This document provides an introduction to anthropology and the study of human societies and culture. It discusses the origins and early development of anthropology as a field. It also summarizes the key topics covered in subsequent chapters, including the origin of man based on evolutionary theory, the development of human societies and thought, what defines culture and its components, and how culture influences and shapes human behavior.

1. Hand-out
Anthropology
Society and Culture with Family Planning
Chapter 1
Introduction
Anthropology- “anthro” man
“Logy” study
Study of man
The study of the origin, evolution and development of human society.
Anthropology is related to the following fields:
1. Social Sciences
2. History
3. Humanities
4. Political Science
5. Economics
6. Psychology
7. Biology
8. Cyber Technology
Development of Sociology and Anthropology in the Philippines
1. Pigafetta- scribe of Magellan.
2. Loarca- one of the first Spanish conquistadores to arrive in the Philippines. The author of
Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas and Verdadera relacion de la grandeça del reyno de China, he joined the first Spanish expedition into China and conducted the earliest census in the Philippines.
3. Placencia
4. Chirino
5. Antonio de Morga (sucesos de las islas Filipinas)
6. Jose Rizal
7. A B Meyer (book about Igorots)
8. Alfred Marche (some diggings in Marinduque
9. Ethnological Survey of the Philippines Office- H Otley Beyer- Tabon Cave
Development of Human Society and thought
a. Nomadic/Paleolithic
b. Sedentary/Neolithic
c. Civilizations (India, China, Greek, Rome, Mesopotamia, Egypt)
d. Age of Renaissance
e. Modern age
Early thinkers who have shown concern in the human society.
1. Plato 427-347 B.C- (The Republic) an ideal society I lead by a Philosopher kings Assisted by equal and intellectually gifted Guardians
2. Aristotle 348-322 B.C- (Politics) No man is self-sufficient. Those who are unable to live in society and who have no needs in life must be either beasts or gods. “Man is by nature a political animal”
3. St. Augustine 354-430 A.D- (City of God) describe the society’s ultimate pilgrimage toward the Kingdom of God.
Later Thinkers
1. Thomas More (1468-1535) Tomasso Campanella (1568-1639)- “Utopia”(ideal societies) protests and indicaments during their time
Other Influences of the society
1. The Analects (Confucius)
2. Bushido- Code of Ethics of a samurai
Sub Fields of Anthropology
a. Physical Anthropology
b. Archeology Anthropology
c. Cultural Anthropology
d. Linguistic Anthropology
e. Ethnology
Dating Method
1. Traditional Method- Chemistry of the soil
2. Modern Dating Period- Carbon dating
- Certain radioactive elements taken in while alive disintegrate at a constant rate when they die

2. Geologic Time Chart
Geology and Anthropology works together in studying the history of earth and its changes, especially as recorded in its rocks and earth crust.
Fossil- serves as evidences of life in pre-historic times (E.g. dinosaurs, mammoth etc.)
 The oldest known fossils are from the Swaziland group of rocks in South Africa 3.5 Billion years ago (Pre- Cambrian Period)
 Present day life began to develop in tertiary period (Age of Mammals) 65 million years ago
 Quaternary Period 2 million years ago
o Ice age
o Appearance of the Modern man (500,000 years ago)
Chapter 2
The Origin of Man
Biology and Anthropology
Charles Darwin - Evolution
- Those species that are able to adapt to the environment survives
- Man came from the hominids
Gregor Mendel - Genetics
- “The traits might be masked but never blended”
- “Variation and continuity”
Edward Wilson - Sociology, The new Synthesis 1975
- The genetic traits are transmitted from generation to generation through heredity and that natural selection, which acted on the genetic mutation, and natural transmissions are key factors for the evolution of culture and social behaviors
Paleontology
Fossils- Skeletons, imprints, animals frozen in ice
Primates
What makes man superior from Animals?
1. Man has the power to invent or create things.
2. Man has discursive thinking which involves “language”.
3. Man is aware of its history
4. Man has the thing called “Self-consciousness”
The Ascent of man (Evolution Theory)
1. Proconsul- an extinct genus of primates that existed from 23 to 25 million years ago
during the Miocene epoch. Fossil remains are present in Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda.
2. Dryopithecus - 4 feet tall in body length, and more closely resembled a monkey than a
modern ape. The structure of its limbs and wrists show that it walked in a similar way to modern chimpanzees, but that it used the flat of its hands, like a monkey, rather than knuckle- walking, like modern apes.[6] Its face exhibited klinorhynchy, with its face being tilted downwards in profile
3. Oreopithecus- it is believed to stand 1.22 meters tall and weighed 19.2 kg. an extinct primate from the
Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in today's Tuscany and Sardinia in Italy. Oreopithecus (from the Greek ὄρος, oros and πίθηκος, pithekos, meaning "hill-ape") existed 9 to 7 million years ago in the Tusco-Sardinian area when this territory was an isolated island in a chain of islands stretching from central Europe to northern Africa.
4. Ramapithecus- thought to be the oldest ancestor of man in the direct line. The Fragment of jaws and
palates is human-like
5. Australopithecus afarensis- Lucy.The oldest and most complete hominid dated 13 million years ago.
capable of bipedalism.
6. Australopithecus Africanus- Southern ape of Africa. They lived 1-2 million years ago. Their body size
and brain is larger than A. Afarensis.
7. Australopithecus robustos- A ruggedly built massive jawed hominid. Ultimate chewing machine
because of its massive jaw. They are believed to eat coarse tough food that needs chewing. Dead end.

3. 8. Australopithecus boinsei- Close relative to A. Robustos. They have the same brain size. The
nutcracker man. 1.8 years old. Dead end in a branch of hominid line
 Between the australapithecus lies the missing link why the Theory of Evulution is still not accepted as a scientific fact.
9. Homo Habilis- “Handy man”. Larger and more sophisticated brain. With the probability of having a
rudimentary speech facility. Stone tools
10. Homo erectus- “Java man” “Peking man”. “Standing man”. The first Hominid group who left
the African cradle. With a large brain. More advanced speech, knows how to use fire, cooks food, make better tools, there is a probability that they have developed intellectual curiosity.
11. Homo Sapiens (Neanderthal)- 135,000 years ago. Survivors of the ice age. The name Neanderthal
came from the site of discovery. There is a probability that they became extinct 30,000 years ago, or probably have been anatomically assimilated to modern man.
12. Homo Sapiens (Modern Man)- Set apart by culture from his ancestors. The learned farming and domesticating animals. They found permanent settlements and civilizations.
a. Cro-magnon- Chancelade
b. Grimaldi- France
c. Bruenn- Czechoslovakia
d. Offnet- Germany
13. Homo Floresiensis- Means relative to Homo sapiens. Found on Flores Island in
Indonesia. Nearly complete skeleton of a female estimated to date back about 18,000 years old. The female fossils stand only a meter high with the brain third the size of a modern man.
Biblical/Creation
 The oldest belief in the origin of man
 It claims that there is a supreme supernatural being who started everything.
 It goes contrary to the evolution theory.
This belief suggests the following:
1. There is a supreme being. Therefore, the standard of morality will remain the same no matter what.
2. Human is the same since we are created. There is no such thing as evolution.
3. Evolution is logically impossible same thing as a storm has gone into a junk-shop producing a car.
4. The age of the earth is not merely 8,000 years old
Chapter 3
Culture
Culture- The patterned way of life acquired or learned by the members of society or group in a period of time.
- The whole idea of culture is that, it provides a blue-print for living (Brinkerhoff and White 1988)
- The complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by people as members of society (Edward Taylor)
Components of culture-
1. Social Structure- Set of roles and interrelationships of individuals and established groups
2. Culture traits- units of learned behaviors, ranging from language to technologies. The most elementary expression of culture
a. Culture complex- when individual culture traits are functionally interrelated
b. Culture region- a portion of earth’s surface occupied by a group of people who share a common cultural traits
c. Culture real- when set of culture regions showing related culture complex are grouped
3. Culture and environment
a. Cultural ecology- the relationship between a cultural group and the natural group it occupies

4. b. Environmental determinism (physical environment by itself shapes man) vs. possibilism (the idea that people, not the environment, are the dynamic forces of natural environment)
c. Cultural Geography- Examines the reactions of people to the physical environment and their impact on that environment.
4. Cultural Landscape.- Modification of man to its environment
5. Cultural Change-
6. Language
7. Ethnicity- ancestry of a particular group
a. Ethnocentrism
i. Ethnic Cleansing
b. Assimilation
c. Autonomous Nationalism/separatism
i. Right to self-determination
ii. Peripheral location
iii. Social Economic Inequality
Main types of culture
 Material Culture
 Non-Material
o Culture and Technology
Elements of Culture
 Belief
 Values
 Norms
o Folkways
o Mores
o Laws
 Sanctions
 Culture Shock
Culture Universals-
Cultural Diversity-
Cultural Relativism
Cultural lag