1. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. It does not include temporary changes or those due to maturation. Learning can occur through direct or vicarious experience. 2. Early theories of learning included rationalism by Plato, who believed knowledge was innate, and empiricism by Aristotle, who focused on sensory experience. Aristotle also proposed laws of association including similarity, contrast, and contiguity. 3. Modern learning theories include Thorndike's connectionism and stimulus-response theory, Pavlov's classical conditioning involving neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimuli and responses, and Skinner's operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.

1. LEARNING
Prof. James Grasparil

2. WHAT IS LEARNING?

3. LEARNING
- A RELATIVELY PERMANENT
CHANGE IN THE BEHAVIOR THAT
OCCURS AS A RESULT OF
PRACTICE OR EXPERIENCE.

4. ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF THIS
DEFINITION
•The term learning does not apply to temporary
change in the behavior.
•It does not refer to changes resulting from
maturation or biological influence.
•Can result from vicarious as well as from direct
experience.
•Changes produce by learning is not always
positive

5. NATURE OF LEARNING
•Essential for survival ( Non Scholae Sed Vitae )
•Learning takes place without realizing that we
are learning.

6. ESSENTIAL ASPECT OF THE
LEARNING PROCESS
1. Motivation
2. Goal
3. Readiness
4. Obstacle
5. Responses

7. THE EARLIEST THEORY OF LEARNING
Plato and Aristotle were called rationalist
because they emphasized the role of the mind in
acquiring knowledge.
Plato- believed in nativism that the knowledge is
inherited and is therefore natural or an innate
component of the human mind.
Aristotle-was called empiricist, since he focused
on sensory information as the basis of
knowledge.

8. LAW OF ASSOCIATION BY ARISTOTLE
LAW OF SIMILARITY-RECALL OF SIMILAR
OBJECT.
LAW OF CONTRAST-RECALL OF OPPOSITE
OBJECT.
LAW OF CONTIGUITY- RECALL OF AN
ACTIVITY WHICH IS FREQUENTLY RELATED
WITH THE PREVIOUS ONE.

9. ASSOCIATION THEORY
-AROSE FROM ARISTOTELIAN POINT OF VIEW
-EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE,FORMULATED THE
BASIC CONCEPT OF THE MODERN ASSOCIATION
THEORY SHORTLY THE 1900,HIS THEORY IS
KNOWN AS CONNECTIONISM THEORY OR
STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY.
WHY S-R THEORY?
-ACCORDING TO THORNDIKE HUMAN ACTIVITY
IS BASED ON ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
STIMULUS AND RESPONSE.

10. PRINCIPLES OF CONNECTIONISM
LAW OF READINESS
-STATES THAT WHEN A PERSON IS PREPARED TO
RESPOND,GIVING THE RESPONSE IS SATISFYING AND
BEING PREVENTED FROM DOING SO IS ANNOYING.
LAW OF EXERCISE
-STATES THAT CONSTANT REPETITION OF RESPONSE
STRENGTHENS ITS CONNECTTION WITH THE STIMULUS
AND DISUSE OF RESPONSE WEAKENS IT.
LAW OF EFFECT
-STATES THAT LEARNING IS STRENGHTEN IF THE RESULT
LEADS TO SATISFACTION,BUT WEAKENS IF LEAD TO
ANNOYANCE.

11. CONDITIONING THEORY
WHAT IS CONDITIONING?

12. CONDITIONING
-THE TYPE OF LEARNING INVOLVING
STIMULUS-RESPONSE CONNECTIONS,IN
WHICH THE RESPONSE IS CONDITIONAL
ON THE STIMULUS.

13. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OR
RESPONDENT CONDITIONING
PROPONENT: IVAN PETROVICH
PAVLOV (1849-1936)
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
LEARNING A RESPONSE TO A
NEUTRAL STIMULUS WHEN THAT
NEUTRAL STIMULUS IS PAIRED WITH A
STIMULUS THAT CAUSES A REFLEX
RESPONSE.

14. VARIABLES OF CALSSICAL
CONDITIONING
1.NEUTRAL STIMULUS-AN EXTERNAL
STIMULUS THAT DOES NOT ORDINARILY
CAUSES A REFLEX RESPOONSE OR AN
EMOTIONAL RESPONSE.
2.UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
-ANY STIMULUS THAT CAUSES A REFLEX
RESPONSE OR EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
WITHOUT THE NECESSITY OF LAERNING
AND CONDITIONING.

15. 3.UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
-THE REFLEX RESPONSE EVOKE BY
STIMULUS WITHOUT THE NECESSITY OF
LEARNING.
4.CONDITIONED STIMULUS
-A PREVIOUSLY NEUTRAL STIMULUS THAT
THROUGH CONDITIONING NOW CAUSES A
CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED RESPONSE.
5.CONDITIONED RESPONSE
-A LEARENED RESPONSE TO A PREVIOUSLY
NEUTRAL STIMULUS THAT HAS BEEN
ASSOCIATED WITH THE STIMULUS
THROUGH REPEATED PAIRING.

16. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1.STIMULUS GENERALIZATION-THIS PROCESS
OCCURS WHEN THE CONDITIONED RESPONSE
IS NOT ONLY ELICITED BY THE ORIGINAL
CONDITIONED STIMULUS,BY ANOTHER
STIMULUS SIMILAR TO CONDITIONED STIMULUS.
2.DISCRIMUNATION-GIVING A LEARENED
RESPONSE ONLY TO A SINGLE SPECIFIC
OBJECT.
3.EXTINCTION-ALSO KNOWN AS UNLEARNING
4.SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY-THE RESPONSE
THAT HAD BEEN LEARNED AND THEN
EXTINGUISH AND RE APPEARED WITHOUT
LEARNING.

17. OPERANT CONDITIONING
-IS A TYPE OF LEARNING FOR WHICH
THE CONSEQUENCE THAT FOLLOW THE
BEHAVIOR IS STRENGHTENED OR
WEAKENED THROUGH
REINFORCEMENT. NO REINFORCEMENT
WILL OCCUR UNTIL THE SUBJECT
MAKES THE REQUIRED RESPONSE OR
OPERATES ON THE ENVIRONMENT.
HENCE, THE ORGANISM PLAYS AN
ACTIVE ROLE IN THE LEARNING
PROCESS.

18. REINFORCERMENT-ANY ACTION OR EVENT
THAT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY THAT A
RESPONSE WILL BE REPEATED.
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT-STIMULI THAT
INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF A RESPONSE
AND WHOSE VALUE DOES NOT NEED TO BE
LEARNED, SUCH AS FOOD,WATER,SEX.
- IT IS INNATELY REINFORCING.
2. SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT-STIMULI THAT
INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF A RESPONSE
AND WHOSE REINFORCING PROPERTIES ARE
LEARNED, SUCH AS MONEY AND MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS.
-NOT INNATELY REINFORCING.

19. 3. POSITIVE REINFORCER-
REINFORCEMENT IN WHICH A STIMULUS
IS GIVEN OR ADDED THAT IS DESIRABLE
TO THE SUBJECT.
4. NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT-
REINFORCEMENT IN WHICH A PAINFUL
OR ANNOYING STIMULUS IS TAKEN AWAY.
(IT IS CALLED REINFORCER IF IT
CHANGES THE OPERANT RATE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL;IF IT IS INEFFECTIVE,IT IS
NON-REINFORCER)

20. PUNISHMENT-ANY ACTION OR EVENT
THAT DECREASE THE LIKEHOOD OF A
RESPONSE BEING REPEATED.
TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
1. POSITIVE PUNISHMENT-PUNISHMENT
IN WHICH AS AVERSIVE OR UNDESIRABLE
STIMULI IS APPLIED TO DECREASE A
RESPONSE.
2. NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT-PUNISHMENT
IN WHICH A DESIRED STIMULUS IS
REMOVED TO DECREASE A RESPONSE.

21. SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT
-PUNISHMENT CAN HELP DECREASE
UNWANTED BEHAVIOR, BUT IT ALSO HAS
SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS AND SHOULD
THEREFORE BE AVOIDED IF POSSIBLE.
-MAJOR SIDE EFFECT OF PUNISHMENT IS
ITS TENDENCY TO LEAD TO
FRUSTRATION IN THE PERSON OR
ANIMAL BEING PUNISHED,WHICH CAN
LEAD TO ANGER AND EVENTUALLY
AGGRESSION.