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1. Lecture 3
Cultural Anthropology
1st Quarter –2nd Semester
SY 2011-2012

2. Is a science concerned with the study of
man
Main focus: the feature that is unique to
humans – the cultural behavior.

3. Political
Economics Education
Science
Man’s production,
Man’s formal
Man’s government distribution, &
training
consumption of goods
Sociology Medicine
Man’s society Man’s health

4. Paleontology – the study of extinct
animals.
- the study of remains of
ancient organisms that are occasionally
preserved in earth layers of different age.
Fossils – remains of the past organisms

5. Fossils:
Skeleton
Imprints of body structures
Frozen animals
Preserved animals found in logs

6. Fossil record
Adds time depth to the biological
picture
Yields actual ancestral types from
which relatively similar living forms
of organisms could have been derived
Provides diachronic proof of
common ancestry

7. Methods:
Relative Dating Method
Is used if the concern evolutionary
sequences makes important to
know which forms of life came after
which.
Object/specimen can be arranged
in chronological order but the exact
age may not be known.
Ex: flourine, uranium, & nitrogen
tests

8. Absolute Method
 Can determine the exact or approximately exact
ages.
 Determines the evolutionary sequences of two
crucial fossils or cultural deposits
 Ex: (a) Physico chemical dating (uses uranium &
thorium); (b) Potassium argon dating (used to
determine the age of rocks in deposits, not the
fossil)

9. Carbon 14 (C14) dating
◦ Used with organic materials like wood, bone
seeds, & other organic materials.
Biological Analysis
(a) Pollen Analysis or Polynology – analyzes
the relative frequencies of different kinds of
pollen in reconstructing local climatic
conditions in recent deposits.
(b) Dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) – it
uses the fact that tree grows faster in wet years
than in dry years, shown on the annual growth
rings.

10. How do species
originate?
Has it undergone the
gradual process of
evolution over a number
of generations?

11. Natural Selection (Charles Darwin, 1882 &
Alfred Wallace)
They demonstrated that inheritable
variations are differentially affected by the
environment.
They asserted that those who possess
adaptively valuable qualities in their
environment will be at an advantage in
comparison with those who do not possess
such qualities

12. Genetics (Gregor Mendel)
Genes – carry hereditary
traits
- subject to occasional
unpredictable alterations
(mutations)

13. Evolutionary theories say that man
evolved from apes
The Bible says that God
created man

15. Proconsul
Discovered by Leakey in Rusinga
Island
3 species:
Proconsul Africanus (gibbon-sized
type)
Proconsul Nyanzae (chimpanzee-
sized type)
Proconsul Major (gorilla-sized type)

16. Ramapithecus brevirostis
Emerged from dyopithecines
Discovered where lateral incisors,
premolars and the first 2 molars showed
that the upper jaw was more manlike.
Its dental structures points squarely in the
direction of man.

17. Australopithecines
Extinct ape men of early
Pleistocene Africa
Feet and legs were thoroughly
man-like
Skulls were more ape-like
Teeth, bones of lower
extremities and the hips are
more human-like

18. Pithecanthropines
East Asian Apes of the middle Pleistocene
period
Small frontal lobe of the brain
Walked erect
Culture consisted of quartize pebble tools
Used fire for cooking and warmth
Occasionally cannibalism

19.  Pithecanthropus erectus – Javanese variety; discovered by
Eugene Dubois at Trimil Central Java. Upright ape-man.

20.  Pithecanthropus pekinensis
– Chinese variety; discovered
by Dr. Von Koenigswald.
 Peking man
 cranial capacity averaging
about 1,000 cubic cm
 Flat skull
 Small forehead
 limb bones are
indistinguishable from those
of modern humans.
 Teeth are essentially modern

21.  Pithecanthropines
Pithecanthropus
robustus -
 Teeth were essentially
human
 Brain volume is 770-1000
cubic cm
 Discovered by Davidson
Black in a cave of Peking
(Cheukouten)

22. Neanderthal Man
 Discovered during the middle Palaeolithic era
 Has flat, heavy skull & slant forehead
 Large brow ridges
 Broad flat nose
 Heavy jutting jaw
 Was replaced by the Homo sapiens

23. Homo sapiens (modern man)
Varieties of modern man:
Cro-magnon of France
Slightly taller and more ruggedly
built man than the contemporary
European man
White-skinned

24.  Kingdom Animalia
 Phylum Chordata
 Subphylum Vertebrata
 Class Mammalia
 Infraclass Eutheria
 Order Primata
 Suborder Anthropoidea
 Infraorder Catarrhini
 Superfamiliy Hominoidea
 Family Hominidae
 Tribe Hominini
 Genus Homo
 Species Homo sapiens
 Subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens

25. Primate Tendencies (Anthropoid Primates):
•Grasping
•Smell to Sight
•Nose to Hand
•Brain Complexity
•Parental Investment
•Sociality
Primates Common Behavior:
•Learning
•Tool
•Predation and Hunting
Human vs. Other Primates:
•Sharing and Cooperation
•Mating and Kinship