This document discusses cultural anthropology and human evolution. It summarizes key human ancestors like Proconsul, Ramapithecus, Australopithecines, Pithecanthropines, Neanderthal Man, and Homo sapiens. It also discusses paleontology, fossils, dating methods, and evolutionary theories of human origins, noting debates between evolution and biblical creationism. Primate tendencies and behaviors are compared between humans and other primates.
Explains what Fossil Ida is, how it was discovered, and how it contributes to our understanding of Human Evolution. Finally, it answers the question whether Fossil Ida is the eagerly sought after "Missing Link" in Human Evolution.
basic theories of biological evolution and mcq from past examinations of biotechnology. helpful for appearing in post graduation entrance examinations.
"Chiefdoms and family firm regimes: Variations on the same anthropological themes?"
Family owned and managed firms exhibit remarkable parallels to pre-industrial chiefdoms because the typical economic environment in which they exist limits them to a size and scale equivalent to that of a chiefdom. Using anthropological research this study inventories all known procedures of accommodating multiple heirs to the paramountcy of pre-industrial chiefdoms. It uses this exhaustive inventory to characterize the succession process in modern family owned and managed firms.
pre-print version of: Rogers, E.D., Carsrud, A.L. & Krueger, N.F. Chiefdoms and family firm regimes: Variations on the same anthropological themes. Family Business Review, 9(1): 15-27.1996.
Possibly the most fun article ever.
Explains what Fossil Ida is, how it was discovered, and how it contributes to our understanding of Human Evolution. Finally, it answers the question whether Fossil Ida is the eagerly sought after "Missing Link" in Human Evolution.
basic theories of biological evolution and mcq from past examinations of biotechnology. helpful for appearing in post graduation entrance examinations.
"Chiefdoms and family firm regimes: Variations on the same anthropological themes?"
Family owned and managed firms exhibit remarkable parallels to pre-industrial chiefdoms because the typical economic environment in which they exist limits them to a size and scale equivalent to that of a chiefdom. Using anthropological research this study inventories all known procedures of accommodating multiple heirs to the paramountcy of pre-industrial chiefdoms. It uses this exhaustive inventory to characterize the succession process in modern family owned and managed firms.
pre-print version of: Rogers, E.D., Carsrud, A.L. & Krueger, N.F. Chiefdoms and family firm regimes: Variations on the same anthropological themes. Family Business Review, 9(1): 15-27.1996.
Possibly the most fun article ever.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
Human evolution in relations to ape,
Scientific classification of humans,
The evolution of physical characteristics in humans,
Development of social traits in humans.
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORSV.docxroushhsiu
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORS
VOLUME 31 NO. 1 SPRING 2010
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE HUMAN?
A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
by Alison S. Brooks
˜ ˜ ˜
“…it would be impossible to fix on any point when the term “man”
ought to be used……” (Darwin 1871: 230)
A
new permanent exhibit at the Smithsonian’s Na
tional Museum of Natural History asks the ques
tion “What does it mean to be human?” Before
there were any fossils to inform us about the roads taken
and not taken on our evolutionary journey, 18th and 19th
century scholars wrestled with the anatomical similarities
between humans and apes, especially, as Darwin noted,
the African apes. Many of the human distinctions these
early scholars cited were behavioral, including language,
tool-making and technology-dependence, culture, use of
fire, a sense of shame, burial of the dead, and a sense of
the sacred. Even today, our anatomy alone may not suf-
fice to define our genus Homo. Indeed in 1964 one of the
oldest members of our genus, Homo habilis, was defined
as Homo to a large extent on the basis of the tools found
in association with its bones; the evolutionary or generic
status of the bones themselves remains controversial. As
in the museum’s new exhibit, new approaches to under-
standing our past and defining our species emphasize the
role of changing human behavior and its relationship to
and possible role in changing our anatomy.
This paper offers a brief summary of key discover-
ies in the fossil record followed by a discussion of be-
havioral characteristics defining modern humans and their
emergence through time. This is followed by a descrip-
tion of the evidence documenting the development of
archaic, Neanderthal, and modern humans, tracing the
evolution of key behaviors from 600 kya to 40 kya (thou-
sands of years ago). Finally, the evidence for the role of
Africa in the gradual evolution of distinctly modern hu-
man behaviors is argued as the paper concludes.
The Fossil Record of Human Evolution
Charles Darwin in his 1871 book, The Descent of Man,
located the likely origination of humans in Africa due to
the geographic distribution and comparable anatomy of
the chimpanzee and gorilla. Other early scholars, how-
ever, thought that our two most distinctive anatomical
features, our large brains and our two-legged gait, had
evolved together and that these changes had happened in
Europe. In Darwin’s time, only a few fossils of Nean-
SPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINSSPECIAL ISSUE ON HUMAN ORIGINS
What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?What Does it Mean to be Human?
ANTHRONOTES®
Page 2
AnthroNotes Volume 31 No.1 Spring 2010
derthals, our closest extinct relatives, had been recovered
from European sites. The 1891 finding in Java of Pithecan-
thropus erectus (now Homo erectus), an ...
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Lecture 3
Cultural Anthropology
1 st Quarter –2 nd Semester
SY 2011-2012
2. Is a science concerned with the study
of man
Main focus: the feature that is unique
to humans – the cultural behavior.
3. Political
Economics Education
Science
Man’s production,
Man’s Man’s formal
distribution, &
government consumption of goods training
Sociology Medicine
Man’s society Man’s health
4. Paleontology – the study of extinct
animals.
- the study of remains of
ancient organisms that are
occasionally preserved in earth layers
of different age.
Fossils – remains of the past
organisms
5. Fossils:
Skeleton
Imprints of body structures
Frozen animals
Preserved animals found in logs
6. Fossil record
Adds time depth to the biological
picture
Yields actual ancestral types from
which relatively similar living forms of
organisms could have been derived
Provides diachronic proof of common
ancestry
7. Methods:
Relative Dating Method
Is used if the concern evolutionary
sequences makes important to
know which forms of life came after
which.
Object/specimen can be arranged
in chronological order but the exact
age may not be known.
Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen
tests
8. Absolute Method
Can determine the exact or approximately exact
ages.
Determines the evolutionary sequences of two
crucial fossils or cultural deposits
Ex: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses uranium &
thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to
determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the
fossil)
9. Carbon 14 (C14) dating
◦ Used with organic materials like wood, bone seeds,
& other organic materials.
Biological Analysis
(a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes
the relative frequencies of different kinds of
pollen in reconstructing local climatic
conditions in recent deposits.
(b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it
uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years
than in dry years, shown on the annual growth
rings.
10. How do species originate?
Has it undergone the
gradual process of
evolution over a number
of generations?
11. Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 &
Alfred Wallace)
They demonstrated that inheritable
variations are differentially affected by the
environment.
They asserted that those who possess
adaptively valuable qualities in their
environment will be at an advantage in
comparison with those who do not possess
such qualities
15. Proconsul
Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga
Island
3 species:
Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized
type)
Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee-
sized type)
Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)
16. Ramapithecus brevirostis
Emerged from dyopithecines
Discovered where lateral incisors,
premolars and the first 2 molars showed
that the upper jaw was more manlike.
Its dental structures points squarely in the
direction of man.
17. Australopithecines
Extinct ape men of early
Pleistocene Africa
Feet and legs were thoroughly
man-like
Skulls were more ape-like
Teeth, bones of lower extremities
and the hips are more human-
like
18. Pithecanthropines
East Asian Apes of the middle Pleistocene
period
Small frontal lobe of the brain
Walked erect
Culture consisted of quartize pebble tools
Used fire for cooking and warmth
Occasionally cannibalism
19. Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by
Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.
20. Pithecanthropus pekinensis
– Chinese variety; discovered
by Dr. Von Koenigswald.
Peking man
cranial capacity averaging
about 1,000 cubic cm
Flat skull
Small forehead
limb bones are
indistinguishable from those
of modern humans.
Teeth are essentially modern
21. Pithecanthropines
Pithecanthropus
robustus -
Teeth were essentially
human
Brain volume is 770-
1000 cubic cm
Discovered by Davidson
Black in a cave of
Peking (Cheukouten)
22. Neanderthal Man
Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic era
Has flat, heavy skull & slant forehead
Large brow ridges
Broad flat nose
Heavy jutting jaw
Was replaced by the Homo sapiens
23. Homo sapiens (modern man)
Varieties of modern man:
Cro-magnon of France
Slightly taller and more ruggedly
built man than the contemporary
European man
White-skinned
24. Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primata
Suborder Anthropoidea
Infraorder Catarrhini
Superfamiliy Hominoidea
Family Hominidae
Tribe Hominini
Genus Homo
Species Homo sapiens
Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens
25. Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates):
Grasping
Smell to Sight
Nose to Hand
Brain Complexity
Parental Investment
Sociality
Primates Common Behavior:
Learning
Tool
Predation and Hunting
Human vs. Other Primates:
Sharing and Cooperation
Mating and Kinship