Learning:- meaning, characteristics, process of learning, theories of learning:- classical Conditioning learning,operant conditioning learning learning and organisation behaviour modification

1. UNIT III
Subtitle
Learning: Meaning, Characteristics, and
Process of learning. Theories of
Learning: Classical Conditioning,
Operant Conditioning. Learning and
Organizational Behaviour Modification.

2. Learning can be defined as the permanent
change in behavior due to direct and indirect
experience. It means change in behavior,
attitude due to education and training, practice
and experience. It is completed by acquisition of
knowledge and skills, which are relatively
permanent.
• Learning involves change; it may or may not
guarantee improvement. It should be permanent in
nature, that is learning is for lifelong.
• The change in behavior is the result of experience,
practice and training. Learning is reflected through
behavior.
Add a footer 2

3. FR
Factors Affecting Learning
How Learning Occurs?
• Classical Conditioning Theory
• Occurs when a conditioned stimulus
is coupled with an unconditioned
stimulus. Usually, the conditioned
stimulus (CS) is an impartial stimulus
like the sound of a tuning fork, the
unconditioned stimulus (US) is
biologically effective like the taste of
food and the unconditioned response
(UR) to the unconditioned stimulus is
an unlearned reflex response like
salivation or sweating.
Classical Conditioning Theory Operant Conditioning Theory
Social Learning Theory Cognitive Learning Theory
3
MOTIVATION, PRACTICE, ENVIRONMENT, AND MENTAL GROUP

4. FR
This principle is a learning process in which a behaviour is sensitive to or controlled by its
consequences.
A particular behavior usually has a reward or punishment. One’s behavior will depend on a
specific way from which they will benefit or try to avoid behavior where they will get nothing.
Skinner argued that creating pleasant consequences for specific forms of behavior would
increase the frequency of that particular behavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING THEORY
Add a footer 4

5. FR
Social Learning Theory
5
Social Learning theory is also called observational learning theory. This theory emphasizes
on learning through observation of other’s.
The main assumptions of social learning theory are as follows: –
Learning is not actually behavioural, rather it is a cognitive process that takes place in a
social context.
Learning can occur by observing a behaviour and observing the consequences of the
behaviour (known as vicarious reinforcement).
Learning involves observation, extracting information from those observations, and making
decisions about behaviour performance (known as observational learning or modelling).
Thus, learning may go beyond an observable change in behaviour.
Reinforcement plays an important role in learning but is not solely responsible for learning.
The learner is not a passive recipient of information. Understanding, environment and
behaviour all mutually influence each other.

6. FR
Add a footer 6
Cognitive Learning Theory: – Cognition
defines a person’s thoughts, ideas,
knowledge, interpretation, understanding
about himself and about the
environment. Learning involves gaining
knowledge and understanding it by
absorbing information in the form of
principles, concepts and facts and then
internalizing it. It assumes that a person
learns the meaning of various objects and
events and also learns to respond based
on the meaning given to stimuli. The
knowledge and understanding of learners
can be enriched and internalized by
exposing them to learning materials e.g.
Case studies , projects, problem solving
activities can also be used for this
purpose. Eg. Self – directed learning,

7. Organizational Behaviour Modification
An individual’s behavior in an organization is directly or
indirectly affected by learning.
Example − Employee skills, manager’s attitude are all learned.
Behavior can be improved by following the listed tips −
• Reducing absenteeism by rewarding employees for their
fair attendance.
• Improving employee discipline by dealing with employee’s
undesirable behavior, drinking at workplace, stealing,
coming late, etc. by taking appropriate actions like oral
reprimands, written warnings and suspension.
• Developing training programs more often so as to grab the
trainees’ attention, provide required motivational
properties etc.

8. FR
Emotions: Meaning, Emotions at Workplace
Emotions are mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes,
variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioural responses, and
a degree of pleasure or displeasure.
Emotion is defined as a short, intense feeling resulting from some event. Not everyone reacts to
the same situation in the same way. For example, a manager's way of speaking can cause one
person to feel motivated, another to feel angry, and a third to feel sad.
Emotions Meaning: Emotions are well-defined feelings, bodily sensations, behaviour, or qualities
of consciousness, such as joy, happiness, anger, or sadness that reflect the personal significance
of emotion-arousing events.
The major types of emotions include sadness, compassion, fear, anger, surprise, excitement,
shame, anxiety, pleasure, guilt, interest, hatred, and happiness.
Emotions have a deep effect on almost everything a person does in the workplace. Many
discoveries have revealed that our perceptions, attitudes, decisions, and behaviour are affected
by both cognition and emotion and that the latter often has the greater influence.
People show their emotions when they are happy about something, angry at someone, or afraid
8

9. FR
Emotions at Workplace
9

10. Thank You.