The document discusses the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, also known as the "God particle". It provides background on the development of the standard model of particle physics and the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson. Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider aimed to detect the Higgs boson, and in 2012 they announced evidence of a new boson that matches the properties of the Higgs boson, with its existence being confirmed in 2013. Finding the Higgs boson was a major milestone in understanding particle physics and mass.

1. THE GOD PARTICLE

2.  Atoms were thought of to be the smallest particles that compose matter.
 Scientists later found sub-atomic particles, namely neutron, proton and electron. Neutrinos and positrons too were discovered
outside of earth.
 Then with the introduction of the particle collider, 100s of subatomic particles with energy levels higher than normal levels
were found.
 Again another model called the quark model came into being which further broke down sub-atomic particles into composite
particles and elementary particles.

3.  Composite particles are composed of more particles called elementary particles, namely quarks.
 Elementary particles are the fundamental particles and contain no more composition.
 Based on elementary particles, subatomic particles can classified as fermions(matter particles) and bosons(force particles).
 Fermions include leptons, antileptons, quarks and antiquarks.
 Bosons include gauge bosons(photons, gluons, gravitons), scalar boson, vector boson and the recently found higgs boson.
 Fermions are generally “matter” or “antimatter” particles
 Bosons are “force” particles that mediates interaction between fermions.
 Higgs boson is a boson with zero spin and a mass higher than that of normal bosons.
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4. • Higgs Boson, a particle in theoretical physics sometimes referred to as the God Particle.
• In layman’s terms, different subatomic particles are responsible for giving matter different properties. One of the most
mysterious and important properties is mass. Some particles, like protons and neutrons, have mass. Others, like photons,
do not.
• It is believed to be the particle which gives mass to matter.
• The “God particle” nickname grew out of the long, drawn-out struggles of physicists to find this elusive piece of the
cosmic puzzle.
• What follows is a very brief, very simplified explanation of how the Higgs boson fits into modern physics, and how
science is attempting to study it.

6. • The “standard model” of particle physics is a system that attempts to describe the forces, components, and reactions of
the basic particles that make up matter.
• It not only deals with atoms and their components, but the pieces that compose some subatomic particles. This model
does have some major gaps, including gravity, and some experimental contradictions.
• The standard model is still a very good method of understanding particle physics, and it continues to improve. The model
predicts that there are certain elementary particles even smaller than protons and neutrons.
• As of the date of this writing, the only particle predicted by the model which has not been experimentally verified is the
“Higgs boson”.
• Therefore confirmation of the Higgs boson would be a major milestone in our understanding of physics.

7.  Theoretically the new found particle can make wonders as said earlier but you might be wondering what are its practical
applications.
 Take the speed of light and keep in mind Einstein’s theory of relativity.
 According to Einstein, the faster an object travels, as it approaches the speed of light, the more and more massive the object
supposedly becomes.
 The result of which is that the energy required to accelerate the object each additional mph increases exponentially - imposing
a theoretical speed limit of the speed of light.
 With no mass, an object could be accelerated to - and beyond - the speed of light (without breaking the known laws of
physics!!)! Plus, mass-less things could be brought into Earth orbit far more easily than now, and interstellar travel would
become more plausible (given that mass is a huge consideration).
 But, if the Higgs-Boson, which conveys mass upon matter, could be removed somehow from the matter, its mass would become
zero.
 A question still arises, How how would we remove the Higgs-Bosons from matter, without compromising the matter? Well that
is up to the future scientists, possibly us, to find out.

8.  The possibility of manipulating the mass of objects. To us that is one of the more exciting possibilities. And if we can do that, we
could change the mass of a nuclear weapon, and via mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2) make them more or less harmless. It
could also allow us to study Black Holes, Event Horizons, etc.. And last but not least, a ToE (theory of everything)
 The Higgs boson can be used to regulate the velocity of a spaceship by regulating its mass. Decreasing its mass increases its
velocity, while increasing the mass decreases its velocity. Arbitrarily large distances can be traversed in arbitrarily short times
(as measured on the ship’s clock) by reducing the mass to a minimal level during intergalactic flights
 Astronauts can take round trips to and from the edge of the universe without aging at all (their biological clocks would virtually
stop, placing them in suspended animation for most of the trip), but the relativistic time dilation would cause an extremely large
amount of terrestrial time to elapse—so much that the earth, the solar system, the Milky Way galaxy, etc., may no longer exist
when they return to who knows what. Nobody knows.
FACTS..

10.  In the Standard Model of particle physics, the fundamental forces of nature known to science arise from laws of nature called
symmetries, and are transmitted by particles known as gauge bosons.
 The weak force's symmetry should cause its gauge bosons to have zero mass, but experiments show that the weak force's gauge
bosons are actually very massive and short-ranging (now called W and Z bosons).
 Their very short range – a result of their mass – makes structures like atoms and stars possible,but it proved exceedingly
difficult to find any way to explain their unexpected mass.
SYMMETRIES AND FORCES

11.  By the early 1960s, physicists had realized that a given symmetry law might not always be followed (or 'obeyed') under certain
conditions.
 The Higgs mechanism is a mathematical model devised by three groups of researchers in 1964 that explains why and how
gauge bosons could still be massive despite their governing symmetry.
 It showed that the conditions for the symmetry would be 'broken' if an unusual type of field happened to exist throughout
space, and then the particles would be able to have mass.

12.  According to the Standard Model, a field of the necessary kind (the "Higgs field") exists throughout space, and breaks certain
symmetry laws of the electroweak interaction.
 The existence of this field triggers the Higgs mechanism, causing the gauge bosons responsible for the weak force to be massive,
and explaining their very short range.
 Some years after the original theory was articulated scientists realised that the same field would also explain, in a different way,
why other fundamental constituents of matter (including electrons and quarks) have mass.
 For many years scientists had no way to tell whether or not a field of this kind actually existed in reality.
 If it existed, it would be unlike any other fundamental field known in science.
 But it was also possible that these key ideas, or even the entire Standard Model itself, were somehow incorrect.Only
discovering what was breaking this symmetry would solve the problem.

13.  The existence of the Higgs field – the crucial question– could be proven by searching for a matching particle associated with it,
which would also have to exist—the "Higgs boson".
 Detecting Higgs bosons would automatically prove that the Higgs field exists, which would show that the Standard Model is
essentially correct.
 But for decades scientists had no way to discover whether Higgs bosons actually existed in nature either, because they would be
very difficult to produce, and would break apart in about a ten-sextillionth (10−22) of a second.
 Although the theory gave “remarkably” correct answers, particle colliders, detectors, and computers capable of looking for
Higgs bosons took over 30 years (c. 1980 – 2010) to develop.
 As of 2013, scientists are virtually certain that they have proved the Higgs boson exists, and therefore that the concept of some
type of Higgs field throughout space is proven. Further testing over the coming years should eventually tell us more about these,
and is likely to have significant impact in the future.

14.  On 22 June 2012 CERN announced an upcoming seminar covering tentative findings for 2012,and shortly afterwards (from
around 1 July 2012 according to an analysis of the spreading rumour in social media) rumours began to spread in the media
that this would include a major announcement, but it was unclear whether this would be a stronger signal or a formal discovery.
 On 4 July 2012 both of the CERN experiments announced they had independently made the same discovery
 On 31 July 2012, the ATLAS collaboration presented additional data analysis on the "observation of a new particle"

15.  In January 2013, CERN stated that based on data analysis to date, an answer could be possible 'towards' mid-2013 and
that a "definitive" answer might require "another few years" after the collider's 2015 restart. In early March 2013,
CERN Research Director Sergio Bertolucci stated that confirming spin-0 was the major remaining requirement to
determine whether the particle is at least some kind of Higgs boson.
 On 14 March 2013 CERN confirmed that:
"CMS and ATLAS have compared a number of options for the spin-parity of this particle,
and these all prefer no spin and positive parity [two fundamental criteria of a Higgs
boson consistent with the Standard Model]. This, coupled with the measured interactions
of the new particle with other particles, strongly indicates that it is a Higgs boson."
 This also makes the particle the first elementary scalar particle to be discovered in nature.
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16. Working Of Large
Hadron Collider

18.  Seeing the limitless possibilities that higgs boson holds and what its further research promises us, we are rearing to see what
happens in the future and also hope to be a part of it.
 We also hope for the successful discovery of the other sub-atomic particles especially the tachyons.
 Tachyons are particles that are to said to possess a speed superior to that of light and it always remains higher. Possession of it
will allow the human kind to send messages to the future.

20. Done By:
Abu Subuhan
Advaith.S.K
Adarsh.S
Adarsh.A
Adwaith.M.S
A.K.Rohan
Milon.S
Visak.A