Lectins
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This document summarizes information about lectins, including their structure, biological uses, clinical significance, and relationship to mannose-binding lectin deficiency. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that bind specifically to sugar moieties. They are tetramers composed of nearly identical subunits and form non-covalent bindings with carbohydrate conjugates. Lectins help mediate attachment of microorganisms and are important in adhesion, agglutination, and sugar transport. Mannose-binding lectin deficiency can increase susceptibility to infections due to reduced availability of the normal subunit protein and decreased immune recognition of pathogens. Genetic mutations in the MBL2 gene and physiological roles of mannose-binding lectin in immune activation and
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Lectins - The next medical tool?
Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins found ubiquitously in nature that bind specifically to carbohydrates. They have a variety of effects including agglutinating red blood cells, interfering with immune function, and altering cell surface proteins. Research suggests lectins show promise as therapeutic agents when used at proper dosages, as they demonstrate antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties by inhibiting pathogen attachment or modifying cell surfaces. Lectins also show potential as diagnostic aids by binding differently to normal and abnormal cells. While lectins pose toxicity risks if not properly degraded or absorbed, their specific carbohydrate binding makes them useful for blocking pathogens, stimulating immunity, and modulating hormones and metabolism.
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This document summarizes Ebsa Bushura's senior seminar presentation on using mycobacterium metabolic pathways as drug targets. It discusses several key metabolic pathways in mycobacteria, such as mycobactin biosynthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis, that are unique to the pathogen and could be targeted by drugs. It also mentions pathways involved in virulence and persistence, such as the glyoxylate bypass, that represent potential drug targets. The document reviews current approaches to identifying essential genes and those involved in persistence as potential novel anti-tuberculosis drug targets.
Proteinas
Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acid monomers that perform essential functions in cells. Misfolded proteins can aggregate, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular chaperones assist protein folding, and may prevent aggregation. Studying protein aggregation provides information to understand diseases where aggregation plays a role, such as identifying chromosome 19 proteins related to cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Mapping human proteins informs drug development by identifying disease-related protein targets.
Proteinas
Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acid monomers that perform essential functions in cells. Misfolded proteins can aggregate, which is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular chaperones assist protein folding, and may prevent aggregation. Studying protein aggregation provides information to understand diseases where aggregation plays a role, such as identifying chromosome 19 proteins related to cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Mapping human proteins informs drug development by identifying disease-related proteins as potential drug targets.
Engineering of phage derived lytic enzymes
Engineering of Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes: Improving Their Potential as Antimicrobials
Carlos São-José
ID
Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa,
Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; csaojose@ff.ul.pt; Tel.: +351-217-946-420
clinical-immunology.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including definitions, components, and functions. It discusses:
1) The innate and adaptive immune systems, with the innate system as the first line of defense using anatomical, immunological, cellular, and humoral components.
2) Key inflammatory mediators - histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins - and how they contribute to inflammation.
3) The complement system as a major humoral defense mechanism that is activated in cascades leading to opsonization, chemotaxis, and cell lysis.
4) Cytokines as diverse mediators between cells that are involved in immune processes and can be
Tissue Injury
The document summarizes cellular adaptation and injury. It states that cells can undergo adaptation to achieve a new steady state and preserve viability when faced with physiological stresses, but severe or persistent stress can lead to reversible or irreversible injury. It describes different types of cellular adaptation like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. It also discusses various causes of cellular injury like hypoxia, chemicals, infections and genetic factors. The key mechanisms of injury involve defects in membranes, ATP production and protein/DNA integrity.
MICROBES_AS_CELL_FACTORIES.pdf
This document discusses microbial cell factories and metabolic engineering. It defines microbial cell factories as microbial cells engineered as production facilities through metabolic engineering, which alters metabolic pathways for chemical production. Metabolic engineering draws from various disciplines to engineer metabolic pathways to increase productivity of antibiotics, polymers, and more. The document also discusses primary and secondary metabolites, with primary metabolites essential for growth and secondary metabolites having various industrial uses like antibiotics. Strategies for overproducing both types of metabolites include genetic engineering of pathways and eliciting microbial responses through stress factors or quorum sensing.
Non Specific Immune Defense
The document summarizes the immune system's external and internal defenses against pathogens. It discusses multiple anatomical, cellular, chemical and molecular barriers that prevent pathogen colonization. These include physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, chemicals in secretions, commensal bacteria, cilia, phagocytes, complement proteins, acute phase proteins and cytokines. The innate immune system provides non-specific protection while the adaptive immune system responds specifically to pathogens.
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Cell adhesion molecules and mechanisms of cell adhesion
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Bacterial toxins ppt (powerpoint presentation) by Suraj soni
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Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Summary Of transcription and Translation.pdf
Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Introduction_Ch_01_Biotech Biotechnology course .pptx
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Lectins
- 1. LECTINS CBC PRESENTATION JAYOTI SAHA BMS 3RD YEAR
- 2. INTRODUCTION They are carbohydrate binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties. Discovered by Peter Hermann Stillmark in1888. Isolated ricin (toxic hemaglutinin) from seeds of castor plant
- 3. STRUCTURE: BINDING INTERACTION Lectins are tetramer made up of 4 nearly identical subunits Made up of carbohydrate binding proteins, They are highly specific to carbohydrate moieties The binding of lectins is reversible and Non covalent with carbohydrate conjugates
- 4. BIOLOGICAL USES: ADHESION & AGGLUTINATION Lectins perform recognition on the cellular and molecular level involving cells , carbohydrates and proteins. Mediate attachment and binding of bacteria and viruses to their intended targets. Responsible for sugar transport or carbohydrate storage. Symbiotic & pathogenic interaction between microorganisms. Tomato lectins bind to mucosal cells and resist denaturation by acids and enzymes.
- 6. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A decrease in the availability of the normal subunit protein may lead to a “Reduction of the functional mannose-binding lectin in blood.” With decreased levels of mannose-binding lectin, the body does not recognize and fight foreign invaders efficiently. Consequently, infections can be more common in people with this condition.
- 7. CASE STUDIES
- 8. CASE 1 A 21 year old guy with Mannose-binding lectin deficiency had: Low levels of an immune system protein called mannose- binding lectin in their blood Prone to recurrent infections, including infections of the upper respiratory tract and other body systems. Contract more serious infections such as pneumonia and meningitis.
- 9. CASE 2 An infant (7 months old) with mannose-binding lectin deficiency seem to be More susceptible to infections, but adults can also develop recurrent infections. In addition, affected individuals undergoing chemotherapy or taking drugs that suppress the immune system are especially prone to infections.
- 10. REASONS….
- 11. GENETIC REASON Mannose-binding lectin deficiency is a condition that affects the immune system. Relatively common mutations in the MBL2 gene can lead to mannose-binding lectin deficiency. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that assembles into a complex called mannose-binding lectin. Functional mannose-binding lectins are made up of two to six protein groups called trimers, which are each composed of three of the protein pieces (subunits) produced from theMBL2 gene.
- 12. PHYSIOLOGICAL REASON Mannose-binding lectin plays an important role in the body's immune response by Attaching to foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or yeast and turning on (activating) the complement system. That work together to destroy pathogens, trigger inflammation Remove debris from cells and tissues Mannose-binding lectin can also stimulate special immune cells to engulf and break down the attached pathogen.
- 14. THANK YOU!!