Lecture 12

Lecture-12
Instructor Name:
Object Oriented Programming

Today’s Lecture
 Inheritance
2

Inheritance
Introduction
 While programming we may face problem of Code Duplication.
 Duplicate code is a computer programming term for a sequence of source
code that occurs more than once, either within a program or across different
programs owned or maintained by the same entity.
 Inheritance is a mechanism that provides us with a solution to our problem of
duplication.
 Inheritance can be defined as the process where one class acquires the
properties (methods and fields) of another.
 With the use of inheritance the information is made manageable in a
hierarchical order.
3

Inheritance
Introduction
 Inheritance allows us to define one class as an extension of another class.
 The class which inherits the properties of other is known as subclass (derived
class, child class) and the class whose properties are inherited is known as
superclass (base class, parent class).
 A superclass is a class that is extended by another class.
 A subclass is a class that extends (inherits from) another class. It inherits all
fields and methods from its superclass.
 The concept of inheritance is also known as re-usability or extendable classes
or sub classing or derivation.
 Classes that are linked through inheritance relationships form an inheritance
hierarchy.
4

Inheritance
Why Use Inheritance?
 For Method Overriding (used for Runtime Polymorphism).
 It's main uses are to enable polymorphism and to be able to reuse code for
different classes by putting it in a common super class
 For code Re-usability
5

Inheritance
Advantage of Inheritance
 If we develop any application using concept of Inheritance, that application
have following advantages,
 Application development time is less.
 Application take less memory.
 Application execution time is less.
 Application performance is enhance (improved).
 Redundancy (repetition) of the code is reduced or minimized so that we
get consistence results and less storage cost.
6

Inheritance
Important Points
 In java programming one derived class can extends only one base class
because java programming does not support multiple inheritance through the
concept of classes, but it can be supported through the concept of Interface.
 Whenever we develop any inheritance application first create an object of
bottom most derived class but not for top most base class.
 When we create an object of bottom most derived class, first we get the
memory space for the data members of top most base class, and then we get
the memory space for data member of other bottom most derived class.
 Bottom most derived class contains logical appearance for the data members
of all top most base classes.
 If we do not want to give the features of base class to the derived class then
the definition of the base class must be preceded by final hence final base
classes are not reusable or not inheritable.
7

Inheritance
Important Points
 If we are do not want to give some of the features of base class to derived
class than such features of base class must be as private hence private
features of base class are not inheritable or accessible in derived class.
 Data members and methods of a base class can be inherited into the derived
class but constructors of base class can not be inherited because every
constructor of a class is made for initializing its own data members but not
made for initializing the data members of other classes.
 An object of base class can contain details about features of same class but an
object of base class never contains the details about special features of its
derived class (this concept is known as scope of base class object).
 For each and every class in java there exists an implicit predefined super class
called java.lang.Object. because it providers garbage collection facilities to its
sub classes for collecting un-used memory space and improved the
performance of java application.
8

Inheritance
Inheritance in Java - Syntax
public class Super-Name{
//methods and fields
}
public class Subclass-Name extends Superclass-Name {
//methods and fields
}
 extends is the keyword used to inherit the properties of a class.
Given above is the syntax of extends keyword
9

Inheritance
Understanding Inheritance with Example
public class Calculation
{
private int z;
public void addition(int x, int y)
{
z=x+y;
System.out.println("The sum of the given numbers:"+z);
}
public void Substraction(int x,int y)
{
z=x-y;
System.out.println("The difference between the
given numbers:"+z);
}
}
10

Inheritance
Understanding Inheritance with Example
public class My_Calculation extends Calculation
{
public void multiplication(int x, int y)
{
z=x*y;
System.out.println("The product of the given
numbers:"+z);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=20, b=10;
My_Calculation demo = new My_Calculation();
demo.addition(a, b); parent class method
demo.Substraction(a, b); parent class method
demo.multiplication(a, b); Child class method
}
} 11

Inheritance - Example
Accessing Members of Super Class
In the given program when an object to My_Calculation class is created, a copy
of the contents of the super class is made with in it. That is why, using the object
of the subclass you can access the members of a super class. 12

Inheritance
The Super Keyword
 The super keyword is similar to this keyword following are the scenarios
where the super keyword is used.
 It is used to differentiate the members of superclass from the members of
subclass, if they have same names.
 It is used to invoke the superclass constructor from subclass.
Differentiating the members
 If a class is inheriting the properties of another class. And if the members of
the superclass have the names same as the sub class, to differentiate these
variables we use super keyword as shown below.
super.variable;
super.method();
13

Inheritance
Invoking Superclass Constructor
 If a class is inheriting the properties of another class, the subclass
automatically acquires the default constructor of the super class. But if you
want to call a parametrized constructor of the super class, you need to use the
super keyword as shown below
super(values)
 We will see implementation of super key word in upcoming slides.
14

Inheritance - Example
The Social Network (Facebook) Example
 We will implement a prototype of social network like Facebook
 The prototype should at least include following functionality
 It should allow us to create text and photo posts.
 Text posts consist of a message of arbitrary length, possibly spanning
multiple lines. Photo posts consist of an image and a caption. Some
additional details are stored with each post.
 It should store this information permanently so that it can be used later.
 It should provide a search function that allows us to find, for example, all
posts by a certain user or all photos within a given date range.
 It should allow us to display lists of posts, such as a list of the most recent
posts or a list of all posts by a given user.
 It should allow us to remove information. 15

Facebook Example
Message Post
 The details we want to store for each message post are:
 the username of the author
 the text of the message
 a time stamp (time of posting)
 show many people like this post
 a list of comments on this post by other users
16

Facebook Example
Photo Post
 The details we want to store for each photo post are:
 the username of the author
 the filename of the image to display
 the caption for the photo (one line of text)
 a time stamp (time of posting)
 how many people like this post
 a list of comments on this post by other users
17

Facebook Example
Classes & Objects for Network Project
 What classes to use for the project
 MessagePost
 PhotoPost
 What Data the object of this class will encapsulate
MessagePost MessagePost
username username
message filename
timestamp caption
likes timestamp
comments like
comments 18

Facebook Example
Classes & Objects for Network Project
What may be the possible method for these classes?

Facebook Example
Classes & Objects for Facebook Project
 Here is complete class that shows both data and behaviour

Facebook Example – MessagePost Class
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class MessagePost
{
private String username; // username of the post's author
private String message; // an arbitrarily long, multi-line message
private long timestamp;
private int likes;
private ArrayList<String> comments;
public MessagePost(String author, String text)
{
username = author;
message = text;
timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
likes = 0;
comments = new ArrayList<String>();
}

public void like()
{
likes++;
}
public void unlike()
{
if (likes > 0)
{
likes--;
}
}
public void addComment(String text)
{
comments.add(text);
}

public String getText()
{
return message;
}
public long getTimeStamp()
{
return timestamp;
}
private String timeString(long time){
long current = System.currentTimeMillis();
long pastMillis = current - time;
long seconds = pastMillis/1000;
long minutes = seconds/60;
if(minutes > 0) {
return minutes + " minutes ago";
}
else {
return seconds + " seconds ago";
}
}

public void display(){
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(message);
System.out.print(timeString(timestamp));
if(likes > 0) {
System.out.println(" - " + likes + " people
like this.");
}
else {
System.out.println();
}
if(comments.isEmpty()) {
System.out.println(" No comments.");
}
else {
System.out.println(" " + comments.size() + "
comment(s). Click here to view.");
}
}
}

Facebook Example – PhotoPost Class
public class PhotoPost
{
private String username; // username of the post's author
private String filename; // the name of the image file
private String caption; // a one line image caption
private int likes;
public PhotoPost(String author, String filename, String
caption)
{
username = author;
this.filename = filename;
this.caption = caption;
likes = 0;
}

public void like()
{
likes++;
}
{
if (likes > 0)
{
likes--;
}
}
{
comments.add(text);
}

public String getImageFile()
{
return filename;
}
public String getCaption()
{
return caption;
}
{
return timestamp;
}

System.out.println(" [" + filename + "]");
System.out.println(" " + caption);
if(likes > 0) {
System.out.println(" - " + likes + " people
like this.");
}
else {
}
}
else {
}
}

private String timeString(long time)
{
if(minutes > 0) {
}
else {
}
}
}

Facebook Example
NewsFeed Class
 Once we have defined the MessagePost and PhotoPost classes, we
can create as many post objects as we need—one object per message
post or photo post that we want to store.
 We also need another object: an object representing the complete
news feed that can hold a collection of message posts and a collection
of photo posts.
 For this, we shall create a class called NewsFeed.
 The NewsFeed object could itself hold two collection objects (for
example, of types ArrayList <MessagePost> and
ArrayList<PhotoPost>).

Facebook Example – NewsFeed Class
public class NewsFeed
{
private ArrayList<MessagePost> messages;
private ArrayList<PhotoPost> photos;
public NewsFeed()
{
messages = new ArrayList<MessagePost>();
photos = new ArrayList<PhotoPost>();
}
public void addMessagePost(MessagePost message)
{
messages.add(message);
}
public void addPhotoPost(PhotoPost photo)
{
photos.add(photo);
}

Facebook Example – NewsFeed Class
public void show()
{
// display all text posts
for(MessagePost message : messages) {
message.display();
System.out.println(); // empty line between posts
}
// display all photos
for(PhotoPost photo : photos) {
photo.display();
System.out.println(); // empty line between posts
}
}
}

Facebook Example
Objects in Facebook Example

Facebook Example
Problem in Facebook Example
 Application still have many problem and the most obvious one is code
duplication
 The two classes defined are very much similar and majority of classes’ code
is identical with only a few differences.
 A single change need to be implemented in both classes which is annoying.
 In addition, associated with maintenance of code duplication is always the
danger of introducing errors, because the maintenance programmer might
not realize that an identical change is needed at a second (or third) location
 There is another spot where we have code duplication: in the NewsFeed
class. We can see that everything in that class is done twice—once for
message posts and once for photo posts.
 The class defines two list variables, then creates two list objects, defines two
add methods, and has two almost-identical blocks of code in the show
method to print out the lists.

Facebook Example
Problem in Facebook Example
 What will happened if we want to add new type of post
 We need to write code again
 We need to do the same for the fourth type of post and so on.
Solution to Problem?
Inheritance

Using Inheritance
Inheritance to Avoid Code Duplication
 Inheritance is a mechanism that provides us with a solution to our problem
of duplication.
 The idea is simple: instead of defining the MessagePost and PhotoPost
classes completely independently, we first define a class that contains
everything these two have in common.
 Both MessagePost and PhotoPost is a post.
 We define a new class and call this class as Post.
 By defining new class Post we need to define the common feature only once.

Using Inheritance
New Structure of Facebook Example

Using Inheritance
New Structure of Facebook Example
 We say that the class MessagePost inherits from class Post. Class
PhotoPost also inherits from Post
 Class Post(the class that the others inherit from) is called the parent class or
superclass.
 The inheriting classes (MessagePost and PhotoPost in this example) are
referred to as child classes or subclasses
 Inheritance is sometimes also called as is-a relationship
 The reason is that a subclass is a specialization of a superclass. We can say
that “a message post is a post” and “a photo post is a post.”
 Instances of class MessagePost will have all fields and methods defined in
class MessagePost and in class Post and Instances of PhotoPost will
have all fields and methods defined in PhotoPost and in Post

Using Inheritance – Facebook Example
Class Post
public class Post
{
private String username; // username of the post's
author
private int likes;
public Post(String author)
{
username = author;
likes = 0;
}

Class Post
public void like()
{
likes++;
}
{
if (likes > 0) {
likes--;
}
}
{
comments.add(text);
}

Class Post
{
return timestamp;
}
private String timeString(long time)
{
if(minutes > 0) {
}
else {
}
}

Class Post
if(likes > 0) {
System.out.println(" - " + likes + " people like
this.");
}
else {
}
}
else {
}

Class MessagePost
public class MessagePost extends Post
{
private String message;
public MessagePost(String author, String text)
{
super(author);
message = text;
}
public String getText()
{
return message;
}
public String toString(){
super.toString();
return "My Text";
}

Class MessagePost & Super Call
 Notice the super() call in MessagePost Class
 The keyword super is a call from the subclass constructor to the constructor
of the superclass.
 Its effect is that the Post constructor is executed as part of the MessagePost
constructor’s execution.
 When we create a message post, the MessagePost constructor is called,
which, in turn, as its first statement, calls the Post constructor.
 The Post constructor initializes the post’s fields, and then returns to the
MessagePost constructor, which initializes the remaining field defined in the
MessagePost class.

Class MessagePost & Super Call
 For this to work, those parameters needed for the initialization of the post
fields are passed on to the superclass constructor as parameters to the super
call.
 The constructor of a subclass must always invoke the constructor of its
superclass as its first statement. If the source code does not include such a
call, Java will attempt to insert a call automatically, , to ensure that the
superclass fields get properly initialized.
 The inserted call is equivalent to writing
super();
 Inserting this call automatically works only if the superclass has a
constructor without parameters (because the compiler cannot guess what
parameter values should be passed). Otherwise, an error will be reported

Class PhotoPost
public class PhotoPost extends Post
{
private String filename; // the name of the image file
private String caption; // a one line image caption
public PhotoPost(String author, String filename, String
caption)
{
super(author);
this.filename = filename;
this.caption = caption;
}

Class PhotoPost
public String getImageFile()
{
return filename;
}
public String getCaption()
{
return caption;
}
}

Adding other Posts
 Inheritance Hierarchy is set up and now we can easily add new Post type to
Facebook
 Suppose we want to add new Post EventPost class
 Here the concept of reuseablity works
 We can reuse the code that we have written for photo posts and message
posts (in the Post class) so that it also works for the EventPost class.

Adding other Posts

What happened if requirement change?
 Imagine change in requirements : event posts in our Facebook application
will not have a “Like” button or comments attached. They are for
information only.
 How do we achieve this?
 EventPost is a subclass of Post, it automatically inherits the likes and
comments fields. Is this a problem?
 We could leave everything as it is and decide to never display the likes count
or comments for event posts—just ignore the fields.
 This does not feel right. Having the fields present but unused invites
problems. Someday a maintenance programmer will come along who does
not realize that these fields should not be used and try to process them.
OR
 We could write EventPost without inheriting from Post. But then we are back
to code duplication for the username and timestamp fields and their methods

Solution to Change in Requrement
 The solution is to refactor the class hierarchy.
 We can introduce a new superclass for all posts that have comments attached
(named CommentedPost), which is a subclass of Post
 We then shift the likes and comments fields from the Post class to this new
class.
 MessagePost and PhotoPost are now subclasses of our new CommentedPost
class. MessagePost objects inherit everything from both superclasses and
have the same fields and methods as before
 EventPost inherits from Post directly. Objects of class EventPost will inherit
the username and timestamp, but not the comments

Solution to Change in Requrement

Inheritance
Class NewsFeed
Import java.util.ArrayList;
{
private ArrayList<Post> posts;
public NewsFeed()
{
posts = new ArrayList<Post>();
}
public void addPost(Post post)
{
posts.add(post);
}

Inheritance
Class NewsFeed
public void show()
{
// display all posts
for(Post post : posts) {
post.display();
}
}
}
 In this class we have one add method to add both message and photo posts
 We have one show method to show both message and photo posts

Inheritance
Summarizing Inheritance Advantages
 Recall the Inheritance advantages with Facebook example
 Avoid Code Duplication
 Code Reuse
 Easier maintenance
 Extendibility

Subtyping
What is Subtyping?
 Subtyping refers to compatibility of interfaces.
 A type B is a subtype of A if every function that can be invoked on an object
of type A can also be invoked on an object of type B.
 To implement a subtype, it is often useful to use the implementation of its
supertype This is also called “subclassing”
In Java:
class B extends A
B is a subtype of A
B inherits from A
class C implements F
C is a subtype of F
both subtyping and inheritance
just subtyping

Subtyping
Method Dispatch
 B is a subtype of A
 If both A and B have a method display which method should be called?
A a = new A ();
B b = new B ();
a.display ();
b.display ();
a = b;
a.display ()
Calls class A’s display method
Calls class B’s display method
Calls class B’s display method

Subtyping
Subclasses & Subtypes in Facebook Example
 The type of an object that was created from class MessagePost is
MessagePost.
 We also discussed that classes may have subclasses.
 Thus, the types defined by the classes can have subtypes.
 In our example, the type MessagePost is a subtype of type Post.
 What else is subtype of type Post?

Subtyping
Subtyping and Assignment
 Consider the following declaration
Car car=new Car()
 Above is a valid assignment, because an object of type Car is assigned to a
variable declared to hold objects of type Car
 a variable can hold objects of its declared type or of any subtype of its
declared type.
 Imagine that we have a class Vehicle with two subclasses, Car and Bicycle
 In this case, the typing rule admits that the following assignments are all
legal:
Vehicle v1 = new Vehicle();
Vehicle v2 = new Car();
Vehicle v3 = new Bicycle();

Subtyping
Subtyping and Assignment
 Declaring a variable of type Vehicle states that this variable can hold
vehicles.
 A car is a vehicle, it is perfectly legal to store a car in a variable that is
intended for vehicles.
 This principle is known as substitution.
 In object-oriented languages, we can substitute a subclass object where a
superclass object is expected, because the subclass object is a special case of
the superclass.
 Illegal Declarations
Car c1 = new Vehicle(); // this is an error!
Car c2 = new Bicycle(); // this is an error!

Subtyping
Subtyping and Parameter Passing
 Passing a parameter (that is, assigning an actual parameter to a formal
parameter variable) behaves in exactly the same way as an assignment to a
variable.
 This is why we can pass an object of type MessagePost to a method that has a
parameter of type Post.
 We have the following definition of the addPost method in class NewsFeed:
{
public void addPost(Post post){
. . .
}
}

Subtyping
Subtyping and Parameter Passing
 We can now use this method to add message posts and photo posts to the
feed:
NewsFeed feed = new NewsFeed();
MessagePostmessage = new MessagePost(. . .);
PhotoPost photo = new PhotoPost(. . .);
feed.addPost(message);
feed.addPost(photo);
 Because of subtyping rules, we need only one method (with a parameter of
type Post) to add both MessagePost and PhotoPost objects.

Polymorphic Variable
Polymorphic Variable in Facebook example
 Variables holding object types in Java are polymorphic variable
 The use of a polymorphic variable helps us simplify our show method.
 The body of this method is
for(Post post : posts) {
post.display();
}
 The actual posts that we get out of the list are of type MessagePost or
PhotoPost, not of type Post.
 We use a loop variable of type Post, because variables are polymorphic.
 The post variable is able to hold MessagePost and PhotoPost objects, because
these are subtypes of Post.

Casting
Type Loss & Casting
 Sometimes the rule that we cannot assign from a supertype to a subtype is
more restrictive than necessary.
 If we know that the supertype variable holds a subtype object, the
assignment could actually be allowed.
 For example:
Vehicle v;
Car c = new Car();
v = c; // correct
c = v; // error
 The above statements would not compile: we get a compiler error in the last
line, because assigning a Vehicle variable to a Car variable (supertype to
subtype) is not allowed.

Casting
Type Loss & Casting
 However, if we execute these statements in sequence, we know that we could
actually allow this assignment.
 We can see that the variable v actually contains an object of type Car, so the
assignment to c would be okay.
 The compiler is not that smart. It translates the code line by line, so it looks
at the last line in isolation without knowing what is currently stored in
variable v.
 This is called type loss. The type of the object in v is actually Car, but the
compiler does not know this.
 Solution to this problem is by explicitly telling the type system that the
variable v holds a Car object. We do this using a cast operator:
c = (Car) v; // okay

Casting
Type Loss & Casting
 Now consider this code fragment, in which Bicycle is also a subclass of
Vehicle: Find which line will give error
Vehicle v;
Car c;
Bicycle b;
c = new Car();
v = c;
b = (Bicycle) c;
b = (Bicycle) v;
 Out of last two First will give compile time error and second
statement will give runtime error
 Casting should be avoided wherever possible, because it can lead
to runtime errors

Autoboxing & Wrapper Classes
Creating Collection of primitive types
 An ArrayList supports only non primitive data types.
 But if we want to creatre list of primitive data types line int,boolean. What
can we do?
 Java’s solution to this problem is wrapper classes. Every primitive type in
Java has a corresponding wrapper class that represents the same type but is a
real object type.
 The wrapper class for int, for example, is called Integer.
 The following statement explicitly wraps the value of the primitive
intvariable ix in an Integer object:
Integer iwrap = new Integer(ix);
 And now iwrap could obviously easily be stored in ArrayList<Integer>
collection, for instance.

Autoboxing & Wrapper Classes
Creating Collection of primitive types
 However, storing of primitive values into an object collection is made even
easier through a compiler feature known as autoboxing.
 Autoboxing is performed automatically when a primitive-type value is used
in a context requiring a wrapper type.
 Whenever a value of a primitive type is used in a context that requires a
wrapper type, the compiler automatically wraps the primitive-type value in
an appropriate wrapper object.
 This means that primitive-type values can be added directly to a collection:
private ArrayList<Integer> markList;
...
public void storeMarkInList(int mark)
{
markList.add(mark);
}
 The reverse operation—unboxing—is also performed automatically

Lecture 12

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Lecture 12