Nuclear power plant lecture slides, brief detail of its working principle and its advantages and disadvantages. history and its efficiency are also explaind.

1. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT-2
Akhlaq Ahmad

7. Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
 Nuclear fission…
U235 splits into two fragments (Ba141 &
K92) of approximately equal size.
About 2.5 neutrons are released. 1
neutron is used to sustain the chain
reaction. 0.9 neutrons is absorbed by
U238 and becomes Pu239. The remaining
0.6 neutrons escapes from the reactor.
The neutrons produced move at a very
high velocity of 1.5 x 107 m/sec and
fission other nucleus of U235. Thus
fission process and release of neutrons
take place continuously throughout the
remaining material.
A large amount of energy(200 Million
electron volts, Mev) is produced.
 Note : Moderators are provided
to slow down the neutrons from
the high velocities but not to
absorb them.

10. Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
 Principal parts of a nuclear reactor:
Core : Here the nuclear fission process takes place.
Moderator : This reduces the speed of fast moving neutrons. Most moderators
are graphite, water or heavy water.

11. Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
 Principal parts of a nuclear reactor…
Control rods :
Coolant : They carry the intense heat generated. Water is used as a coolant,
some reactors use liquid sodium as a coolant.
Fuel : The fuel used for nuclear fission is U235 isotope.
Radiation shield : To protect the people working from radiation and
(thermal shielding) radiation fragments.
Control rods limit the number
of fuel atoms that can split.
They are made of boron or
cadmium which absorbs
neutrons

12. The chain reaction is not
slowed down
a huge amount of
energy is released
very quickly
the rate of fission
increases rapidly
Nuclear bomb
Uncontrolled nuclear reaction

13. Nuclear reactors
 Nuclear power plant: Rate of fission is controlled by
artificial means to generate electricity
300 MW Chashma
Nuclear Power
Plant

14.  Types of Nuclear power plant:
Main two types are :
* Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
* Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Types of Nuclear reactors

15.  Pressurized Water Reactor
(PWR)
 Heat is produced in the reactor due to
nuclear fission and there is a chain
reaction.
 The heat generated in the reactor is
carried away by the coolant (water or
heavy water) circulated through the
core.
 The purpose of the pressure equalizer
is to maintain a constant pressure of 14
MN/m2. This enables water to carry
more heat from the reactor.
 The purpose of the coolant pump is to
pump coolant water under pressure
into the reactor core.
Nuclear reactors

16. PWR

17.  Pressurized Water Reactor
(PWR)
 The steam generator is a heat exchanger
where the heat from the coolant is
transferred on to the water that circulates
through the steam generator. As the
water passes through the steam generator
it gets converted into steam.
 The steam produced in the steam
generator is sent to the turbine. The
turbine blades rotate.
 The turbine shaft is coupled to a
generator and electricity is produced.
 After the steam performing the work on
the turbine blades by expansion, it comes
out of the turbine as wet steam. This is
converted back into water by circulating
cold water around the condenser tubes.
 The feed pump pumps back the
condensed water into the steam
generator.

18. Schematic diagram of a nuclear power plant
with PWR
control rods
fuel rods
reactor
pressure
vessel
water
(cool)
water
(hot)
water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
steam
generator
steam (high pressure)
pump
primary loop secondary loop
generator
reactor
core
pump

19. control rods
reactor
pressure
vessel
water
(cool)
water
(hot)
water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
steam
generator
steam (high pressure)
pump
primary loop secondary loop
fuel rods  They contain the nuclear fuel:
uranium (U-235)
 They are surrounded by a
moderator (water or graphite) to
slow down the neutrons released.

20. control rods
reactor
pressure
vessel
water
(cool)
water
(hot)
water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
steam
generator
steam (high pressure)
pump
primary loop secondary loop
fuel rods
 They control the rate of reaction by
moving in and out of the reactor.
 Move in: rate of reaction 
 Move out: rate of reaction 
 All are moved in: the reactor is
shut down
 They are made of boron or
cadmium that can absorb neutrons.

21. steam
generator
control rods
reactor
pressure
vessel water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (high pressure)
pump
primary loop secondary loop
fuel rods
 The steam drives a turbine, which
turns the generator.
 Electricity is produced by the
generator.
water
(hot)
water
(cool)
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
generator

22. control rods
fuel rods
reactor
pressure
vessel
water
(cool)
water
(hot)
water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
steam
generator
steam (high pressure)
pump
primary loop secondary loop
 Two separate water systems are used to avoid
radioactive substances to reach the turbine.

23. control rods
reactor
pressure
vessel water (high
pressure)
water (low
pressure)
coolant out
coolant in
steam condenser
steam (low
pressure)
turbine
electric
power
pump
primary loop secondary loop
fuel rods
 The energy
released in
fissions heats up
the water around
the reactor.
 The water in the
secondary loop
is boiled to
steam.
water
(hot)
water
(cool)
steam
generator
steam (high pressure)

24.  Boiling Water Reactor
(BWR)
 The water is circulated through the
reactor where it converts to water
steam mixture.
 The steam gets collected above the
steam separator.
 This steam is expanded in the turbine
which turns the turbine shaft.
 The expanded steam coming out of the
turbine is condensed and is pumped
back as feed water by the feed water
pump into the reactor core.
 Also the down coming recirculation
water from the steam separator is fed
back to the reactor core.
Nuclear reactors

25. BWR

26. Pressurized Water Reactor
Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor
Boiling Water Reactor
Canada Deuterium-Uranium Reactors (CANDU)
High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor
Types of Nuclear reactors

27. Pressurized Water Reactor
The most common type of reactor -- the PWR
uses regular cold water as a coolant. The
primary cooling water is kept at very high
pressure so it does not boil. It goes through a
heat exchanger, transferring heat to a secondary
coolant loop, which then spins the turbine.
These use oxide fuel pellets stacked in zirconium
tubes. They could possibly burn thorium or
plutonium fuel as well.

28. Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor

29. Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor
The first electricity-producing nuclear reactor in
the world was SFR (the EBR-1 in Arco, Idaho). As
the name implies, these reactors are cooled by
liquid sodium metal. Sodium is heavier than
hydrogen, a fact that leads to the neutrons
moving around at higher speeds (hence fast).
These can use metal or oxide fuel, and burn
anything you throw at them (thorium, uranium,
plutonium, higher actinides).

30. Boiling Water Reactor
Second most common, the BWR is
similar to the PWR in many ways.
However, they only have one coolant
loop. The hot nuclear fuel boils water
as it goes out the top of the reactor,
where the steam heads over to the
turbine to spin it.

31. Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor

32. Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor
LFTRs have gotten a lot of attention lately in
the media. They are unique so far in that
they use molten fuel. So there's no worry of
meltdown because they’re already melted
and the reactor is designed to handle that
state. The folks over at Energy from
thorium are totally stoked about this
technology.

33. Canada Deuterium-Uranium Reactors (CANDU)

34. Canada Deuterium-Uranium
Reactors (CANDU)
CANDUs are a Canadian design found in Canada
and around the world. They contain heavy water,
where the Hydrogen in H2O has an extra neutron
(making it Deuterium instead of Hydrogen).
Deuterium absorbs many fewer neutrons than
Hydrogen, and CANDUs can operate using only
natural uranium instead of enriched.

35. High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor

36. High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor
HTGRs use little pellets of fuel backed into either
hexagonal compacts or into larger pebbles (in the
prismatic and pebble-bed designs). Gas such as helium
or carbon dioxide is passed through the reactor rapidly
to cool it. Due to their low power density, these
reactors are seen as promising for using nuclear
energy outside of electricity: in transportation, in
industry, and in residential regimes. They are not
particularly good at just producing electricity.

37. 2. Control Rods

38. Control Rods
A control rod is a rod used in nuclear reactors to control the rate
of fission of uranium and plutonium. They are made of chemical
elements capable of absorbing many neutrons without fissioning
themselves, such as silver, indium and cadmium. Because these
elements have different capture cross sections for neutrons of
varying energies, the compositions of the control rods must be
designed for the neutron spectrum of the reactor it is supposed
to control. Light water reactors (BWR, PWR) and heavy water
reactors (HWR) operate with "thermal" neutrons,
whereas breeder reactors operate with "fast" neutrons.

39. 3. Steam Generator

40. Steam Generator
Steam generators are heat exchangers used to convert water
into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.
Either ordinary water or heavy water is used as the coolant .

41. 4. Steam Turbine

42. 5. Condenser

43. 6. Cooling Tower

44. Cooling Tower
Remove heat from the water discharged from the condenser so that the
water can be discharged to the river or recirculated and reused.
Some power plants, usually located on lakes or rivers, use cooling towers
as a method of cooling the circulating water (the third non-radioactive cycle)
that has been heated in the condenser. During colder months and fish non-
spawning periods, the discharge from the condenser may be directed to the
river. Recirculation of the water back to the inlet to the condenser occurs
during certain fish sensitive times of the year (e.g. spring, summer, fall) so
that only a limited amount of water from the plant condenser may be
discharged to the lake or river. It is important to note that the heat
transferred in a condenser may heat the circulating water as much as 40
degrees Fahrenheit (F). In some cases, power plants may have restrictions
that prevent discharging water to the river at more than 90 degrees F. In
other cases, they may have limits of no more than 5 degrees F difference
between intake and discharge (averaged over a 24 hour period). When
Cooling Towers are used, plant efficiency usually drops. One reason is that
the Cooling Tower pumps (and fans, if used) consume a lot of power.

45. Types of Cooling Tower
• Mechanical Draft
• Natural Draft

46. Mechanical Draft
Mechanical draft Cooling Towers have long piping runs that spray the water
downward. Large fans pull air across the dropping water to remove the
heat. As the water drops downward onto the "fill" or slats in the cooling
tower, the drops break up into a finer spray. On colder days, tall plumes of
condensation can be seen. On warmer days, only small condensation
plumes will be seen.

47. Natural Draft
This photo shows a single natural draft cooling tower as used at a European
plant. Natural draft towers are typically about 400 ft (120 m) high, depending
on the differential pressure between the cold outside air and the hot humid
air on the inside of the tower as the driving force. No fans are used.
Whether the natural or mechanical draft towers are used depends on
climatic and operating requirement conditions.

48. Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant
Steam power plant means any plant
that uses steam to produce
electricity.
E.g. Thermal and Nuclear power
plants.

49. Nuclear (Atomic) Power Plant…
 Advantages of Nuclear power plant:
 Space required is less when compared with other power plants.
 Nuclear power plant is the only source which can meet the increasing demand
of electricity at a reasonable cost.
 A nuclear power plant uses much less fuel than a fossil-fuel plant.
1 metric tonne of uranium fuel = 3 million metric tonnes of coal = 12 million
barrels of oil.
 Disadvantages of Nuclear power plant:
o Radioactive wastes must be disposed carefully, otherwise it will adversely
affect the health of workers and the environment as a whole.
o Maintenance cost of the plant is high.

50. Nuclear waste
 They are highly radioactive
 Many of them have very long half-lives.
 Radioactive waste must
be stored carefully.

51. Low level radioactive waste
 cooling water pipes, radiation suits, etc.
 stored in storage facilities
 radioactivity will fall to a safe level after 10 to
50 years.

52.  used nuclear fuel
 highly radioactive
 embedded in concrete and
stored deep underground for
several thousand years
High level radioactive waste

53. Top 10 Location of Nuclear Power Station
• Fukushima I And II
• Kashiwazaki And Kariwa, Japan
• Yeonggwang, South Korea
• Zaporozhye, Ukraine
• Nord, France
• Paluel, Upper Normandy, France
• Cattenom, Lorraine, France
• Bruce County, Ontario, Canada
• Ohi, Fukui, Japan
• Wintersburg, Arizona, USA

54. Fukushima I And II
Total power output: 8,814 MWe

55. Kashiwazaki And Kariwa, Japan
Total power output: 7,965 MWe

56. Yeonggwang, South Korea
Total power output: 5,875 MWe

57. Zaporozhye, Ukraine
Total power output: 5,700 MWe

58. Nord, France
Total power output: 5,460 MWe

59. Paluel, Upper Normandy, France
Total power output: 5,320 MWe

60. Cattenom, Lorraine, France
Total power output: 5,200 MWe

61. Bruce County, Ontario, Canada
Total power output: 4,693 MWe

62. Ohi, Fukui, Japan
Total power output: 4,494 MWe

63. Wintersburg, Arizona, USA
Total power output: 3,942 MWe

64. First Floating Nuclear Power Plant

65. Akademik Lomonosov

66. Akademik Lomonosov
• Russia begun to operate the world's first floating nuclear power plant in
December 2019.
• The specially-made ship with a nuclear power plant on-board will provide
energy, heat and drinking water to relatively inaccessible areas of the vast
country.
• The director of Russia's largest shipbuilders, the Baltic Plant, announced
that the unique ship should be operational by 2016 at the 6th International
Naval Show in St Petersburg.
• The first ship will be called Akademik Lomonosov and was intended to be
the first of small fleet of floating nuclear plants in Russia.
• It is designed to provide energy to big industrial companies, cut-off port
cities and offshore oil and gas platforms.
• The ship's power-generating capabilities were based on nuclear reactors
which are already on-board ice breaker ships in the chilly region that have
operated successfully for over half a century.

68. Attendance 2017-22 dated 02-06-21
• 03,10,
• 13,19,15,18
• 30,29
• 32,37,31,40
• 49,50,42,47,48,44
• 55

69. Thank you