑩𝒓
,
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑲𝑩𝒓
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝒓𝟐
There are at least 6 mole ratios extracted from the given sample and these are:
5. SIMPLIFIED
𝑨 + 𝑩 → 𝑪
𝑨
𝑩
,
𝑩
𝑨
,
𝑨
𝑪
,
𝑪
𝑨
,
𝑩
𝑪
,
𝑪
𝑩
There are at least 6 mole ratios extracted from the given sample and these are:
6. Example: Determine all possible mole ratios for the following balanced chemical equation.
TRY THIS
4𝑨𝒍 + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 → 𝟐𝑨𝒍𝟐𝑶𝟑
There are at least 6 mole ratios extracted from the given sample and these are:
7. How many moles of ammonia are produced if 4.20 moles of hydrogen are
reacted with an excess of nitrogen.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
𝑵𝟐 + 𝟑𝑯𝟐 → 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
,
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝐻2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2
,
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3
,
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁2
,
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3
,
𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝑯𝟑
𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐
Given: 4.2 mole of hydrogen (H)
Amonia (NH3): ???
4.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
1
𝑥
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2
=
8.4
3
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝑯𝟑
9. Determine the mass of sodium chloride (NaCl), commonly called table salt,
produced when 1.25 mol of chlorine gas (Cl2) reacts vigorously with excess sodium. The
balanced equation is given for you.
TRY TO SOLVE
𝟐𝐍𝐚 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
10. Hydrogen sulfide gas burns in oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide and water vapor. What
mass of oxygen gas is consumed in a reaction that produces 4.60 mol SO2?
TRY TO SOLVE
𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑺 + 𝟑𝑶𝟐 → 𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟐 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑶
