RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi Direct, WiGig, ZigBee, DASH7, and EnOcean were discussed as emerging wireless technologies. RFID uses radio waves to identify objects while NFC allows communication between devices within 4 cm. Wi-Fi Direct and WiGig enable fast wireless connections without routers. ZigBee creates mesh networks for low power devices. DASH7 and EnOcean focus on long range and self-powered devices, respectively. Emerging areas discussed included cognitive radio, wireless sensor networks, high frequency antennas, spatial information transmission, Li-Fi, and lasers. The future of wireless is predicted to be ubiquitous connectivity everywhere with fewer physical wires.

1. LATEST WIRELESS
NETWORK AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
By
Nurmeen rafique
Anik malik
Syed Aienullah

2. OUTLINE
■ RFID (Radio-frequency identification)
■ NFC (Near field communication )
■ Wi-Fi Direct
■ WiGig and WiFi Miracast
■ ZigBee
■ DASH7
■ EnOcean
■ Cognitive radio
■ WSN (Wireless sensor network)
■ Wireless technologies
■ Conclusion

3. RFID
■ Refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna.
■ The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less.
■ Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and tag readers make use of proximity and
have automated ad hoc setup for transferring small amounts of information.
■ The key features of the RFID tag are a
fixed unique identifier and necessary
proximity of tags to a tag reader.
■ RFID tags that are compatible with WiFi
networks to extend location tracking to a
whole WiFi network
■ They are commonly used for tracking the
movement of objects,

4. NFC
■ Near field communication (NFC) is a short
range wireless technology for transferring
small amounts of information.
■ Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of
communication protocols that enable two
electronic devices, one of which is usually a
portable device such as a smartphone, to
establish communication by bringing them
within about 4 cm (2 in) of each other.
■ NFC only operates at a range of up to 20
centimeters, but typically much less.

5. Wi-Fi Direct
■ Wi-Fi Direct allows two devices to establish a direct, peer-to-peer Wi-Fi
connection without requiring a wireless router. Wi-Fi becomes a way of
communicating wirelessly, like Bluetooth.
■ Wi-Fi Direct is similar in concept to “ad-hoc” Wi-Fi mode.
■ unlike an ad-hoc Wi-Fi connection, Wi-Fi Direct includes an easier way to
automatically discover nearby devices and connect to them.
■ Wi-Fi Direct was developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to enable ad hoc
communication between devices using either the 2.4GHz or 5Ghz bands.
■ Simplicity of transferring information quickly with minimum effort is its key
advantage

7. WiGig and WiFi Miracast
■ The Wireless Gigabit Alliance are concerned with promoting multi-
gigabit-speed wireless communications at around 60GHz among
equipment conforming to the IEEE 802.11ad standard.
■ WiFi Miracast is a certification program for products that satisfies
the Wi-Fi Alliance 'WiFi Display Specification' to provide wireless
point to point audio and video content transport.
■ Connections are established using WiFi Direct - so no WiFi network
infrastructure is required.
■ As it is based on Wi-Fi Direct, Miracast uses 802.11 technology
■ Broadly Miracast uses a 2.4GHz Wi-Fi Direct connection to arrange a
5GHz Wi-Fi Direct connection

9. ZigBee
■ ZigBee is a mesh network specification for low-power wireless local area networks (WLANs)
that cover a large area.
■ ZigBee was designed to provide high data throughput in applications where the duty
cycle is low and low power consumption is an important consideration.
■ The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less
expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi
■ They are particularly suitable for so called machine-to-machine (M2M) applications.
■ Consequently ZigBee will be important in the powerful 'internet of things
■ ZigBee are based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard

11. DASH7
■ DASH7 is an “instant-on”, long range, low power wireless communications
standard for applications requiring modest bandwidth like text messages, sensor
readings, or location-based advertising coordinates.
■ It works at a lower frequency than even the lowest frequency used by ZigBee so
it is particularly useful to communicate through materials that strongly attenuate
radio frequency signals.
■ Like ZigBee it is well suited to roles such as wireless sensor networks and
tracking moving objects.
■ DASH7 equipment can operate without a formal network structure, providing a
dynamic mesh network with device to device communications.
■ Conveniently DASH7 can use the same frequency worldwide and supports AES
128-bit public key encryption and IPv6.

13. EnOcean
■ The EnOcean Alliance promotes self-powered wireless
monitoring and control systems.
■ Energy is collected from a number of environmental
opportunities, such as heat, light, motion, and
electromagnetic energy.
■ This technology is primarily aimed at equipment
embedded in buildings, such as switches, sensors, and
controllers.

15. Cognitive radio
■ Cognitive radio (CR) is a form of wireless communication in which a
transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while
avoiding occupied ones.
■ It attempts to make the best use of the available spectrum by detecting
areas of it that are unused and rapidly switching to use them.
■ White-Fi, also known as Super Wifi, is a Wi-Fi like technology operating in
unused TV spectrum i.e. TV white space.
■ Cognitive radio techniques enable White-Fi to avoid spectrum actively being
used for TV and so prevent interference.
■ White-Fi frequencies are much lower than Wi-Fi, so their radio waves
propagate much further

18. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
■ A type of wireless networking which is comprised on number of numerous
sensors that are interlinked or connected with each other for performing the
same function.
■ This type of networking is called as Wireless sensor networking.
■ Basically wireless sensor networking is used for monitoring the physical
conditions such as
• weather conditions,
• regularity of temperature,
• different kinds of vibrations,
• field of technology related to sound

19. WSN cont’d
■ A wireless sensor network consists of three main components:
 nodes,
 gateways,
 and software.
■ The spatially distributed measurement nodes interface with sensors to
monitor assets or their environment.
■ The acquired data wirelessly transmits to the gateway, which can operate
independently or connect to a host system where you can collect, process,
analyze, and present your measurement data using software.
■ Routers are a special type of measurement node that you can use to
extend WSN distance and reliability.

21. How Wireless Sensor Network works?
■ Total working of wireless sensor networking is based on its construction.
■ Sensor network initially consists of small or large nodes called as sensor nodes.
■ These nodes are varying in size because different sizes of sensor nodes work
efficiently in different fields.
■ Wireless sensor networking have such sensor nodes which are specially designed
in such a typical way that
■ they have a microcontroller which controls the monitoring,
■ a radio transceiver for generating radio waves,
■ different type of wireless communicating devices and also equipped with an
energy source such as battery.
■ The entire network worked simultaneously by using different dimensions of
sensors and worked on the phenomenon of multi routing algorithm which is also
termed as wireless ad hoc networking.

22. Pros and Cons of Wireless Sensor Networking:
■ There are many advantages of wireless sensor networking some of important
prose’s are:
 they can store a limited source of energy,
 they have no hassle of cables and has mobility,
 it can work efficiently under the harsh conditions, and it has deployment up to large scale etc.
■ Where it has advantages at the same time it also has some disadvantages
which really take the moral of this technology down such as
 they have very insufficient speed of communication,
 it is to disturb the propagation of waves and
 hack your networking and the major disadvantage of wireless sensor networking is it is too
costly to use.

23. Applications and future of Wireless Sensor
Networking
■ In the present era there are lot of technologies which are used for monitoring are
completely based on the wireless sensor networking.
■ Some of important applications are environmental monitoring, traffic control
application, weather checking, regularity checking of temperature etc.
■ Wireless sensor networks can also be used for detecting the presence of vehicles
such as motor cycles up to trains.
■ wireless sensor networking has a bright future in the field of computer
networking because we can solve the monitoring problems at an advanced level
in the future with the help of such technology of networking.

24. Developments that have potential to influence wireless
networks i.e.
■ Software
■ High gain high frequency antennas
■ Spatial separation of information (spatial: relating to space)
■ Li-Fi
■ Laser
■ Radio-frequency technology

25. Software
■ Researchers have created software they call WiFox which is running on a
Wi-Fi access point.
■ the software is said to “act like a traffic cop” by monitoring how heavy
data traffic is going along the channel and prioritizing requests to ensure
it continues to flow smoothly.
■ It raises the bandwidth priority allocated to an access point over a
channel as the length of the queue of data waiting to be transferred to
stations over that channel increases.
■ They claim this increasingly improves overall data throughput over a
single channel for increasing numbers of connected stations.

26. High gain high frequency antennas
■ A high-gain antenna (HGA) is a directional antenna with a focused,
narrow radio wave beam width. This narrow beam width allows more
precise targeting of the radio signals.
■ They claim this antenna can support wireless transfer speeds of up to
20Gbps.
■ The Institute of Microelectronics in Singapore says
■ it has developed a silicon based antenna measuring only 1.6mm by
1.2mm with at 135GHz that should be amenable(controlled) to mass
production

27. Spatial separation of information
■ Fingerprint information can be combined with other at-a-distance
readable information such as face, iris, retina, and gait recognition to
automate recognition of a people.
■ A number of gaming systems are also using human movement as control
information. Eye tracking is about to be commercialized to add another
control interface.
■ Obviously these are all based on image recognition, which is an example
of spatially separated information using light as a carrier.
■ Combinations of spatially and temporally modulated information increase
the potential to transmit very large amounts of information rather than
just relying on shortening switching time

28. Li-Fi
■ LiFi is the use of the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum
to transmit information at very high speeds. there is a broad spectrum of
unlicensed frequencies to choose from
■ High data densities are easier to achieve with light than radio waves, so
low cost high throughput is easier too.
■ Light as a data carrier is also useful in electromagnetically sensitive areas,
it can be energy efficient, can be made highly directional, and can be easy
to contain in well defined areas

30. Laser
(Laser Light Communications)
■ Extremely short pulse laser light has been developed and is capable of
carrying large amounts of information.
■ A characteristic of light is of course that it does not penetrate solid
objects, but is reflected.
■ Using this technique it is even possible to build up an image of hidden
surfaces if reflected light can get there and back to sensors - i.e. see
around corners.
■ Although no consumer or business class products are using this
technology yet, we should expect to see some interesting uses of it in a
wireless local area network (WLAN) and indeed other applications.

32. Radio-frequency technology
■ RF is any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with
radio wave propagation. Many wireless technologies are based on RF field
propagation.
■ An electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable
for wireless broadcasting and/or communications.
■ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a scheme for encoding
information in carrier waves.
■ QAM is a high encoding rate that increases transfer rates at the expense
of sensitivity to interference.
■ They could for example be used to bridge a corporate network between
buildings.

34. The future Expectations from Wireless Technologies
■ The word pervasive communication or “ubiquitous” is the future expectation
■ Every wireless technology is expected to be everywhere always 24/7 to avail the
various facilities.
■ TV broadcasting on mobile phones everywhere, very “high speed broadband
connectivity” for users all around the world, mobile roaming at cheaper prices, real
time video conferencing and calls and portable wrist sized mobile phone sets.
■ various expectations of wireless technology are not attached entirely to the wireless
broadband internet access but also to the “digital gadgets”.
■ The future accounts for the complete “lay down of wires” from home offices and
computer networks.
■ The cost of carrying and maintaining wireless networks is decreasing that is why
it can replace wired technologies.