Satellite Internet is the ability to transmit and receive data from a relatively small satellite dish on Earth and communicate with an orbiting geostationary satellite 22,300 miles above Earth's equator.
LEO
MEO
GEO
Satellite Internet is the ability to transmit and receive data from a relatively small satellite dish on Earth and communicate with an orbiting geostationary satellite 22,300 miles above Earth's equator.
LEO
MEO
GEO
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
this presentation is about satellite communication which includes working of gps ,vsat ,frequency bands ,needs of communication satellite ,types of satellite ,working ,orbits ,elements involved in working ,transponder ,satellite control center ,satellite network
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Presentation on Satellite Communication
Outlines:
History
Definition
Communication system
Architecture
Operation of satellite
Elements
>Space Segment
>Ground Segment
Earth Stations
Digital Earth Station
Orbits
Geostationary Orbit (GSO)
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Different Satellite Communications : Services
Advantages OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Applications OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Future
Conclusion
This presentation covers:
Basics of Satellite communication
Indian Communication satellites
Satellite link and elements of satellite communication
Frequency bands of satellite communication
Different orbits of satellite communication
Link budget calculations
Satellites
Introduction to Satellite Systems
o A satellite is an artificial object which is placed intentionally into an orbit of any natural satellite. Satellites are used for many purposes i.e. weather forecasting, digital transmission, scientific research and development etc.
o In a communication context, a satellite is a specialized wireless transmitter/receiver that is launched by a rocket and placed in orbit around the earth.
o A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or artificial (human made). So we can say that a satellite is an object that moves in a curved path around a planet.
o Satellite can travel around planets or around stars such as our sun. All the planets are satellites around the sun.
o Satellites which are far away from the surface of the earth can cover a wide area on the surface of the earth.
Following are the four important types of Earth Orbit satellites −
• Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low Earth Orbit Satellites
• Highest Earth Orbit Satelites
Now, let us discuss about each type of earth orbit satellites one by one.
LEO, MEO and Satellite Navigation system.pptxChandralekhaR2
LEO, MEO, SATELLITE NAVICATION SYSTEM
Presented by
Ms.R.Chandralekha
Assistant Professor/ECE
M.R.A.P. Satheesh kumar
Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam
Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO)
Refers to a type of orbit used by satellites in which the satellite is not stationary relative to the surface of the earth.
A lower altitude than geostationary satellites and completes an orbit in a much shorter period of time.
Applications :
LEO technology is mostly used for mobile communication.
Commercial users or enterprises, defense and military personnel, and people who travel abroad or operate in places that are far from cellular coverage make use of the LEO satellite applications.
Advantages :
NGEO satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Orbit at a lower altitude than GEO satellites.
The signal can travels a shorter distance to and from the satellites.
LEO satellite can provide True Global Coverage.
Faster Communication speed, because of Lower distance from earth surface .
LEO can provide better coverage
LEO satellites’ main advantage is that they can provide much clearer surveillance images and require far less power to transmit their data to earth
MEO
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) :
A Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000 and 35,786 km.
The first communications satellite, Telstar, which was launched in 1962 was a Medium earth orbit satellite designed to facilitate high-speed telephone signals.
Medium Earth Orbit satellites :
MEO satellites are similar to LEO satellites in functionality.’
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
MEO satellites orbit the earth at higher altitudes and therefore provide a greater coverage area.
MEO satellites in position will have four covering any given spot on the earth at any time during the day.
MEO satellites therefore are a compromise between the advantages of LEO and GEO satellites and their costs and drawbacks.
MEO satellites are longer in time than LEO satellites.
MEO satellites include that, at the lower altitudes, they can capture weaker signals than in GEO
GPS - US's navication system 32 satellites for GPS 7 satellites for Indian reagion
Thank You
Foundations of Satellite Communication: Understanding the Basics.pptxpritamlangde
Basics of Satellites:
Satellites are objects that orbit around larger bodies in space. They are primarily used for communication, navigation, Earth observation, weather monitoring, scientific research, and more. Satellites can be categorized based on their orbits, functions, and sizes. They are launched into space using rockets and placed into specific orbits, depending on their intended purpose
1. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites:
GEO satellites orbit the Earth at an altitude of approximately 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the equator.
They have an orbital period that matches the Earth's rotation, allowing them to remain stationary relative to a fixed point on the Earth's surface.
GEO satellites are commonly used for communication, broadcasting, and weather monitoring because they provide continuous coverage of a specific region.
2. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites:
LEO satellites orbit the Earth at altitudes ranging from about 160 kilometers (100 miles) to 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) above the Earth's surface.
They complete an orbit around the Earth in a relatively short amount of time, typically ranging from 90 minutes to 2 hours.
LEO satellites are used for various purposes, including Earth observation, remote sensing, satellite imaging, scientific research, and satellite constellations for global communications.
3. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites:
MEO satellites orbit the Earth at altitudes ranging from about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) to 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the Earth's surface.
They have orbital periods longer than LEO satellites but shorter than GEO satellites.
MEO satellites are often used for navigation systems, such as the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) like GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System), and Galileo.
4. Molniya Orbit Satellites:
Molniya orbit is a specific type of highly elliptical orbit with a high inclination angle.
Satellites in Molniya orbits have a long dwell time over high latitudes, making them suitable for communication and observation services in polar regions.
These satellites are used for applications like communication in northern latitudes, remote sensing, and reconnaissance.
5. High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPs):
HAPs are not traditional satellites but rather platforms stationed at high altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere, typically in the stratosphere.
They are used to provide communication and surveillance services over a specific area.
HAPs can be equipped with telecommunications equipment, antennas, and other technologies to relay signals between ground stations or act as relays for satellite communication systems. capacity allocation in satellite communications are Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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2. • Introduction
• Artificial Satellites over Natural Satellites
• Orbits
• Types Of Satellite Orbits
• Footprint
• Categories of Satellite
i. GEO
ii. MEO
iii. LEO
• Advantages of Satellites
• Disadvantages of Satellites
7/18/2014 6:37:54 PM
2
CONTENTS
4. We can install electronic equipment on the
satellite to regenerate the signal that has lost
its energy during travel.
The distance of natural satellites, such as the
Moon, from the Earth is huge, which create a
long delay in communication.
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4
ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES OVER NATURAL
ONE’S
5. An artificial satellite needs to have an orbit, the path in which it travels around
the Earth.
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5
SATELLITE ORBITS
6. Kepler’s Law: It determines the period
of satellite.
Period = C x distance1.5 sec.
Note:
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6
7. Example 1
What is the period of the moon according to Kepler’s law?
Solution
The moon is located approximately 384,000 km
above the earth. The radius of the earth is 6378
km. Applying the formula, we get
Period = (1/100) (384,000 + 6378)1.5 = 2,439,090s
= approx.(1 month)
Distance: 384000 km
Period: approx. 1month
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7
8. Example 2
According to Kepler’s law, what is the period of a
satellite that is located at an orbit approximately
35,786 km above the earth?
Solution
Applying the formula, we get
Period = (1/100) (35,786 + 6378)1.5 = 86,579 s
= 24 h
A satellite like this is said to be stationary to the earth.
The orbit, as we will see, is called a geosynchronous
orbit. 7/18/2014 6:37:54 PM
8
9. The area of the Earth’s surface from which an Earth Station can
transmit to or receive from a particular satellite.
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9
FOOTPRINT
10. Satellite
GEO
MEO
LEO
Based on the location of the orbits satellites are divided into
three categories:
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10
SATELLITE CATEGORIES
11. 11
Outer Van Allen Belt (15000-20000 km)
MEO (5 - 15K km)
GEO (35786 km)
LEO ( < 2K km)
Inner Van Allen Belt (1500-5000 km)
GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit
MEO: Medium Earth Orbit
LEO: Low Earth Orbit
7/18/2014 6:37:54 PM
SATELLITE ORBIT ALTITUDES
12. • Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast
but are too far away to use conventional means.
• One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called
a Uplink.
• The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to
the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.
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12
HOW SATELLITE WORKS?
13. Band
Downlink,
GHz
Uplink, GHz
Bandwidth,
MHz
Problems
L 1.5 1.6 15 Low bandwidth; crowded
S 1.9 2.2 70 Low bandwidth; crowded
C 4.0 6.0 500 Terrestrial Interference
Ku 11.0 14.0 500 Rain
Ka 20.0 30.0 3500 Rain, equipment cost
L-band and S-band: is used for Mobile Satellite Services and offers good penetration
through adverse weather conditions and foliage.
C-band: Public switched networks.
Ku-band and Ka-band: Rural telephony, satellite news gathering, high speed internet,
video conferencing, and multimedia.
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13
SATELLITE FREQUENCY BAND
14. These satellites are in orbit 35,786 km above the earth’s surface along
the equator.
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same
speed as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the
same position relative to the surface of earth.
One GEO satellite cannot cover the whole earth. It takes minimum of
three satellites equidistant from each other.
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14
GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT (GEO)
16. • Advantages
A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large coverage area,
almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.
GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular area.
These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and other multipoint
applications.
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16
GEO (CONT.)
17. • Disadvantages
A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a comparatively
weak signal and a time delay in the signal, which is bad for point to
point communication.
GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have difficulty
broadcasting signals to near polar regions
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17
GEO (CONT.)
18. • A MEO satellite is in orbit somewhere between 5,000 km and 15,000 km
above the earth’s surface.
• MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of time than LEO satellites,
usually between 2 to 8 hours.
• MEO satellites have a larger coverage area than LEO satellites.
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18
MIDDLE EARTH ORBIT (MEO)
19. • Advantages
A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and wider footprint means
fewer satellites are needed in a MEO network than a LEO network.
Shorter time delay and stronger signal than a GEO satellite
• Disadvantages
A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay and weaker signal
than a LEO satellite, though not as bad as a GEO satellite.
EXAMPLE: Global Positioning System (GPS).
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19
MEO (CONT.)
20. • Constructed and operated by US Department of Defense.
• There are 24 satellites in six orbits.
• Used for land, sea and air navigation to provide time and
locations for vehicles and ships.
• The satellites in each orbits are designed in such a way, at a
time minimum four satellites are visible from any point on the
Earth.
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20
GPS: EXAMPLE OF MEO
23. • Measuring the distance: The trilateration principle can find our location on
the earth if we know our distance from three satellites and know the position of
each satellite. The position of each satellite can be calculated by a GPS receiver.
The GPS receiver, then, needs to find its distance from at least three GPS
satellites. Suppose all GPS satellites and the receiver on the earth are
synchronized. Each of 24 satellites transmits a complex signal each having a
unique pattern. The receiver measures the delay between the signals from the
satellites and its copy of signals to determine the distances to the satellites.
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23
GPS: HOW IT WORKS ( CONT.)
24. • LEO satellites are much closer to the earth than GEO satellites, ranging
from 500 to 2000 km above the surface.
• Rotation period of 90 to 120 minutes, with speed 20,000 to 25,000
km/h.
• LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to the surface, and are
only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each pass.
• A network of LEO satellites is necessary for LEO satellites to be useful.
7/18/2014 6:37:54 PM
24
LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)
26. • Advantages
A LEO satellite is proximity to earth compared to a GEO satellite gives it
a better signal strength and less of a time delay, which makes it better
for point to point communication.
A LEO satellite’s smaller area of coverage is less of a waste of
bandwidth.
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26
LEO (CONT.)
27. • Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed, which can be costly
Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites, causing gradual orbital
deterioration.
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27
LEO (CONT.)
28. • It has 66 satellites in 6 LEO orbits.
• Each have altitude of 750 km.
• Use to provide direct worldwide communication.
i.e. voice, data paging, fax, even navigation.
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28
IRIDIUM SYSTEM: EXAMPLE OF LEO
29. The original name, Iridium, came from the name
of the 77th chemical element; a more appropriate
name is Dysprosium (66th element)
Fact:
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29
30. • It has 48 satellites in 6 LEO orbits.
• Each have altitude of 1400 km.
• The ground station can create more powerful signals.
7/18/2014 6:37:54 PM
30
GLOBALSTAR: EXAMPLE OF LEO
31. •It provides fiber-optic like (broadband channels, low error rate, and low delay)
communication
•It has 288 satellites in 12 LEO polar orbits.
• Each have altitude of 1350 km.
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31
TELEDESIC: EXAMPLE OF LEO
32. The project was started in 1990 by mobile phone pioneer
Craig McCaw and Microsoft founder Bill Gates.
About:
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32
The goal of Teledesic system is to provide broadband
Internet access for users all over the world
Goal:
33. The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial
system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from
the center of the coverage area.
Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
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33
ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITES
34. Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
There is a larger propagation delay in satellite communication than
in terrestrial communication.
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34
DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITES