In a recorded interview with fellow physicist Prof. John Wheeler in 1962, Nobel prize-winning Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa said that his colleague Hantaro Nagaoka in the 1930s was (quoting directly), “…“I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in Japan.”
Between September 1924 and June 1925, Nagaoka and his co-workers at RIKEN in Japan conducted some 200 experiments with high-current electric arc discharges between Tungsten electrodes immersed in liquid hydrocarbon transformer oil in which they detected successful transmutation of Tungsten into macroscopic, visible flecks of Gold and Platinum. In June 1925, Nagaoka went a world tour in which he spoke to scientific and lay audiences about their transmutation experiments in Japan and handed-out samples comprising small pieces of porcelain reactor vessels with tiny bits of adhering Gold that had been created therein. In July 1925, “Nature” published his Letter to the Editors in which he reported on their results and encouraged other scientists to try to repeat their provocative experiments.
Amazingly, as far as we can tell no one ever tried to repeat Nagaoka et al.’s landmark experiments. Even more incredibly, the entire area of inquiry involving electric discharge-triggered transmutations of elements essentially died-out worldwide by 1930 (Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 and transmutation via neutron-capture was first elucidated by Taylor in 1935). In this document, we explore some of the possible underlying reasons that may have caused this totally unexpected historical twist.
In 2004, Cirillo & Iorio (Italy) transmuted Tungsten into Rhenium, Osmium, and Gold in a modern, roughly equivalent version of Nagaoka’s electric arc discharge experiments. In 2012 at an American Nuclear Society meeting, using a very different type of gaseous D2 thin-film permeation experimental method it had pioneered in back 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of implanted Tungsten targets into Osmium and Platinum.
Widom & Larsen theory of neutron-catalyzed low energy nuclear reactions (as published in the “European Physical Journal C – Particles and Fields” - 2006 and in “Pramana – Journal of Physics” – 2010) both predicts and explains all of this earlier experimental transmutation data with Tungsten targets.
If a modern repetition of Nagaoka et al.’s 1920s experiments produced encouraging results, commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in the future. That said, as in many cases--- time will tell --- and as they say in Russia, “We shall live and we shall see.”
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Many body collective magnetic mechanism creates ultrahig...Lewis Larsen
“The main reason why the origin of cosmic rays(CRs) is still unknown, one century after their discovery, is that they are charged nuclei isotropized by the turbulent magnetic field in the Galaxy to such a high degree that their observed flux is essentially identical in all directions, with no sources or decisive hot spots identified in any region the sky …” - Etienne Parizot (Univ. of Paris-Diderot), Nuclear Physics B (2014)
In 2008 (arXiv) and 2010 (Pramana), we derived and published approximate, rule-of-thumb formulas for calculating estimated one-shot, mean center-of-mass acceleration energies for charged particles present in plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes (also called “coronal loops”) for two cases: (1) steady-state and (2) explosive destruction of an unstable flux tube (this second case is subset of “magnetic reconnection” processes).
Our simple equations for magnetic flux tubes are robust and scale-independent. They consequently have broad applicability from exploding wires (which in early stages of explosion comprise dense dusty plasmas), lightning, to solar flux tubes and other astrophysical environments that are characterized by vastly higher magnetic fields; these include many other types of stars besides the Sun, neutron stars, magnetars, and regions located near black holes and active galactic nuclei.
Herein we show how plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes likely occur in many different astrophysical systems from relatively small objects (neutron stars and magnetars) to relatively large objects (accretion disks and jet bases of supermassive black holes). When these ordered magnetic structures explode (reconnection, flares), enormous amounts of magnetic energy are converted into kinetic energy of charged particles present inside exploding flux tubes. Using reasonable parametric assumptions, we calculate one-shot, center-of-mass acceleration energies for protons in collapsing protoneutron stars (5.5 x 1018 eV), two cases for BH accretion disks (2.2 x 1017 eV and 0.9 x 1019 eV), and finally for the jet base of a supermassive black hole (2.2 x 1021eV).
What all these numbers suggest, including those for the Sun, is that W-L-S particle acceleration mechanism for magnetic flux tubes can create cosmic ray particles at energies that span the entire cosmic-ray energy spectrum from top to bottom. This argues that commonplace flux tubes may well play a significant role in generating the observed cosmic ray energy spectrum and would be consistent with apparent overall anisotropy of sources at all but the very highest particle energies. That said, we think a number of different acceleration mechanisms likely contribute to entire spectrum, including shock acceleration and perhaps exotic mechanisms such as evaporation of gaseous winds from neutron stars (Widom et al. arXiv:1410.6498v2 -2015).
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lattice Energy LLC - 1994 conference paper - Prof John Dash reported producti...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis: In a ‘lost’ conference paper published 23 years ago, Prof. John Dash et al. correctly concluded that “slow neutrons” were responsible for creating Gold and Silver transmutation products that were clearly observed in electrochemical cells that had been electrolyzed for 400 hours. However, they mistakenly thought that such neutrons were produced by a nuclear fusion process.
More recently, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has used a proprietary gas permeation method for LENR transmutation of Tungsten to Osmium and finally to Platinum. However, MHI’s ultralow energy neutron fluxes in Deuterium gas permeation cleanroom systems were not quite high enough to proceed all the way down the neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutation pathway to reach Gold like Dash et al.
Mitsubishi is presently pushing aggressively to increase LENR transmutation rates and product yields in laboratory devices. In a recent company technical bulletin, the company revealed that transmutation product yields had been increased by nearly 3 orders of magnitude in 3 years by shifting from gas to electrochemical permeation through a thin-film metal-oxide sandwich structure (see slides #34 - 36). Interestingly, to achieve this increase in yields, MHI unknowingly followed guidelines that were already spelled-out in a Widom-Larsen theory rate calculation paper published back in 2007 (slide #33).
Since MHI is also using semiconductor-like fabrication methods, cleanrooms, and some nanotech to build devices and increase transmutation product yields, it begs the question of whether there are any parallels between today’s primitive LENR devices and the historical development of transistors in the semiconductor industry. Well, there are.
Slides #37 – 43 explain how --- in certain ways --- LENR active sites really do resemble electronic transistors used in microchips. I also discuss what this unexpected similarity may mean for future development and commercialization of LENRs for power generation. Amazingly, some aspects of future transistors and LENR device technology will probably converge and perhaps even strongly overlap.
Lattice Energy LLC- Increased Energy Densities Drive Convergence of Batteries...Lewis Larsen
Large increases in battery energy densities drive convergence between energetic materials, LENRs and batteries. Today LENRs create problems in high-energy-density advanced batteries; battery manufacturers can potentially turn today’s LENR issues into tomorrow’s opportunities. Importantly,
Japanese companies understand the convergence: Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota Central Research, Toyota Motor Corp., and other unnamed large Japanese companies all now have LENR R&D programs; Lattice believes their ultimate goal is to eventually be able to replace the internal combustion engine using CO2-free LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Many body collective magnetic mechanism creates ultrahig...Lewis Larsen
“The main reason why the origin of cosmic rays(CRs) is still unknown, one century after their discovery, is that they are charged nuclei isotropized by the turbulent magnetic field in the Galaxy to such a high degree that their observed flux is essentially identical in all directions, with no sources or decisive hot spots identified in any region the sky …” - Etienne Parizot (Univ. of Paris-Diderot), Nuclear Physics B (2014)
In 2008 (arXiv) and 2010 (Pramana), we derived and published approximate, rule-of-thumb formulas for calculating estimated one-shot, mean center-of-mass acceleration energies for charged particles present in plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes (also called “coronal loops”) for two cases: (1) steady-state and (2) explosive destruction of an unstable flux tube (this second case is subset of “magnetic reconnection” processes).
Our simple equations for magnetic flux tubes are robust and scale-independent. They consequently have broad applicability from exploding wires (which in early stages of explosion comprise dense dusty plasmas), lightning, to solar flux tubes and other astrophysical environments that are characterized by vastly higher magnetic fields; these include many other types of stars besides the Sun, neutron stars, magnetars, and regions located near black holes and active galactic nuclei.
Herein we show how plasma-filled magnetic flux tubes likely occur in many different astrophysical systems from relatively small objects (neutron stars and magnetars) to relatively large objects (accretion disks and jet bases of supermassive black holes). When these ordered magnetic structures explode (reconnection, flares), enormous amounts of magnetic energy are converted into kinetic energy of charged particles present inside exploding flux tubes. Using reasonable parametric assumptions, we calculate one-shot, center-of-mass acceleration energies for protons in collapsing protoneutron stars (5.5 x 1018 eV), two cases for BH accretion disks (2.2 x 1017 eV and 0.9 x 1019 eV), and finally for the jet base of a supermassive black hole (2.2 x 1021eV).
What all these numbers suggest, including those for the Sun, is that W-L-S particle acceleration mechanism for magnetic flux tubes can create cosmic ray particles at energies that span the entire cosmic-ray energy spectrum from top to bottom. This argues that commonplace flux tubes may well play a significant role in generating the observed cosmic ray energy spectrum and would be consistent with apparent overall anisotropy of sources at all but the very highest particle energies. That said, we think a number of different acceleration mechanisms likely contribute to entire spectrum, including shock acceleration and perhaps exotic mechanisms such as evaporation of gaseous winds from neutron stars (Widom et al. arXiv:1410.6498v2 -2015).
Lattice Energy LLC - Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization o...Lewis Larsen
Prospects for commercialization of LENRs have radically improved. New Lattice report “Strategic importance of accelerating commercialization of LENRs for green radiation-free nuclear power and propulsion” aims at a broad audience and outlines strategic case for greatly increasing R&D funding to accelerate development of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for CO2-free power generation. Recent Japanese government-funded NEDO project solved previously intractable problems with rational device design & fabrication, experimental repeatability, and erratic, limited thermal output that bedeviled researchers worldwide since 1989-90.
Given spectacular Japanese progress, it appears very likely that LENRs will be commercialized, probably sooner rather than later. Today, Japan is by far the experimental leader along that path; heavily involved companies include Mitsubishi Heavy industries, Toyota, and Nissan..
Lattice Energy LLC - Neutron production and nucleosynthesis in electric disch...Lewis Larsen
LENR transmutations can occur all around us. Neutrons can be created when Hydrogen atoms (protons) are present within many different types of electric discharges that can include among diverse other things: atmospheric lightning on earth and other planets, arcs between electrodes in air, water, hydrocarbons, as well as in nano-arcs (internal shorts) that can occur in electrochemical batteries.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs are revolutionary disruptive energy technology for...Lewis Larsen
Safe, radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) expand use of nuclear power & propulsion into huge range of land vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and spacecraft. Scales downward from large fission reactors used in nuclear naval aircraft carriers and submarines. Enormous energy densities of LENR-based power & propulsion technology could confer decisive combat systems advantages on near-future battlefields.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs enable green radiation-free nuclear power and prop...Lewis Larsen
If commercialized, LENRs could become one of the world’s preeminent energy technologies. At system electrical power outputs of just 5 - 10 kwh, modular LENR-based distributed power generation systems providing combined heat and electricity (CHP) could satisfy energy requirements of a majority of urban and rural households as well as smaller businesses worldwide. Much lower-output, revolutionary portable LENR power sources could displace chemical batteries in applications where ultrahigh performance and longevity are needed.
At electrical outputs of 60 - 200 kwh, LENR-based integrated power generation systems would be able to power vehicles, drones, as well as smaller aircraft and watercraft. This would break oil-based fuels’ 150-year stranglehold on internal combustion engines and decisively decarbonize the entire transportation sector. High-performance LENR thermal sources could also provide high-quality heat for many types of industrial processes.
Although they could very likely be designed and built, development of megawatt-output LENR systems is not mandatory to disrupt the world of energy for the better. If wide deployment of small-scale, low-cost LENR CHP distributed generation could be achieved, large numbers of fossil-fired and/or fission power plants would not have to be built to supply competitively priced, uninterruptible electricity to regional grids serving urbanized areas. Under that scenario, centralized grid power generation would be gradually displaced by vast numbers of smaller, price-competitive distributed LENR power systems inside homes and businesses.
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Einstein M Theory , String Theory and The Future Avinash Singh
The unification of fundamental forces of nature into a single force occupied Einstein attention for much of his later life. Today thousand of physicist, on the cutting edge of physics is still trying to solve it. Albert Einstein spent his last two decades and during his last hr. he was trying to unify all the theories and laws of universe into a single theory so powerful that can describe all the laws and theories of the universe but Einstein ran out of time unfulfilling his dream, now almost a half century later his dream has become the holy grail of the modern physics we may achieve Einstein dream with a new and radical set of ideas called string theory but if this revolutionary theory is right we are in real quite a shock, String Theory says we may be living in a world where reality meets science fiction, a universe of eleven dimension with parallel universes right next to us i.e.an elegant universe composed entirely of the music of strings, but what would be if we combine Einstein general theory of relatively,Newtonian Mechanics Maxwellian Electromagnetism and quantum mechanics to produce a theory that can explain the cosmic background radiation then it would be really a blockbuster in the history of science.
. I have seen that the weak force has ben successfully combined with electromagnetism so that they may be jointly viewed as aspects of a single electroweak force . theories that attempts to add the strong force to this combination-called grand unification theories (GUT) – are being persuade actively . This could be a theory that would seeks to complete the job by adding gravity – sometimes called theories of everything (TOE) .
A Presentation of a Jataka Story with good Dhamma Messages and Life Lessons. The texts are in English.
For the Video (with Audio Narration, explanation and comments in English ) please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhEbsHi2-fE
It is better presentation where you find the real meaning of higgs boson at the end.I believe you will like the slides and the pictures which makes the presentation more simle and attractive.
The Higgs boson is the last “missing piece” of the Standard Model and the 5th member of the boson family (but not a force carrier).
The Higgs is a hypothetical particle that gives mass to all other particles that normally have mass.
The Higgs particle creates a Higgs field that permeates spacetime.
The Higgs particle and its corresponding field are critical to the understanding and validation of the SM, since the Higgs is deemed responsible for giving particles their mass.
The elusive Higgs is so central to the SM and the theory on which the whole understanding of matter is based, if the Higgs does not exist (is not detected), we will not be able to explain the origin of mass.
Numerous people chat quietly in a fairly crowded room.
Rajnikanth enters the room causing a disturbance in the field.
Followers cluster and surround Rajnikanth as this group of people forms a “massive object”.
Brighton Astro - Neutron Star PresentationGareth Jenkins
Presentation from 28th March 2017 to Brighton Astro group. Slideshare removes embedded videos, so two in here are the following:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-P5IFTqB98&t=18s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhOVDDiSvMM
The sixth area of New Energy science that we think is key to tapping energy from the quantum vacuum. This is electrogravitics, which was pioneered by Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown. Long used in covert military projects for super-fast aviation and aerospace propulsion, this is a science that is slowly attracting mainstream attention.
Electron capture in a fully ionized plasma - Sept 17 2014Lewis Larsen
Masterful riposte by Widom-Larsen theory coauthors (Widom & Srivastava) and Swain invalidates erroneous criticisms of Maiani et al. (2014) and reaffirms the correctness of our original 2006 EPJC estimates for many-body collective electroweak neutron production rates
Lattice Energy LLC - Production of Gold via LENR transmutation of Platinum in...Lewis Larsen
Presently, unbeknownst to unsuspecting drivers worldwide, green LENR transmutation processes are occurring at very low rates during operation of three-way catalytic converters installed in over a billion cars and trucks.
Radiation-free nuclear transmutation of chemical elements by LENRs inside catalytic converters is strongly indicated by the presence of anomalous Gold, excess radiogenic Osmium, and shifts toward heavier isotopes that have been reported in Platinum and Palladium found in micron-scale nanoparticles that are emitted from vehicle exhaust pipes.
Extensive sampling and chemical analysis of certain roadway dust and roadside soils by environmental scientists have revealed that in scattered locations nanoparticulate Gold emitted from motor vehicle exhaust has accumulated to the point where local concentrations of this precious metal nearing key minimum threshold of 0.5 ppm needed for economic Gold ore.
This surprising nuclear activity in ubiquitous catalytic converters and absence of deleterious consequences for drivers or Earth’s environment argue that world is already safely coexisting with LENRs. This supports idea that LENRs could potentially be a very attractive future source of green nuclear energy if the technology is successfully commercialized.
Lattice Energy LLC - Widom-Larsen theory reveals surprising similarities and ...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory unveils additional surprising similarities and connections between LENRs and chemical catalysis.
Synopsis: recent extensions of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs have for the first time revealed additional striking and unexpected similarities between electroweak nuclear catalysis --- collective many-body en + pn reaction in condensed matter --- and enzymatic catalysis, inorganic chemical catalysis, plasmon-mediated chemical photocatalysis with “hot” charge carriers, as well as widely published nanotechnology concept of heterometallic plasmonic antenna-reactor nanoparticles for photocatalysis. Among a number of surprising commonalities between LENRs and chemical catalytic processes, many-body collective quantum effects and high local electric fields > 1010 V/m enable many chemical reactions and LENRs to proceed with substantial rates at vastly lower working temperatures and pressures. Existence of all these unexpected parallels suggests that valuable engineering insights can be obtained by data mining state-of-the art technical knowledge about nanotech and chemical catalysis and then applying and leveraging new insights derived therefrom to help accelerate future development of LENRs for power generation.
Einstein M Theory , String Theory and The Future Avinash Singh
The unification of fundamental forces of nature into a single force occupied Einstein attention for much of his later life. Today thousand of physicist, on the cutting edge of physics is still trying to solve it. Albert Einstein spent his last two decades and during his last hr. he was trying to unify all the theories and laws of universe into a single theory so powerful that can describe all the laws and theories of the universe but Einstein ran out of time unfulfilling his dream, now almost a half century later his dream has become the holy grail of the modern physics we may achieve Einstein dream with a new and radical set of ideas called string theory but if this revolutionary theory is right we are in real quite a shock, String Theory says we may be living in a world where reality meets science fiction, a universe of eleven dimension with parallel universes right next to us i.e.an elegant universe composed entirely of the music of strings, but what would be if we combine Einstein general theory of relatively,Newtonian Mechanics Maxwellian Electromagnetism and quantum mechanics to produce a theory that can explain the cosmic background radiation then it would be really a blockbuster in the history of science.
. I have seen that the weak force has ben successfully combined with electromagnetism so that they may be jointly viewed as aspects of a single electroweak force . theories that attempts to add the strong force to this combination-called grand unification theories (GUT) – are being persuade actively . This could be a theory that would seeks to complete the job by adding gravity – sometimes called theories of everything (TOE) .
A Presentation of a Jataka Story with good Dhamma Messages and Life Lessons. The texts are in English.
For the Video (with Audio Narration, explanation and comments in English ) please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhEbsHi2-fE
It is better presentation where you find the real meaning of higgs boson at the end.I believe you will like the slides and the pictures which makes the presentation more simle and attractive.
The Higgs boson is the last “missing piece” of the Standard Model and the 5th member of the boson family (but not a force carrier).
The Higgs is a hypothetical particle that gives mass to all other particles that normally have mass.
The Higgs particle creates a Higgs field that permeates spacetime.
The Higgs particle and its corresponding field are critical to the understanding and validation of the SM, since the Higgs is deemed responsible for giving particles their mass.
The elusive Higgs is so central to the SM and the theory on which the whole understanding of matter is based, if the Higgs does not exist (is not detected), we will not be able to explain the origin of mass.
Numerous people chat quietly in a fairly crowded room.
Rajnikanth enters the room causing a disturbance in the field.
Followers cluster and surround Rajnikanth as this group of people forms a “massive object”.
Brighton Astro - Neutron Star PresentationGareth Jenkins
Presentation from 28th March 2017 to Brighton Astro group. Slideshare removes embedded videos, so two in here are the following:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-P5IFTqB98&t=18s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhOVDDiSvMM
The sixth area of New Energy science that we think is key to tapping energy from the quantum vacuum. This is electrogravitics, which was pioneered by Alfred Biefeld and Thomas Townsend Brown. Long used in covert military projects for super-fast aviation and aerospace propulsion, this is a science that is slowly attracting mainstream attention.
Electron capture in a fully ionized plasma - Sept 17 2014Lewis Larsen
Masterful riposte by Widom-Larsen theory coauthors (Widom & Srivastava) and Swain invalidates erroneous criticisms of Maiani et al. (2014) and reaffirms the correctness of our original 2006 EPJC estimates for many-body collective electroweak neutron production rates
Lattice Energy LLC-Widom-Larsen Theory Explains Data Presented in New Mitsubi...Lewis Larsen
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
Readers are encouraged to download copies and compare various details of Lattice’s fundamental patent US # 7,893,414 (issued by the USPTO on February 22, 2011) with Mitsubishi’s above-noted, recently published US application.
Mitsubishi uses their EINR model published in 1998 to explain their experimental data; however, it is strictly a conceptual phenomenological model and does not explain physics of exactly how LENR catalytic neutrons are formed and why copious energetic neutron radiation is not observed; neither does it explain why prompt and delayed MeV gamma radiation is not emitted during neutron captures on various isotopes.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, as published in 2006 and 2010, fully explains the physics of ultra-low momentum neutron production, as well as the absence of deadly fluxes of energetic neutrons and ‘hard’ MeV-energy gamma radiation; Widom-Larsen theory’s deep insights in detailed device physics enables meaningful engineering of useful LENR devices for controlled production of thermal energy and/or purposeful transmutation of elements to accomplish a variety of objectives.
Conclusions: the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs can successfully explain the various experimental data that was presented and discussed in the recently published, LENR-related US patent application filed June 8, 2012, by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (Japan), US 2012/0269309 A2.
As a parting thought, please note that a number of large Japanese companies now have ongoing LENR R&D programs --- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota Central Research, and Toyota Motors, among others. That being the case, it is highly likely that one or more companies, somewhere, sometime in the not-too-distant future, will eventually succeed in commercializing LENRs.
Lattice Energy LLC - Renewable lignin biomass aromatics convert into green ra...Lewis Larsen
Two of three major components in biomass - cellulose and hemicellulose - are polymerized sugars that can readily be chemically fermented to create renewable biofuels (this is now occurring commercially); the third, Lignin, is much more resistant to chemical degradation into smaller aromatic molecules. Until recently, Lignin was more-or-less ignored by industry and academic biotech researchers, being regarded more as just a waste product to be burned. Importantly, Lignin is only known major natural source of renewable aromatics. Out in Nature, Lignins are mainly broken-down by various fungi and bacteria. Biotechnologists are now beginning to focus on improving various chemical and enzymatic processes that reduce Lignin to smaller molecules, e.g. aromatics. In 2014, Larsen became aware of improvements in Lignin digestion methods. Advances in chemical processing of Lignin to yield basic aromatic molecules opens-up future possibility of creating revolutionary CO2-free LENR fuels from renewable biomass aromatics that would have 5,000x greater energy density than that of gasoline.
Energy-dense, CO2-free LENR fuels derived from aromatic polymers in biomass could potentially become an effectively inexhaustible new source of green energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Synopsis of book titled Fusion Fiasco by Steven Krivit p...Lewis Larsen
Synopsis of Steve Krivit’s book “Fusion Fiasco” in context of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs:
By late October 1989 Dr. Edward Teller, ‘father’ of the first Hydrogen bomb, was apparently convinced Pons & Fleischmann had discovered a little-understood nuclear process that could operate in ordinary electrochemical cells. Bizarre absence of deadly hard radiation indicated to him that P&F’s puzzling results probably weren’t caused by a fusion process. After seeing all the ERAB panel’s data, he further speculated that the underlying process was very likely nuclear and possibly catalyzed by “neutral particle of small mass and marginal stability” that was somewhat akin to a neutron. Krivit reveals how his prescient insights were ignored by the DOE ERAB panel and then effectively buried for 27 years.
Population growth decelerating faster than expected; potential consequences f...Lewis Larsen
Latest data suggests global population growth is slowing --- unexpectedly fast deceleration may have profound implications for economics, geopolitics, energy demand, and resource depletion --- first Fischer “period of equilibrium” for 600 years in which population growth is decelerating, instead of accelerating; future price stability and huge increases in global per capita income?
Lattice Energy LLC- History-Macroeconomics-LENRs-and Real Price of Gold-July ...Lewis Larsen
Examine recent events and large price movements in world gold market, especially concerning likely nadir in the DJIA/Gold ratio; review long term trends in real DJIA and S&P 500 indices.
Fischer’s multi-decadal “Great Wave” socioeconomic concept will be explained and applied to gold and stock market scenarios; likely to be operating in ~85-year Fischer “period of equilibrium” that began in 1980 and could extend to 2065; low rates of inflation and interest on debt instruments; very high rates of breakthrough technological change and productization.
If commercialized (which is likely, since several major Japanese manufacturing companies are now actively involved in R&D, writing journal papers, and publicly reporting experimental results), LENR transmutation technology could potentially be used to produce gold and platinum from lower-cost metals like tungsten; already achieved in laboratory, but scale-up and production cost parameters are still open questions. If successfully commercialized for stationary and battery-like portable power generation applications (which is also likely), LENRs could ultimately have an impact on helping to significantly reduce the real price of energy over time.
As we have shown elsewhere, LENRS are synergistic with oil and coal, not really competitive. Aromatic fractions can probably be extracted from both and then converted into ‘green’ LENR fuels. By using LENRs to transmute carbon rather than combusting carbon atoms with oxygen, 5 million x more thermal energy will be released from the same mass of fuel without emitting any gaseous CO2 into the biosphere. Such a development, if realized, would have an enormous dampening effect on future inflation rates, since the cost of energy is buried within the prices of nearly all goods and services.
Rates of population growth are dropping all over the world, especially in China and India; this is a negative factor for gold demand; strong damper on any nascent inflationary pressures.
Conclusion: the real price of gold is very likely to substantially under-perform the real price appreciation in equities markets during most of the next 5 - 15 years and perhaps even longer.
Indeed, the structure of an atom is fundamental to understanding the properties and behaviour of matter. At its core, an atom consists of three primary subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These constituents collectively determine the atom's mass and charge.
To learn more about VAVA Classes, visit: www.vavaclasses.com
Although they are tiny, atoms have a large amount of energy holding their nuclei together. Certain isotopes of some elements can be split and will release part of their energy as heat. This splitting is called fission. The heat released in fission can be used to help generate electricity in power plants.
Lattice Energy LLC - Green hard-radiation-free len rs could provide game-chan...Lewis Larsen
Green hard-radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) could provide game-changing nuclear power for military combat systems ranging from aircraft to individual warfighters. LENRs are the only energy technology on the foreseeable horizon that could provide a quantum-leap in military power generation and propulsion capabilities in the 2030 - 2050 time-frame.
Lewis Larsen - DJIA approaches previous all-time record high close of 26828 -...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is approaching previous all-time record high close of 26,828 - what happens next? If U.S. economy speeds-up by 3Q 2019 and/or good China-US trade deal is completed, DJIA could hit new all-time highs and increase by 3,000 to 6,000 points during next 6 - 18 months.
Lattice Energy LLC - Microbial radiation resistance transmutation of elements...Lewis Larsen
Microbial radiation resistance, possible transmutation of elements, and the dawn of life on Earth
Multi-species communities of microorganisms will expend energy to assimilate and process heavy elements like Cesium, Gold, and Uranium that -- now -- play no obvious roles in growth or metabolism. Credible experimental data suggests some bacteria are shifting isotope ratios and possibly even transmuting certain elements. How and why are microbes doing this? LENRs may explain how, but why?
Although credible experimental data suggests some microbes can transmute certain elements via LENRs, much more experimentation will be required to decisively demonstrate that microorganisms can truly transmute chemical elements at will and determine which species of microbes have such capabilities. LENRs may not be all that uncommon out in Nature; if so, there will be major implications for geochemistry, isotope geology, and nuclear waste remediation.
LENRs can mimic isotopic effects of mass-dependent and mass-independent chemical fractionation. Elements and isotopes conserve their mass-balances in purely chemical systems; that is not necessarily true if LENRs are also occurring in same systems. Accurate measurement of total mass balances for all chemical species may be needed to discriminate between chemical and nuclear processes.
ULE neutron-catalyzed transmutation is not energetically practical for more-abundant chemical elements found in living systems such as Carbon. However, transmutation could potentially be an energetically feasible and advantageous capability that could enable some fortunate microbes to produce life-critical, low-abundance catalytic active site metals that are unavailable in local environments.
Japanese government-funded project with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, Nissan, and four universities is developing abiotic LENRs for power generation. Recently reported outstanding heat production results at working temperatures and pressures far lower than those found in many undersea hydrothermal vents.
Lattice Energy LLC - Korean scientists use bacteria to reduce concentration o...Lewis Larsen
Korean scientists used experimental laboratory mixtures of bacteria to reduce concentration of radioactive Cesium-137 (as indicated by gamma emissions) present in aqueous growth solutions irradiated with light at 12-hour intervals, shaken, and incubated at 25o C.
During experiments, and compared to controls, measured gamma radiation for flasks containing bacteria decreased at vastly higher rates than would be expected for ‘normal’ rate of Cs-137 β-decay. Is radioactive Cesium actually being transmuted into heavier Cs isotopes and other elements by living bacteria?
Lattice energy LLC - Chinese chemists report photochemical triggering of LENR...Lewis Larsen
Experiments reported in 2017 by Prof. Gong-xuan Lu et al. at Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, in Lanzhou, China showed photocatalytic triggering of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) at NTP with visible light. Experimental results reported in “Journal of Molecular Catalysis” (China) in 2017 claimed production of Deuterium and Helium as well as nuclear transmutation of Potassium to Calcium. Very significant discovery if experimental claims can be independently confirmed by other researchers using same methods. If Lu et al.’s claims are confirmed, their work has important implications. For chemical catalysis, it suggests that LENR transmutations can occur at very low rates in parallel with ordinary chemical reactions; LENRs can coexist and interoperate at NTP. Also implies total mass-balances for chemical elements comprising reactants and products might not necessarily be conserved. For astrophysics and cosmochemistry, it means that nucleosynthesis can occur on surfaces of Hydrogen- and metal-rich dust grains irradiated by starlight.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR experiment conducted by The Aerospace Corporation r...Lewis Larsen
LENR experiment conducted independently in 2017 by The Aerospace Corporation (non-profit company that operates a FFRDC) effectively repeated excess heat results reported by the Japanese government-funded NEDO LENR fabrication and testing project. Experimental data from this confirmatory experiment was reported by Dr. Edward Beiting, a physicist and Senior Scientist at The Aerospace Corporation, in a presentation that occurred on June 5, 2018 at the ICCF-21 conference held at Colorado State University in Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Lattice Energy LLC - Revolutionary LENRs for power generation - accelerating ...Lewis Larsen
Commercialization of radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) for power generation could potentially occur with surprising speed. In just 2.5 years, Japanese government NEDO-funded LENR device fabrication and testing project achieved TRL-4 (refuting the skeptics) and validated application of Widom-Larsen theory, materials science, and nanotech to help accelerate commercialization pathway from present developmental level of TRL-4 to future commercial LENR-based products at TRL-9.
Lattice Energy LLC - March 2 Technova seminar in Tokyo released more info re ...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO-sponsored LENR device project released additional technical details at Technova seminar held in Tokyo on March 2, 2018. Japanese government is targeting commercialization of LENRs as a revolutionary, radiation-free nuclear technology for use in power generation and propulsion applications. NEDO project results to date have demonstrated Watt-level reproducibility of excess heat in small nanocomposite LENR devices. Assuming substantial scale-up of device heat output is possible, NEDO project’s technical achievement validates future potential for LENRs to someday become an important source of green CO2-free energy.
Lattice Energy LLC - Russia announces nuclear fission-powered cruise missile ...Lewis Larsen
In globally televised speech on March 1, President Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia has successfully developed and tested a nuclear-powered cruise missile with unprecedented performance capabilities. If real (which appears likely), this advanced weapon system is probably powered by an unshielded Uranium fission reactor. Such a propulsion system would almost certainly produce large emissions of deadly energetic neutron/gamma radiation and release radioactive waste particulates into reactor exhaust plumes that would be rather dangerous to exposed people and the environment.
Radiation-free ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) --- which involve neither fission nor fusion --- now under development by Lattice, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Toyota, and Nissan are a truly safe, green nuclear technology. Importantly, LENRs can potentially be scaled-up and might someday be able to safely propel future missiles, manned aircraft/UAVs, manned submarines/UUVs, and everyday motor vehicles.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government project - nan...Lewis Larsen
Nanocomposite LENR devices in Japanese NEDO industry-academia-government R&D project produced enough cumulative excess heat to boil a cup of tea.
Since 1989, production of calorimetrically measured excess heat during vast majority of experiments with purpose-fabricated LENR devices was a hit-or-miss proposition. When excess heat produced, was typically < 1 Watt for periods ranging from few hours to several days. NEDO greatly improved device fabrication, reproducibility, longevity, and excess heat performance.
For years skeptics summarily dismissed LENRs as a potential new energy source because experiments were unable to produce enough excess heat to even “boil a cup of tea.” Thanks to results of NEDO project, not any more.
NEDO project has demonstrated that LENRs can produce non-trivial, Watt-level amounts of excess heat from nanocomposite multi-metal devices without emission of deadly fluxes of energetic neutron or gamma radiation --- it is safe, radiation-free nuclear technology.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported reasonably reproduci...Lewis Larsen
Japan’s NEDO industry-academia-government R&D program’s recent experimental results technically validated potential for LENRs to become major future energy source.
Excess heat was produced in ~ 80% of project’s reported LENR experiments. Whenever excess heat was created, it is most often at Watt-levels or better at reactor operating temperatures of 200 - 300 degrees C. Duration of excess heat production ranged up to weeks, which is non-trivial. Such LENR device behavior represents excellent reproducibility for complex early-stage technology. With respect to reproducibility of device fabrication methods and heat production, these are best-ever experimental results reported to date in field of LENRs.
Watt-level excess heat was produced in Hydrogen (H)- and Deuterium (D)-loaded experimental systems. No deadly energetic (MeV-energy) gamma or neutron radiation was detected during heat production in any project experimental runs. Such observations are consistent with and predicted by the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs which posits production and capture of ultralow energy neutrons on ‘fuel’ atoms which drive hard-radiation-free nuclear transmutation reactions and decays that release nuclear binding energy in form of copious heat.
In Lattice’s opinion, NEDO project’s outstanding experimental results change LENRs’ Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from TRL-3 to TRL-4 (European Commission definitions). This is an important step in commercialization of LENRs for power generation applications.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese NEDO LENR project reported good progress in exc...Lewis Larsen
Japan now funding R&D in LENR technology for use in power generation applications. Quietly threw down the gauntlet to global oil industry.
January 2018: terse project report summarizing progress in Japanese government NEDO-funded R&D in LENRs for period of Oct. 2015 through Oct. 2017 was released by Technova Inc. on ResearchGate. Herein we will review and discuss NEDO project’s reported progress.
Project scientists reported significant R&D progress toward developing LENR devices that serve as powerful heat sources. Reproducibility of device fabrication techniques and excess heat output were improved. Certain nanocomposite, multi-metal LENR test devices with mass <140 grams cumulatively produced up to ~85 megajoules (MJ) of excess heat per mole (MJ/mol) of absorbed Hydrogen (H) or Deuterium (D); some: duration of heat > 1 month. By contrast, complete combustion of Hydrogen releases ~0.286 MJ/mol of H. Chemical processes cannot explain these results.
Japan, Inc. appears to be developing LENR technology to someday replace the internal combustion engine.
Lewis Larsen - Dow-Jones Industrial Average reaches 26000 - what happens next...Lewis Larsen
Dow-Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has just gone above 26,000 for first time ever. What happens next? Boom or bust?
Short pithy answer: “We ain’t seen nothin’ yet”; quoted from Barron’s article published in February 1988
Slightly longer answer: We are presently in an era of low-inflation economic growth and explosion of new technologies. Therefore, a continued global financial and economic boom subject to episodic, healthy market price corrections is much more likely to occur than a fearsome bust like the near-collapse of U.S. financial markets in 2008 and subsequent Great Recession from which world financial markets and many national economies are just beginning to fully recover. Herein we present key reasons why this bullish scenario should transpire as events unfold.
Lattice Energy LLC - Polar vortex cold wave in USA has potential for lower te...Lewis Larsen
Today, the United States is gripped in jaws of a Polar Vortex extreme cold weather event in Midwest and Northeast. On December 27, 2017 the nighttime low temperature in Duluth, Minnesota hit bone-chilling 41 degrees below zero F. This severe cold snap is predicted to persist through January 5 – 7, 2018. How will wind & solar renewable energy sources and commercial natural gas pipelines perform during this latest Polar Vortex event in U.S.? It will be interesting to see what happens between today and mid-January 2018.
Lattice Energy LLC - Fossil fuels and nuclear vs renewables for powering elec...Lewis Larsen
Enormous potential future value for diversified portfolios of renewable, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power generation --- enable grids to have resilience against extreme weather events related to climate change and “Black Swan” volcanic eruptions.
Proverb: “In the first place … an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Benjamin Franklin (1735). Fukushima lessons: mitigate improbable extreme events if not too expensive; $200 million was thought too costly to fix backup generators in 2006 but the ‘cure’ for the 2011 nuclear disaster now costs $189 billion and could take 30 - 40 years.
What may appear ‘greener’ and less $$$ in myopic short-term decision-making about grids could end-up being extremely $$$ expensive or catastrophic in longer-term. Data suggests that is it too risky for society to put all its energy “eggs” into a single renewable basket. Lattice therefore believes balanced diversity of different types of grid power sources is best strategy for insuring 99+% future reliability and excellent resiliency of electricity grids facing onslaughts of extreme weather events and low but non-zero probability for catastrophic Black Swan volcanic eruptions.
Since high % of renewable energy sources on electricity grids is a new phenomenon and unexplored territory, there aren’t preexisting road maps to guide government regulation and critical implementation by industry. Private sector companies by nature are concerned with short-term bottom line profitability and have more narrowly focused interests; by contrast, government is responsible for insuring national energy security over much longer time-frames and broader range of grid-threatening events.
Rick Perry/DOE’s controversial NOPR to FERC in September created an important opportunity for U.S. government and industry to begin productive dialogue about how to enhance the U.S. electricity grid’s ability to maintain present reliability and adapt to climate change.
Lattice Energy LLC - US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FER...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry-DOE suggestions to FERC re improving future grid resiliency are reasonable
U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry has been heavily criticized for controversial DOE letter to FERC that proposed changes to compensation rules involving coal and nuclear power generation. Letter suggested that coal and nuclear operators should be compensated somehow for special value to grid resiliency provided by providing uninterruptible power during extreme weather events. Rick Perry-DOE further suggested that another requirement for receiving such compensation would be that eligible grid-connected dispatchable generation assets must be able to store enough fuel onsite to permit 90 days of uninterrupted electric power generation.
Ongoing climate change appears to be increasing the probability of extreme polar vortex cold snaps like what occurred in U.S. in winter of 2014; lowest temperatures during that episode only lasted for several days. Since then, there have been additional occurrences of weather extremes that drastically reduced renewable power output and lasted much longer than several days.
During 2015 there was a severe wind drought in Western United States lasting nearly six months. During December 2016 and January 2017 Germany and Western Europe experienced several protracted periods --- lasting up to one month --- during which there was little or no sun nor any wind. On January 24, power shortfall with renewables got so bad that Germany came within one dispatchable coal-fired power plant of experiencing a national power blackout. That was eerily similar to what nearly happened in Northeastern U.S. during worst of 2014 polar vortex and revealed limited resilience of Germany's Energiewende.
Given that extreme weather events can clearly cause substantial, protracted power shortfalls with renewables and natural gas plants, Rick Perry/DOE’s deep concerns about fuel security and suggestions to FERC are reasonable.
Lattice Energy LLC - LENR technology could help justify 2 trillion valuation ...Lewis Larsen
LENR technology could help justify Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s proposed US$ 2 trillion valuation for Saudi Aramco in planned 2018 company IPO.
Some outsiders and company insiders believe IPO valuation of US$ 400 billion up to maximum of 1.5 trillion are more realistic numbers. To the contrary, announcing major new R&D program in LENR technology by Aramco prior to IPO could boost valuation by increasing perceived future growth prospects and potentially enabling future production and sale of new types of revolutionary nanoparticulate CO2-free fuels derived from oil. These aromatic Carbon LENR fuels for transportation and power generation applications would have over 5,000x the energy density of gasoline.
Lattice Energy LLC - Japanese confirm Lattice hypotheses re importance of ads...Lewis Larsen
Survival of 40% of world’s population heavily depends on higher food production enabled by Ammonia fertilizer produced in large plants via Haber-Bosch process as commercialized in 1909.
Progress is being made with new catalyst technology that could potentially reduce capital and operating costs of future Ammonia plants which would be cost-effective in much smaller sizes that enable distributed production.
Recent Japanese papers confirm Lattice’s hypotheses about importance of adsorbed protons and high
local electric fields for boosting reaction rates on some types of metallic catalyst surfaces.
Manabe et al. achieved high yield Haber-Bosch-like synthesis of Ammonia by applying DC electric fields
along with N2, H2, Cs/Ru catalyst and SrZrO3 support at just room temperature and ~1 atmosphere pressure versus ~450o C and ~200 atm in commercial NH3 plant.
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs predicts deep causal connection between many-body collective physics of electroweak nuclear catalysis and chemical catalysis: very high local electric fields ≥ 1010 V/m and mobile surface patches of Q-M entangled protons. In LENRs these enable: electron + proton --> neutron + neutrino.
Lattice Energy LLC - Unclassified 2010 US Defense Threat reduction Agency Pow...Lewis Larsen
U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) favorably evaluated Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs in official contract report originally published back in March 2010. Unclassified document very recently became publicly available on the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security’s digital library website. Quoting from DTRA report’s conclusions: “Could the W-L theory be the breakthrough needed to position LENR as a major source of carbon-free, environmentally clean source of source of low-cost nuclear energy??”
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Lattice Energy LLC - Mystery of Nagaokas 1920s Gold Experiments - Why Did Work Stop by 1930 - Dec 27 2013
1. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 1
Tungsten
Platinum
Gold
Stable 74W180-186
Series of
Intermediate
Isotopes
78Pt197
Stable 79Au197
+n and decays
β- decay
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs explains Nagaoka’s results
+n
78Pt196
Series of
Intermediate
Isotopes
+n and decays
In September 1924 Nagaoka transmuted
Tungsten into Gold via electric arcs
Was perhaps most famous physicist in Japan at that time
Internationally recognized as competitor of Rutherford
Why did electric arc work stop by 1930?
Early in 1925: retired at age 60 as Tokyo Univ. Prof. of Physics; went to RIKEN
June 1925: traveled around world showing-off specimens of produced Gold
July 1925: his Letter to the Editors of British journal Nature was published
1926 - 1930: published on exploding wires and Au/Hg/Tl spectroscopy
1931: was appointed as 1st President of Osaka Imperial University
2. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 2
Transmutations were a hot topic in 1920s
Many famous scientists pursued electric discharges
Transmutations were not considered fringe science during the
early 1920s. Au contraire, there was a very lively back-and-forth
global dialogue on the subject involving some of the most famous
physical scientists of that era. For example, in a Scribner’s
magazine article published in 1923, Prof. Robert Millikan (U. of
Chicago, Nobel prize in physics, 1923) said, “As early as 1912, Dr.
Winchester and I thought we had good evidence that we were
knocking hydrogen out of aluminum and other metals by very
powerful electric discharges in vacuo … How much farther can we
go in this artificial transmutation of elements? This is one of the
supremely interesting problems of modern physics upon which we
are all assiduously working.” [at that point Millikan was busy
setting-up a high voltage laboratory at Caltech to test those ideas]
3. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 3
1925 - 1930s: Nagaoka was a towering figure
Yukawa: “I can check it. I think this is about 1931 or ‘32. But
this was not the first. We were very fortunate. There were
many European physicists who visited Japan and came to
Kyoto University … when I was still a student, and he
[Laporte] talked about new quantum mechanics. And then
came Sommerfeld. And then came Heisenberg and Dirac too,
and a few years later came Bohr.”
Wheeler: “Who took the initiative in inviting these people to
Japan?”
Yukawa: “I think Professor Nagaoka was all powerful then
among scientists … he had some very deep insight, although
he did not work himself [at that point in his career] … Nagaoka
was [the] President of Osaka University when I moved from
Kyoto to Osaka. But he was at the same time President of the
Academy; he was the greatest boss among all the scientists in
Japan. Although he was perhaps over sixty, he was mentally
very young. And he was interested in new physics, and he
tried to invite the first-rate theoretical physicists from abroad
… and he tried to invite these foremost physicists to Kyoto
University too. So we were very fortunate to have the
opportunity to listen to lectures by these first-rate, eminent
theoretical physicists from abroad. And then, after that, we
were also fortunate that Japanese physicists who had been
studying in Europe” [which included Nagaoka].”
Copyright 1962: American Institute of Physics
During interview by John Wheeler in 1962, Hideki Yukawa
(1949 Nobel Prize in physics for contributions to meson
theory) commented on Nagaoka's power and influence
Source: http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/868.html
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 3
4. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 4
Early 1900s: many researchers reported transmutation of elements
during electric discharges; no theoretical explanation of data existed
1922: Wendt & Irion reported producing Helium in exploding wires;
Rutherford trashed their results and effectively ended their careers
1925: Nagaoka reported producing Gold during electric arc discharges
and encouraged others to verify it; few believed his spectacular results
1927: one of Millikan’s PhD students reported arc-driven heavy element
transmutations in Physical Review; not widely believed by physicists
1932: Chadwick first confirmed the existence of Rutherford's “neutron”
1938: Hahn & Strassman - first experimental report of Uranium fission
Early 1930s to 1950: dark ages of electric arc research; few pursued it
anywhere except for Paneth who fled to England from Germany in 1933
1951: Sternglass saw neutron production in arc discharges; consulted
Bethe & Einstein; dropped work because he wanted to get PhD quickly
1957: modern astrophysical ideas about nucleosynthesis of elements in
stars delineated in famous paper by both Burbidges, Fowler, and Hoyle
1989: Pons & Fleischmann claimed that D+D “cold fusion” was seen in
D2O electrolytic cells; research was trashed by mainstream scientists
2002: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported transmutation of Cesium to
Praseodymium in refereed journal; results questioned by some parties
2006: Widom & Larsen published collective many-body weak e + p g
n + ν theory of LENRs in peer-reviewed European Physical Journal C
2012: At ANS, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed Nagaoka’s LENR
transmutation pathway of Tungsten g Osmium g Platinum g Gold
2013: Toyota finally confirmed Mitsubishi’s D2 permeation method for
W-L LENR transmutation of stable Cesium g stable Praseodymium
1900 - 2013: selective timeline of events
5. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 5
Much was still undiscovered in 1924-26
Transmutation processes are well-understood today
To understand why some in the world of science may have
reacted to Nagaoka’s reported results with quiet skepticism,
one must appreciate how little was known back in the early
1920s compared to today’s vast increases in knowledge
Although Rutherford had hypothesized the existence of an
electrically charge-neutral nuclear particle that we now call
the neutron back in 1910, the existence of such a neutron
was not verified experimentally until 1932 (Chadwick)
While beta-minus decays were discovered by Rutherford in
1899, they were not understood theoretically until Fermi
published his seminal papers that invoked neutrinos in 1934
Neutron-capture-induced transmutation reactions were
unknown possibilities until 1935 when Taylor demonstrated
experimentally that boron-10 nuclei could capture thermal
neutrons, which in turn caused the fission of Boron-11 nuclei
into detected Helium-4 (alpha particles) and Lithium-7 ions
Fission of Uranium was reported experimentally by Hahn &
Strassman in 1938; Meitner & Frisch provided theory in 1939
In 1946, Hoyle theorized the creation of neutrons via a direct
e + p g n + ν electroweak reaction in hot cores of dying stars
Modern electroweak theory was articulated by Glashow,
Salam, and Weinberg in the mid-1960s but not fully verified
experimentally - mostly at CERN - until the end of the 1980s
In 2006, Widom & Larsen published collective many-body
theory showing how e + p can occur in condensed matter
6. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 6
Widom-Larsen explains arc transmutation
Processes: neutron production, captures, and decays
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 6
By using a novel integration of many-body
collective effects with existing physics, the
Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs explains how
ultra low energy neutrons can be created under
mild conditions in condensed matter devices and
systems --- stars, fission reactors, or nuclear
explosions are not required to trigger
nucleosynthesis in tabletop apparatus
It also explains how those neutrons are then
captured on target atoms to catalyze
transmutations, why LENRs are ‘green’ hard
radiation-free nuclear processes, and why they
do not produce significant amounts of hazardous
long-lived radioactive wastes
In providing detailed physics of the mechanisms
for these phenomena it enables engineering of
future commercial versions of revolutionary
LENR-based portable nuclear power sources as
well as other applications
7. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 7
What is now called particle physics born in the early
1900s; experimentalists mainly use dilute, very well-
characterized beams of particles to bombard a variety
of targets at ever-higher energies that today reach ~7
TeV in CERN’s gigantic Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Tracing its origin to the 1890s, nuclear physics was
born a little earlier than particle physics. By the mid-
1930s, it was apparent to most scientists that nuclear
phenomena could involve the strong interaction
(fission, fusion, neutron-capture), weak interaction
(beta decays and reactions that emit or absorb
neutrinos), and/or the electromagnetic force (γ decay)
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 7
Births of nuclear and particle physics
Still based mostly on 1-3 particle (few-body) reactions
Importantly, the enormous body of experimental and
theoretical work that has been developed around this
collection of interactions and various particles since
the 1890s has been based primarily on few-body (3 or
fewer interacting particles) reaction kinematics. This
occurred partly for computational reasons (many-
body calculations are mathematically intractable, even
with today’s computers) and because reaction cross-
sections for >3 particles are often negligible in Nature
8. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 8
Nagaoka was a transmutation pioneer
Transmuted Tungsten into Gold back in 1924-25
In a series of more than 200 experiments, Prof.
Hantaro Nagaoka produced detectable Gold and
Platinum during high-current electric discharges
between Tungsten (W) metal electrodes immersed
in hydrocarbon transformer oil laced with Mercury
Using only limited knowledge about nuclear
physics that was available at that time (neutrons
and fission had not been discovered yet), Nagaoka
mistakenly believed that Gold (Au) was produced
as a result of high electric fields “disintegrating”
Mercury (Hg) atoms into lighter Gold atoms and
other constituents of atomic nuclei. This made
sense in the context of his knowledge because
Mercury was known to be heavier than Gold and
found in same row of Periodic Table of elements
What Nagaoka did not know back then was that
during the electric discharges ultra low momentum
neutrons were being created from some surface
plasmon electrons (present on W electrodes) that
reacted directly with Hydrogen (protons) in
transformer oil. Those neutrons were captured by
Tungsten atoms and transmuted them into Gold
Credit: E. M. Soriano – ETHZ Switzerland – thesis - calculated surface plasmon electron electric field
intensities around cylinder on substrate; found at source URL http://alphard.ethz.ch/Moreno/moreno.htm
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 8
9. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 9December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 9
Arcs thought to disintegrate atoms
Nagaoka’s thinking used knowledge circa 1924-26
Idea of “disintegrating atoms” to learn more about their
constituents dated back to Rutherford’s famous Gold
foil experiment in 1909 in which a beam of alpha
particles arising from decay of a Radium sample were
used to bombard a thin film of metallic Gold. From the
results of these experiments, Rutherford correctly
deduced that atomic nuclei had to be composed of
dense, tiny cores of positive charge surround by distant
clouds of orbiting, negatively-charged electrons. By
1919, Rutherford was calling for development of
“accelerators” that could produce more energetic MeV
beams of charged or uncharged particles that could be
used to bombard atomic nuclei to probe internal
nuclear structure and trigger few-body reactions
between nuclei and/or various elementary particles
Nagaoka's thinking followed a rough-hewn logic: at that
time there was no nuclear theory that could rigorously
explain his amazing transmutation data. Chadwick’s
discovery of the neutron was still 6 years in the future
(1932) and the idea that neutrons could be captured by
atoms and transmuted to other elements would not be
published until 1935 (Taylor); neutron-induced Uranium
fission was first proposed by Meitner & Frisch in 1939
10. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 10December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 10
Electric discharges out of favor by 1930
Forsaken by most nuclear scientists for accelerators
By 1930, transmutations produced in various electric
discharges, arcs, and exploding wires were more or less
abandoned as active lines of inquiry in nuclear science,
partly because underlying nonlinear physics of such
discharges were not as well-understood as accelerator-
driven particle beams, and especially because the
energetically better-characterized particle beams
provided vastly more precise control of key parameters
and thus enabled better, more definitive experiments
After electric discharge experiments became unpopular,
many reports of anomalous nuclear transmutations
observed in such experiments (that had accumulated in
the literature since ~1900) ended-up being forgotten by
the global nuclear science community --- a collection of
odd data published in an earlier era that many merely
chalked-up to measurement errors and contamination
Anomalous neutron production in keV-energy electric
discharge experiments in a hydrogen-filled X-ray tube
was observed by a PhD student working at Cornell
University in 1951; Bethe and Einstein even got involved
in analyzing the data (Einstein thought it might involve
many-body collective effects with electrons) but the
student dropped work to pursue less controversial topic
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Idea that nuclear transmutations were occurring
inside stars and creating different elements therein
was broached by Millikan in 1923 Scribner's article
published where he mused, “Has nature a way of
making these transmutations in her laboratories? She
is doing it under our eyes in the radioactive process
… Does the process go on in both directions, heavier
atoms being continually formed, as well as continually
disintegrating into lighter ones? Not on earth, so far
as we can see. Perhaps in God’s laboratories, the
stars. Some say we shall be finding out.”
In a famous theoretical paper published in 1929,
Houtermans & Atkinson first proposed that thermal
kinetic energies inside stars would be high enough
to allow nuclei of light elements to overcome the
Coulomb repulsive barrier and fuse (two-body
fusion). Experimental confirmation occurred in
1933 when Oliphant used a new Cavendish particle
accelerator to slam Deuterons into various targets;
he produced Helium-3 and Tritium and observed
liberation of excess nuclear binding energy which
prompted him to speculate on fusion inside Sun
Early ideas about transmutations in stars
Started speculating about fusion within Sun in 1933
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Bethe proposed H + H fusion in 1939
Nuclear physics hijacked by weapons work in 1942
In a landmark paper published in March 1939, “Energy
production in stars”, Bethe said, “ … For fainter stars
with lower central temperatures, the [two-body fusion]
reaction H + H = D + e+ and the reactions following it,
are believed to be mainly responsible for the energy
production. It is shown further that no elements
heavier than He4 can be built up in ordinary stars …
Production of neutrons in stars is likewise negligible.
The heavier elements found in stars must therefore
have existed already when the star was formed.”
In August 1939, five months after Bethe’s paper
published, Szilárd wrote a fateful letter signed by
Einstein to then-President Roosevelt in which they
advocated development of an atomic fission bomb to
counter weapons development efforts that they
believed were underway in Nazi Germany. That letter
then led to creation of the Manhattan Project in 1942
Since 1942, cumulative worldwide government-funded
investment in nuclear science has totaled trillions of $
of R&D in few-body fission and fusion reactions for
military and commercial applications and some tens of
billions of $ on ever-more-powerful accelerators for
pure science studies of few-body particle interactions
13. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 13December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 13
Hoyle theorized e + p in stars in 1946
Neutron-capture nucleosynthesis theorized in 1957
In 1946, Hoyle theorized that e + p g n + ν weak reaction
occurs in cores of dying stars as they explode, after
which a remnant neutron star would often be created
Going far beyond Gamow and Bethe’s thinking, modern
concepts about nucleosynthesis in stars crystallized in a
seminal 1957 paper by the two Burbidges, Fowler, and
Hoyle titled, “Synthesis of the elements in stars.” In this
paper, they predicted the existence of the p-process and
neutron-capture driven r- and s-processes to account for
stellar production of elements heavier than iron (where
fusion-based nucleosynthetic processes effectively end)
Burbidge et al. published another follow-up paper in 1965
that, in spite of their prominent stature, was essentially
ignored and forgotten by the astrophysical community.
In it, they reviewed available observational evidence and
concluded that --- although the mechanism was unclear --
- some nucleosynthesis had to be occurring somewhere
outside the dense, super-hot cores of stars. Sadly, this
bold heretical idea was published way ahead of its time
By 1970, nuclear physicists were convinced that stars,
fission reactors, or nuclear weapons were mandatory
for nucleosynthesis to happen; idea of transmutation
occurring anywhere else was thought to be impossible
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Many-body collective effects from 1940s
Russian physicists derived a key theoretical insight
In mid-1970s, legendary Russian physicists Landau &
Lifshitz published theoretical calculation in which they
showed how effective electron mass could be increased
substantially by bathing electrons in nuclear-strength
electric fields; it was not clear how that might be useful
By mid-1970s, it became very apparent to physicists and
chemists researching surface processes that that Bohr-
Oppenheimer approximation (which had been used
since 1927 to simplify quantum mechanics calculations
that would otherwise be computationally intractable)
breaks down completely on surfaces and at interfaces
While many-body collective effects were not much
utilized in either nuclear or particle physics after the
1940s, thereafter they became an essential conceptual
component for theory toolboxes in condensed matter
and solid state physics covering diverse phenomena
that includes quasiparticles, surface plasmon
electrons, and superconductivity among others, as
well as complex emergent phenomena beautifully
described in a provocative 2005 book by R. Laughlin
1960s and 1970s marked a resurgence of interest in
exploding wires and closely related Z-pinch plasma
experiments, mostly by US and Russian weapons
researchers trying to trigger hot fusion reactions
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Government R&D focused on hot fusion
“Cold fusion” claimed in 1989 and discredited by 1991
In 1989, Univ. of Utah chemists Pons & Fleischmann
(P&F) erroneously claimed to have triggered Deuterium-
Deuterium “cold D-D fusion” reactions in aqueous
electrochemical cells that had a Palladium cathode,
Platinum anode, and heavy water D2O electrolyte laced
with Lithium salts. Claims were based on measurements
of excess heat and detection of Helium-4, although they
acknowledged a surprising absence of deadly neutron
and gamma radiation. In ensuing furor, experiments were
mostly irrepeatable; thus, P&F were discredited by 1991
Government Deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion power R&D
programs that had originally been started in the early
1950s went into massive funding during the 1970s. By
1980, tokamak and laser-driven inertial confinement
fusion (ICF) concepts had emerged as front-runners for
development of huge multi-billion $ machines trying to
achieve energetic break-even. The ITER tokamak
fusion reactor project began in 1985 and is still being
built in Cadarache, France; construction began on US
ICF National Ignition Facility (NIF) located at Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory in 1997 and finally completed in
2009. In Oct. 2013, NIF claimed that a D-T fuel capsule
had finally achieved breakeven relative to input power
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Unfortunately for Pons & Fleischmann, their excess heat
effects were irreproducible in 1989-90 because their D-D
fusion hypothesis was wrong (neither one knew anything
about nuclear physics); neither did they know about what
is now nanotechnology and plasmonics. Thanks to W-L
theory, we now know that those fields are required to
reproducibly fabricate well-performing LENR heat devices
In 2006, Widom & Larsen (W&L) published a paper that
finally integrated existing many-body collective physics
into modern nuclear science by applying electroweak
theory to condensed matter systems under the overall
umbrella of the Standard Model. It showed how the e + p
reaction could occur in ordinary chemical cells under very
moderate macroscopic temperatures and pressures; this
happens because Born-Oppenheimer breaks-down on
small local length-scales on surfaces which enables
creation of nuclear-strength electric fields between
collectively oscillating, mutually entangled many-body
collections of protons (or deuterons) and surface plasmon
electrons. Effective electron masses are increased by
high fields (Landau & Lifshitz) and collective production
of ultra low energy neutrons via e + p ensues; neutrons
are captured locally causing transmutations. W&L also
provided explanation for odd absence of hard radiation
Credit: E. M. Soriano – ETHZ Switzerland – thesis - calculated surface plasmon electron electric field
intensities around cylinder on substrate; found at source URL http://alphard.ethz.ch/Moreno/moreno.htm
17. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 17
Surface plasmons play key role in LENRs
Paper illustrates some of their amazing capabilities
“Effective excitation and control of guided surface
plasmon polaritons in a conjugated polymer-silver
nanowire composite system”
W. Zhang et al.
Journal of Materials Chemistry C 1 pp. 1265 - 1271 (2013)
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/TC/C
2TC00568A#!divAbstract
18. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 18
Widom-Larsen explains transmutation
Processes: neutron production, captures, and decays
Many-body collective effects + required added input energy
EnergyElectric-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g nulm + νe
EnergyMagnetic-field g e- + p+ g lepton + X
Collective electroweak production of neutrons on nanoscale
in condensed matter and large length-scale magnetic regimes
Once created, ULM neutrons quickly capture on local atoms
nulm + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1) [neutron capture on targets]
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe [beta- decay]
Typically, β- decays of neutron-rich intermediate products
Synthesis of catalytic neutrons via a weak reaction:
Transmutation of targets into other isotopes/elements:
Atomic number = Z Atomic weight = ~mass = A
Posits collective many-body creation of low-energy neutrons
from electrons and protons in high nanoscale electric fields.
Neutrons then locally captured by target fuels which release
nuclear binding energy during captures as well as subsequent
beta-decay cascades of neutron-rich isotopes that ultimately
terminate in production of stable, non-radioactive elements
19. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 19
Nagaoka’s experiments now understood
LENR processes tend to follow rows in Periodic Table
Path of Widom-Larsen theory LENR network indicated by yellow arrow
Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au)
Details of one Tungsten g Gold LENR transmutation pathway shown below:
Tungsten (W) g Re g Os g Ir g Pt g Gold (Au)
Much larger version of this particular transmutation
pathway from W g Au is provided on Slide #30
20. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 20
“Shows Transmuted Gold in New York”
“Dr. Nagaoka of Tokio Taking Specimens to Brussels Congress”
(Special to The Gazette)
New York, June 19. --- Bits of porcelain containing
microscopic specks of gold which once was mercury were
presented to Dr. George F. Kunz today by Dr. H. Nagaoka of
Tokyo, the Japanese Einstein, who succeeded in producing
artificial gold by disintegrating atoms of quicksilver in a
powerful electric field.
The Japanese scientist, who sails early tomorrow morning
on the Olympia for Europe to attend the International
Research Congress at Brussels, brought with him a number
of gold-specked fragments from the porcelain flasks in
which the mercury was treated. In more than 200
experiments the change from mercury to gold has been
confirmed, Dr. Nagaoka said.
Dr. Nagaoka said that he was engaged in trying to accelerate
the radio-activity of uranium and to speed-up its decay. This
experiment failed because the radio-active substances set
up electrical effects of their own which protected them
against the intense electrical action which Dr. Nagaoka
sought to bring to bear against them. In this investigation,
however, he found a way to concentrate an intense electrical
activity in a very small field. It occurred to him that his
artificial electrical storm might be severe enough to wreck
atoms and change their nature. With this in view he
experimented on the mercury and obtained gold.
From: Montreal Gazette pp. 10 June 20, 1925
21. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 21
“We have also obtained from the quicksilver a white metal
which we have not been able to identify,” he said. “We can
prove that is it is not platinum, but can’t tell what it is. It
occurs in such small quantities that it defies ordinary
methods of analysis. The mercury may be changed into still
other substances, but we have not any further evidence on it.
It appears, however, that the changes which are forced on the
atom are somewhat complex.”
Dr. Nagaoka said that he was skeptical about the reports that
Dr. A. N. Miethe of Berlin had obtained gold from quicksilver.
He said that the amount of electricity used by Dr. Miethe was
not sufficient to break down the mercury atom into gold and
that he suspected the gold to be a contamination.
“It might have come from the quicksilver, it might have come
from the silica glass used in the experiment, or it might have
come from the carbon electrode. I do not believe it was the
result of any changes in atoms.”
Dr. Nagaoka also expressed doubt that Rutherford had
succeeded in effecting “transmutation” or disintegration of
atoms by bombarding them with alpha particles. He said
there was no way of confirming by chemical analysis
otherwise the supposed changes in atoms resulting from the
bombardment by the alpha particles given off by radium.
[continued]
“Shows Transmuted Gold in New York”
“Dr. Nagaoka of Tokio Taking Specimens to Brussels Congress”
22. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 22
Clipped images of original news story
Courtesy of Google
Source:
http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19250620&id=2W0t
AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0IsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5346,2683180
From: Montreal Gazette pp. 10 June 20, 1925
23. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 23
Nagaoka addresses IUPAP (Brussels)
Source: http://www.iupap.org/file_49969.pdf
24. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 24
Source: http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM11/AM11_75.pdf
Nagaoka’s Gold sample in Kunz collection
Could potentially be analyzed with modern techniques
“International Research Congress” mentioned in Montreal
Gazette story still exists today as the International Union of
Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) with administrative offices in
Paris and London. In 1922, it organized its very first Executive
Steering Committee consisting of 10 very distinguished
scientists led by Sir William Bragg as President and including
Nagaoka, Brillouin, and Millikan, who was to win a Nobel Prize
in physics a year later in 1923
As mentioned in the Montreal Gazette story, Nagaoka’s reading
of a paper about his Gold transmutation at the “International
Research Congress” meeting in Brussels in 1925 is noted in a
recent IUPAP document about the history of that organization
Confirming what was stated in the Montreal Gazette news story,
the existence of a Gold sample specimen presented to George
Kunz by Nagaoka in New York is dutifully recorded in a 1925
issue of The American Mineralogist journal as shown below:
25. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 25
Nagaoka’s Letter to Editors of Nature
Foresaw possibility of commercial transmutations
“Preliminary note on the transmutation of Mercury into Gold”
H. Nagaoka, Nature 116 pp. 95 - 96 (1925)
Available for purchase on Nature archives for US$32 at:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v116/n2907/abs/116095
a0.html
Abstract:
"The experiment on the transmutation of mercury was begun
in September 1924, with the assistance of Messrs. Y. Sugiura,
T. Asada and T. Machida. The main object was to ascertain if
the view which we expressed in NATURE of March 29, 1924,
can be realised by applying an intense electric field to
mercury atoms. Another object was to find if the radio-active
changes can be accelerated by artificial means. From the
outset it was clear that a field of many million volts/cm. is
necessary for the purpose. From our observation on the
Stark effect in arcs of different metals (Jap. Journ. Phys., vol.
3, pp. 45 - 73) we found that with silver globules the field in a
narrow space very near the metal was nearly 2 x 105
volts/cm. with terminal voltage of about 140. The presence of
such an intense field indicated the possibility of obtaining
the desired strength of the field for transmutation, if
sufficient terminal voltage be applied. Though the above ratio
of magnification would be diminished with high voltage, the
experiment was thought worth trying, even if we could not
effect the transmutation with the apparatus at hand."
26. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 26
From: Nature pp. 95 - 96 July 18, 1925
Nagaoka’s Letter to the Editors of Nature
Copyright 1925: Nature Publishing Group
27. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 27
[continued]
Nagaoka’s Letter to the Editors of Nature
Copyright 1925: Nature Publishing Group
28. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 28
Essence of Nagaoka’s experiments
Electric arcs in oil produced Gold and Platinum
Inside 2 cm-thick porcelain discharge vessels, Nagaoka created
powerful electric arc discharges between a spark gap consisting
of two metallic, Thorium-oxide-free Tungsten (W) wire electrodes
(supplied by Tokyo Electric Company) immersed in a dielectric
liquid “paraffin” (today referred to as “transformer oil;” general
formula CnH2n+2) that was ‘laced’ with liquid metallic Mercury (Hg)
Depending on experiment, arcing between the two Tungsten wire
electrodes in oil was continued for 4 - 15 hours until, quoting, “ …
the oil and mercury were mixed into a black pasty mass.” Please
note that Mercury readily forms amalgams with many different
metals, including Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt), and Tungsten (W)
Small flecks of Gold were often readily visible to the naked eye
and were associated with “black masses” of material observed at
the end of most experiments. They also noted that, “The Gold
obtained from Mercury seems to be mostly adsorbed to Carbon.”
Microscopic assays were conducted by, “heating small pieces of
glass with the Carbon” to form a so-called “Ruby glass” that can
be used to infer the presence of Gold colloids from visual cues
that are very apparent under an ordinary visible-light microscope
Critics complained about the possibility that the observed Gold
arose from some form of “contamination.” Responding to critics,
Nagaoka et al. further purified literally everything they could think
of and also made certain that new laboratory environs were
squeaky clean; they still kept seeing anomalous Gold. In some
experiments they had also observed, “a minute quantity of white
metal.” Later in 1926, Nagaoka reported to Scientific American -
contrary to what he said in 1925 - that they had finally been able
to identify the mysterious “white metal” --- it was Platinum (Pt)
29. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 29
Nagaoka’s experiments now understood
Did not realize Mercury’s presence was a red herring
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 29
All the ingredients for W-L LENRs to occur were present
in the experiments: hydride-forming metal found therein
was Tungsten (Nagaoka was unaware that Mercury was
just a distracting ‘red herring’) which was in contact with
abundant Hydrogen (protons) found in transformer oil
(CnH2n+2); Born-Oppenheimer approximation broke down
on Tungsten electrode surfaces; and finally, there were
large non-equilibrium charged particle fluxes in the form
of electrons comprising the high-current arc discharges
Unbeknownst to Nagaoka, his high-current electric arcs
probably also produced small amounts of fullerenes,
carbon nanotubes, and perhaps even some graphene.
ULM neutron production rates via W-L weak interaction
could have been quite substantial in his high-electric-
current-driven experimental system because of large
energy inputs in form of powerful DC electrical currents
Note that stable Gold can also be produced via neutron
capture on stable 80Hg196 which creates unstable 80Hg197
that has a half-life of 2.7 days and decays via electron
capture into stable 79Au197. However, natural abundance
(0.15%) of 80Hg19 initially present in Nagaoka's 1920s
experiments was so low that this alternative Au pathway
cannot plausibly account for production of macroscopic
naked-eye-visible quantities of Gold and Platinum flecks
observed 200 times in discharge vessels post-experiment
Focusing of surface plasmon excitations on substrate surface
30. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 30
Nagaoka’s experiments now understood
Tungsten target (W) g Os g Pt g Gold (Au)
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 30
Shown below is but one example of a very energetically
favorable Widom-Larsen LENR transmutation network
pathway that could produce detectable amounts of the
only stable Gold isotope 79Au197 within roughly 4 hours
(shortest arc discharge duration after which Gold was
detected). Other alternative, viable LENR pathways can
produce unstable Gold isotopes, e.g., 79Au198 with half-
life= 2.7 days and 79Au199 with HL= 3.1 days (both would
be around for a time at end of successful experiments).
A very plausible 74W180-target LENR network pathway is:
Begin
End Gold
74W-186
Stable 28.4%
76Os-192
Stable 41%
79Au-197
Stable 100%
74W-188
HL= 70 days
76Os-194
HL= 6.0 yrs
74W-189
HL= 11.6 min
76Os-195
HL= 6.5 min
74W-190
HL= 30 min
77Ir-195
HL= 2.5 hrs
74W-191
HL= 20 sec
77Ir-196
HL= 52 sec
74W-192
HL= 10 sec
78Pt-196
Stable 25.3%
75Re-192
HL= 16 sec
78Pt-197
HL= 19.9 hrs
Note: if this particular LENR pathway were
followed during an experiment, only Osmium (Os),
Platinum (Pt), and Gold (Au) might be detected; all
unstable Iridium (Ir) would have quickly decayed
+n +n +n +n
+n +n β- β-
β-
β- β-
+n
+n
+n +n
+n
+5.5 +6.8
74W-187
HL= 23.7 hrs
76Os-193
HL= 1.3 days
+4.9
+6.9 +4.9 +6.6 +2.1
+4.2 +5.6 +7.1 +5.3
+2.0 +5.8 +3.2 +5.9
+0.7
Note: numeric reaction Q-values
(MeV) are all favorably positive
31. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 31
Nagaoka’s results were probably correct
As far as we can tell no one questioned their veracity
December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 31
If Montreal Gazette accurately reported all of Nagaoka’s
statements, Hantaro and his RIKEN colleagues detected
production of Gold metal in some 200 experiments that
were conducted between September 1924 and June 1925
Given Nagaoka’s high stature internationally and long-
standing reputation as a careful experimentalist, it would
appear rather implausible that he and his RIKEN team
would mistakenly identify some other element as Gold
As Gazette reported, Nagaoka went on a world tour with
talks and handed-out actual samples of produced Gold
(e.g., Kunz in New York), so third parties would have had
ample chances to analyze the samples. If Gold was not
found to be present, someone would assuredly have
questioned their claims publicly. No one did. Rutherford,
a competitor of Nagaoka who had attacked Wendt & Irion
with a highly critical Nature article back in 1922 - was
uncharacteristically dead silent about RIKEN’s results
We cannot find any evidence that Nagaoka continued
RIKEN’s Gold transmutation experiments beyond 1926.
The reason for this odd cessation is still somewhat of a
mystery, as well as fact that nobody heeded Nagaoka’s
public plea in Nature for other scientists to repeat their
experiments. While Hantaro recognized possibilities for
commercial transmutation, he was a pure scientist and
maybe abandoned arcs for better ways to explore atoms
32. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 32
Cirillo & Iorio support Nagaoka (Italy-2004)
Transmuted Tungsten metal into Osmium and Gold
Unaware of Nagaoka’s much earlier work, ca. 2003 - 2004 D.
Cirillo and E. Iorio in Italy inadvertently designed and
constructed an LENR experimental system involving electric
discharges and Tungsten electrodes that, from Widom-Larsen
perspective, was ~theoretically equivalent to Nagaoka’s 1920s
experimental set-up. They subsequently observed and reported
Tungsten (W) transmutation products Rhenium (Re), Osmium
(Os), and Gold (Au). These results were fully consistent with
Nagaoka's and operation of a W-L 74W180-target LENR network
Cirillo & Iorio’s modern set-up utilized an “aqueous electrolyte
plasma glow-discharge cell.” From an abstract broad-brush
theoretical viewpoint, main differences between their new
experimental system and Nagaoka’s set-up of 80 years earlier
was that: (1) in Cirillo & Iorio’s experiments the protons needed
to produce LENR neutrons came from hydrogen atoms in water
(H2O) instead of in transformer oil (CnH2n+2); and (2) no Mercury
(Hg) was initially present in their system, so 80Hg196 + n →
80Hg197 → 79Au197 electron-capture reaction can clearly be
excluded as potential source of surface Gold they observed
with SEM-EDX as indicated in the graphic shown above
Gold (Au) and
Thulium (Tm)
detected post-
experiment
Copy of their
conference
paper (2004):
http://tinyurl.c
om/m922j6o
33. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 33
Mitsubishi supports Nagaoka (Japan-2012)
Transmuted Tungsten metal into Osmium and Platinum
MHI slide from
ICCF-18 (2013)
Target
elements
Lattice modified
original slide
Source:
https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/36792/Rec
entAdvancesDeuteriumPermeationPresentation.pdf?sequence=1
At an American Nuclear Society meeting session in 2012:
Using gaseous D2 thin-film permeation method it had
pioneered in 2002, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries reported
transmutation of implanted Tungsten (W) targets into
Osmium (Os) and Platinum (Pt). This confirmed predicted
vector of a Widom-Larsen theory transmutation network
pathway and was consistent with Nagaoka’s 1920s results
34. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 34
2013 and beyond: lessons from Nagaoka
Transmutation does not require star-like conditions
At an American Nuclear Society meeting in November 2012, Dr.
Yasuhiro Iwamura of Mitsubishi revealed the Toyota Motor Company
itself had recently become involved in LENR R&D, along with other
large Japanese companies that he declined to name publicly. Given
Japanese companies well-known excellence at long term strategic
thinking, it would not be very surprising if their ongoing LENR R&D
programs aimed to ultimately replace internal combustion engines
In Oct. 2013, Toyota published a paper in the peer-reviewed
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics which confirmed important
experimental results that Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) had first
published in 2002. MHI had claimed transmutation of Cesium into
Praseodymium via the forced diffusion of Deuterium gas through a
thin-film heterostructure containing elemental Palladium using a
novel permeation method pioneered by Mitsubishi; it is capable of
triggering transmutations in condensed matter systems under very
modest temperatures and pressures. MHI method now authenticated
Importantly, all of this experimental data is both predicted and fully
explained by the peer-reviewed Widom-Larsen theory of low energy
nuclear reactions as published in EPJC (2006) and Pramana (2010)
While the Mitsubishi D2 gaseous thin-film permeation method is not
a suitable embodiment for commercial power generation systems
based on LENRs, it has proven to be an excellent laboratory tool for
demonstrating that nuclear transmutations can be triggered without
the use of huge macroscopic temperatures and pressures. In other
words, aging stars, supernovae, nuclear fission reactors, and
thermonuclear explosions are not required for initiation; star-like
transmutations of elements can be triggered in small-scale ‘tabletop’
systems that do not have or require any shielding for MeV radiation
35. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 35
2013 and beyond: lessons from Nagaoka
Nagaoka’s discharge experiments should be repeated
"The energy produced by breaking down the atom is a very poor
kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the
transformations of these atoms is talking moonshine."
Ernest Rutherford, 1933
Three sets of experiments separated in time by as much as 88
years effectively confirm neutron-catalyzed transmutation vector
from Tungsten to Gold that is predicted by the Widom-Larsen
theory of LENRs; namely, Nagaoka et al. (Japan, 1925); Cirillo et
al. (Italy, ca. 2004); and report made at American Nuclear Society
Winter Meeting session on LENRs in San Diego, CA, by Yasuhiro
Iwamura et al. (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan, 2012)
In 2013, Toyota effectively confirmed MHI transmutation method
Today, metallic gold found in economically valuable ores is often
in form of microscopic particles of metal (invisible to the naked
eye) that are embedded in rock matrix. By contrast, Prof. Nagaoka
et al. reported seeing significant numbers of macroscopic flecks
of Gold in “black masses” of reacted material. If such Au and Pt
flecks had instead been found in rock samples collected in the
field, it would suggest the possible presence of a rich ore body
Somebody should try to locate and analyze any surviving Gold
specimens handed-out by Nagaoka in 1925; e.g., sample in Kunz
Collection at American Museum of Natural History in New York
Someone should try to repeat Nagaoka’s electric arc experiments
If repetition of 1920s experiments produced encouraging results,
commercial transmutation of Gold might not be very far in future
36. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 36
2013 and beyond: lessons from Nagaoka
Widom-Larsen theory enables engineering of devices
Fission and fusion Green LENRs
Evolution
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
December 27, 2013
Contact: 1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/presentations
All source URL hyperlinks in this document are live and tested
37. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 37
Additional References
“LENR transmutation networks can produce Gold”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 19, 2012 [66 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-
transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012
“Neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutations produce Gold
from Tungsten; Mitsubishi Heavy Industries presents new
data at Winter ANS meeting - Comparable results: three sets
of different experiments separated by as much as 88 years”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, December 7, 2012 [29 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-
lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-golddec-7-2012
“Toyota confirmed Mitsubishi’s LENR transmutation results ---
Successfully transmuted stable Cesium into stable
Praseodymium”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, Oct. 31, 2013 [100 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-toyota-
confirms-mitsubishi-transmutation-of-cs-to-proct-31-2013
“History, macroeconomics, LENRs, and real price of Gold”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, July 4, 2013 [60 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-
historymacroeconomicslenrsand-real-price-of-goldjuly-4-2013
All source URL hyperlinks to references are live and tested
38. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 38
Additional References
“Index to key concepts and documents” v. #15
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [108 slides]
Updated and revised through December 4, 2013
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-
to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013
“Analysis and comments: patent application: US 2012/0269309
A1 by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, July 28, 2013 [51 pages]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-
llcwidomlarsen-theory-explains-data-presented-in-new-
mitsubishi-us-patent-applicationjuly-28-2013
“LENR transmutation as source of scarce elements:
New studies argue future demand may strain supplies of key
metals --- Some of these key metals now have no known
technological substitutes --- Nanoscale LENR transmutation
proof-of-concept achieved; can it be scaled-up?”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, Dec. 13, 2013 [75 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-
transmutation-as-source-of-key-scarce-elements-dec-13-2013
All source URL hyperlinks to references are live and tested
39. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 39
Additional References
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen [first peer-reviewed paper published on Widom-Larsen
theory; preprint on arXiv May 2005]
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields (EPJC) 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
Live hyperlink: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-
neutron-catalyzed-lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
[as-published author’s copy of paper]
Abstract: “Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions in metallic
hydride system surfaces are discussed. Weak interaction catalysis initially
occurs when neutrons (along with neutrinos) are produced from the protons that
capture ‘heavy’ electrons. Surface electron masses are shifted upwards by
localized condensed matter electromagnetic fields. Condensed matter quantum
electrodynamic processes may also shift the densities of final states, allowing an
appreciable production of extremely low momentum neutrons, which are thereby
efficiently absorbed by nearby nuclei. No Coulomb barriers exist for the weak
interaction neutron production or other resulting catalytic processes.”
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen [review paper; covers all theoretical
aspects of Widom-Larsen theory to date]
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010)
Live hyperlink: http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf
Abstract: “Under special circumstances, electromagnetic and weak interactions
can induce low-energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a
variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the
electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow-moving electrons can
(under appropriate circumstances) be collectively transferred into fewer, much
faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or
deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons via weak interactions. The produced
neutrons can then initiate low-energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear
transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge upon various
examples analyzed previously, present order of magnitude estimates for each
and to illuminate a common unifying theme amongst all of them.”
All source URL hyperlinks to references are live and tested
40. December 27, 2013 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2013, All rights reserved 40
Photo credit: Ken Ward -
crystalline Gold Wires on
Quartz matrix from Little
Jonny (Ibex) Mine,
Leadville, Colorado, USA