The document provides an overview of key concepts in English pedagogy and language teaching, including:
1. It discusses different forms of language like oral, written, and sign language and concepts like phonology, morphology, syntax, and language families.
2. It explains the differences between language acquisition vs learning, and theories around language acquisition by Chomsky, Skinner, Piaget, and Vygotsky.
3. It covers language skills, methods of teaching English like direct method and grammar translation, and concepts like multilingualism, bilingual education, and the three language formula in India.
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
2 Concept Attainment Model Lesson Note Science.docxSamruddhi Chepe
A lesson plan provides you with a general outline of your teaching goals, learning objectives, and means to accomplish them, and is by no means exhaustive. A productive lesson is not one in which everything goes exactly as planned, but one in which both students and instructor learn from each other.
Lesson content acts as the backbone of any learning experience. It gives the necessary information and guidance for learners to grasp new concepts, acquire skills, and broaden their understanding of the subject matter. Well-designed and engaging lesson content lays the foundation for effective teaching and learning.
A successful lesson plan addresses and integrates three key components: Learning Objectives Learning activities Assessment to check for student understanding A lesson plan provides you with a general outline of your teaching goals, learning objectives, and means to accomplish them, and is by no means exhaustive.
Science Method Lesson Plans for CAM, Integrated Lesson, Journey Method, Inductive, Constructivist, Herbartian Approach, 5 E, Inquiry Training Model, Role Paly are all provided for the benefit of students. 8 elements of lesson plans
Grade level and subject. One of the first sections of a lesson is the grade level and subject of the lesson you're going to teach. ...
Type of lesson. This is a brief section that explains the type of lesson you're going to be teaching. ...
Duration. ...
Topic. ...
Objective. ...
Materials. ...
Directions. ...
Assessment. A good daily lesson plan will include at least the following:
Introduction. The beginning of the lesson should engage the students' attention and focus on the topic. ...
Lesson development. Teachers should make students aware of the intended learning outcomes of the lesson. ...
Assessment activities. ...
Wrap up:
A lesson objective (or a teaching objective or a learning objective) is what the teacher wants the children to have learned or achieved by the end of a lesson. It's also known as a WALT (We Are Learning To).
Providing all these lesson notes for easy comprehension and reference purpose.
Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding about Language Policy in India, Significance of Language Policy in India, Important of Language Policy in India, Various Committee and Commission Report on Language Policy in India.
Language across the curriculum (LAC) relates to linking different forms and aspects of language education within the school, particularly emphasizing the role of language in all subject-matter learning.
Maharashtra State Council for Educational Research &Technology-MSCERT,Pune has devised a new Evaluation System for stds.I to VIII w.e.f. 2010-2011.This PPT is prepared for explaining the new procedure to the stakeholders.
Language policy in India: A Voyage from Ancient India to Modern IndiaHathib KK
A comprehensive discussion on language policy in India- Language policy during Vedic Age-Language Policy during Budhist period-Language Policy during Islamict period-Language Policy during British period-Language Policy After Independence- Three Language formula-
2 Concept Attainment Model Lesson Note Science.docxSamruddhi Chepe
A lesson plan provides you with a general outline of your teaching goals, learning objectives, and means to accomplish them, and is by no means exhaustive. A productive lesson is not one in which everything goes exactly as planned, but one in which both students and instructor learn from each other.
Lesson content acts as the backbone of any learning experience. It gives the necessary information and guidance for learners to grasp new concepts, acquire skills, and broaden their understanding of the subject matter. Well-designed and engaging lesson content lays the foundation for effective teaching and learning.
A successful lesson plan addresses and integrates three key components: Learning Objectives Learning activities Assessment to check for student understanding A lesson plan provides you with a general outline of your teaching goals, learning objectives, and means to accomplish them, and is by no means exhaustive.
Science Method Lesson Plans for CAM, Integrated Lesson, Journey Method, Inductive, Constructivist, Herbartian Approach, 5 E, Inquiry Training Model, Role Paly are all provided for the benefit of students. 8 elements of lesson plans
Grade level and subject. One of the first sections of a lesson is the grade level and subject of the lesson you're going to teach. ...
Type of lesson. This is a brief section that explains the type of lesson you're going to be teaching. ...
Duration. ...
Topic. ...
Objective. ...
Materials. ...
Directions. ...
Assessment. A good daily lesson plan will include at least the following:
Introduction. The beginning of the lesson should engage the students' attention and focus on the topic. ...
Lesson development. Teachers should make students aware of the intended learning outcomes of the lesson. ...
Assessment activities. ...
Wrap up:
A lesson objective (or a teaching objective or a learning objective) is what the teacher wants the children to have learned or achieved by the end of a lesson. It's also known as a WALT (We Are Learning To).
Providing all these lesson notes for easy comprehension and reference purpose.
Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding about Language Policy in India, Significance of Language Policy in India, Important of Language Policy in India, Various Committee and Commission Report on Language Policy in India.
Language across the curriculum (LAC) relates to linking different forms and aspects of language education within the school, particularly emphasizing the role of language in all subject-matter learning.
Maharashtra State Council for Educational Research &Technology-MSCERT,Pune has devised a new Evaluation System for stds.I to VIII w.e.f. 2010-2011.This PPT is prepared for explaining the new procedure to the stakeholders.
approaches and methods in English Language Teaching E.L.TPrakash S. Chauhan
In this slide you will learn about the approaches and methods of English language. this slide will help you learn about the Grammar Translation method, Direct method, Structural approach and Functional approach as well.
THIS SLIDE WILL HELPFUL FOR EACH AND EVERY STUDENT. THEY CAN USE THIS SITE AS REFERENCES AND AS MODEL OF PRESENTATION.
WISHING YOU BEST OF LUCK
FROM : PRAKASH S CHAUHAN
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
11. Characteristics of a Language
• It is symbolic and dynamic.
• Means of communication.
• Medium of instruction.
• Language is arbitrary.
• It’s a carrier of civilization and culture.
• It is structured and rule governed.
12. • When language is learnt naturally and without any
systematic practice, it is called acquisition.
• It refers to the process of learning a native or a second
language because of the innate capacity of human brain.
• It also means an unconscious process that occurs when
language is used in real conversation.
Language Acquisition
13. Language Learning
• When a language is learnt in a systematic way, it is
known as learning.
• Learning a language is all inclusive process.
• Learning is a conscious process and it is more effective
when it is done in a meaningful situation or familiar
environment.
14. Q. The process of second language
acquisition is influenced by language that
the learner already knows. The influence is
_____ .
A. Inter-language
B. Systemic errors
C. Language transfer
D. Phonology
16. Q. The most important factor which is
responsible for the differentiation between
language learning and language acquisition is:
A. Grammar of language
B. Assessment in language
C. Textbook of language
D. Language environment
17. As per Indian Constitution
• Associate official Language (AOL).
18. The Eighth (8th) Schedule of the Constitution
consists of the following 22 languages –
1. Assamese,
2. Bengali,
3. Gujarati,
4. Hindi,
5. Kannada,
6. Kashmiri,
7. Konkani,
8. Malayalam,
9. Manipuri,
10.Marathi,
11.Nepali,
12.Oriya,
13.Punjabi,
14.Sanskrit,
15.Sindhi,
16.Tamil,
17.Telugu,
18.Urdu,
19.Bodo,
20.Santhali,
21.Maithili and
22.Dogri.
19. National Curriculum Framework (NCF-2005)
• According to the observation, English is a
second language.
• In a multilingual country like India, English is a
global language.
20. Q. Language acquisition
A. requires the memorization and use of necessary
vocabulary
B. involves a systematic approach to the analysis and
comprehension of grammar as well as to the memorization of
vocabulary
C. refers to the process of learning a native or second
language because of the innate capacity of the human brain
D. is a technique intended to simulate the environment in
which children learn their native language
21. Noam Chomsky
Humans have an innate ability to
acquire language through
Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
22. Q. The idea that children are born with
language acquisition device is given by:
A. Chomsky
B. Vygotsky
C. Piaget
D. Skinner
23. Q. Which observation supports Noam
Chomsky's ideas about language acquisition?
A. Children's language development follows a similar pattern across
cultures.
B. The stages of language development occur at about the same
ages in most children.
C. Children acquire language quickly and effortlessly.
D. All of these
24. Q. Language Acquisition stands for:
A. Learning a language without making any deliberate or conscious
effort.
B. Learning a language through some specific language
methodology.
C. Learning a language by taking recourse to one’s mother tongue.
D. Learning a language with a deliberate and conscious effort.
25. Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
• The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis posits that language
either determines or influences one's thought
26. Q. The idea that language determines the
way we think about and perceive the world
relates to :
A. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
B. linguistic relativity
C. language socialization
D. language acquisition
28. Q. Skinner is of the opinion that children often
_________ in the language acquisition process.
A. ignore adults
B. misbehaves
C. copy adults
D. fail badly
29. Q. Skinner puts forward the theory that, children best
acquire the language through ________.
A. acting skills
B. imitating, prompting and shaping
C. reading and writing
D. enhanced speaking
30. Piaget and Vygotksy
For Piaget, thought preceded language. A child
learned to think first, and then from that thought,
speak.
Vygotsky believed that thought and speech were
separate, intact processes that merged around age
three.
31. Q. It is suggested by Piaget that, children learn
language through ___________ .
A. writing and speaking
B. assimilation and accommodation
C. trial and error
D. shaping
34. • Intensive & Extensive Reading
• Intensive reading involves learners reading in detail with
specific learning aims and tasks.
• Extensive reading is an approach to language learning in
which long text and a large amount of material are read by the
students for general understanding.
35. Sight Words
Sight words are the words that
appear most frequently in our
reading and writing.
36. Scanning
• To look at or read every part of something quickly until
you find what you are looking for.
• Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific
facts.
42. Contrastive Pair
• A contrastive pair of words is a pair of words that are
the same, except for a contrasting letter.
43. Q. Contrastive / minimal pairs are
used for teaching-learning of :
A. Writing
B. Speaking
C. Pronunciation
D. Reading
44. Sounds in a English Language
1. Vowels sounds - 20
2. Consonant sounds – 24
Total sounds in English Language = 44
45. Diphthongs
• A sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single
syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves
towards another.
• (as in coin, loud, and side ).
48. 1. Homograph
• A homograph is a word that shares the same written
form as another word but has a different meaning.
• E.g. Lead, Lead.
49. 2. Homophone
• Homophone is a word that is pronounced the same
as another word but that has a different spelling and
meaning.
• E.g. Two, Too.
50. 3. Homonym
• Homonym is a word that is spelt and pronounced
like another word but that has a different meaning.
E.g. Suit, Suit.
51. Q. While reading for comprehension, we
understand that some pairs are examples
of homograph. Which one of the following
is a homograph?
A. lead [metal]/lead [give direction]
B. lead [give direction/dead [mortal]
C. mail [post]/male [gender]
D. warm/tepid [being neither too hot nor too cold]
52. Q. Two words have identical sound and
spelling, but not related in meaning. It is
known as-
A.homonym
B.homograph
C.polysemy
D.homophone
55. Note Taking
• Is the practice of recording information from
different sources and platforms.
56. Tips for Note Taking
• Writing only important points/clues.
• Use phrase/word/abbreviated forms.
• Follow a patterned or diagrammatic form or flow chart.
57. Note Making
• Note making is not just about writing down everything you
hear or read.
• It is a process of reviewing, connecting and synthesising
ideas from your lectures or reading.
58. Direct Method
• The direct method of teaching, which is sometimes called the
natural method, and is often used in teaching foreign
languages, refrains from using the learners' native language
and uses only the target language.
59. Grammar Translation Method
• In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical
rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences
between the target language and the native language.
60. Language Across the Curriculum (LAC)
Integrating language teaching with
other subjects in the same classroom.
61.
62. Q. LAC stands for Language Across Curriculum. It means
A. use of languages in a variety of meaningful contexts.
B. use of language for communicative purpose only.
C. Paying more attention second language.
D. learning grammatical rules of second language.
67. Q. The mode of using the learner's native language to
teach some academic content while providing
additional L2 instruction is called ________.
A. basic education
B. multilingual education
C. bilingual education
D. accuracy
68. Q. Bilingual education is an educational practice
where _______ in the teaching-learning process.
A. a single language is used
B. more than three languages are used
C. two languages are used
D. no language is used
69. Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
• Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
refer to linguistic skills needed in everyday, social
face-to-face interactions.
70. Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
• Cognitive/Academic Language Proficiency
(CALP) is the language ability required for
academic achievement in a context-reduced
environment.
71.
72.
73. Q. India's language-in-education policy is known as
__________
A. Language-in-education policy
B. Mother tongue as a medium of education
C. First language, second language and English
D. Three language formula
75. Q1. Choose the correct statement from the following
A. First language is acquired through training
B. First language is acquired in school
C. First language acquisition is a natural process
D. First language is acquired through conscious effort
of the child
76. Q2. Which of the following term is related to
Vygotsky's Socio-cultural theory?
A. Process writing
B. Child as a blank slate
C. Zone of Proximal Development
D. Assimilation and Accommodation
77. Q3. Rohit is seven months old infant, he has started
making sounds that combine consonants and vowels.
He is communicating using which of the following?
A. cooing
B. phonemes
C. linguistic speech
D. babbling
78. Q4. Educational process in which learners start their
schooling in their mother tongue and then move on to
additional languages in school is termed as _________.
A. Basic Education
B. Humanist Education
C. Multilingual Education
D. Bilingual Education
79. Q5. The pattern of sentences that children need to
learn to master the fundamental skills of language
learning is called ________.
A. Simulation
B. Assimilation
C. Structure
D. Group Learning
80. Q6. One important difference between animal and
human communication is that
A. animals can communicate emotions
B. humans can communicate emotions
C. animals communicate to ensure their own welfare
D. humans communicate to ensure their own welfare
81. Q7. Which of the following you would not consider as
an authentic task for language learning?
A. Using a hotel menu for a speaking task.
B. Asking learners to write an essay on 'Goat'.
C. Asking learners to describe the room in which they
are in now.
D. Asking learners to listen to a film song they like and
write the meaning of the same.
82. Q8. Bilingual mode of teaching-learning makes use of
the learner's native language and simultaneously
____________
A. provides instruction in L1
B. provides additional instruction in L2
C. teaches sign language
D. learns universal grammar
83. Q9. A regional dialect is __________.
A. Speech characteristics of a language in a region.
B. Language of a state or country.
C. Language with a script of a region.
D. The written language and literature of a region.
84. Q10. Which of the following is true of Sign Language?
A. There is only one Sign Language in the world.
B. Sign Language is not a natural language.
C. Sign Language is a natural language.
D. Sign language is a set of gestures
85. Q11. Which of the following is true of second language
learning with reference to first language?
A. Second language is interferences in the learning of
the first language.
B. First language supports the learning of second
language.
C. First language interferes in the learning of second
language.
D. It is not possible to learn many languages at a time.
86. Q12. Competency based language teaching aims at
___________
A. developing the ability to use language in a defined
context like education, work, personal or professional
development.
B. developing the ability of the learner to listen, speak,
read and write in the classroom.
C. defining abilities of learners while the curriculum is
being implemented.
D. making learners to learn as many languages as
possible.
87. Q13. 'Embedding the pedagogy into the materials to
enable the teacher adopt the pedagogy' is known as
__________
A. authentic materials and realization of materials.
B. content validity of the materials.
C. pedagogical realization of materials.
D. process validity realization of materials.
88. Q14. What is the major aim of teaching of poetry?
A. Poetry is for enjoyment and ideas.
B. Poetry is for grammar learning.
C. Poetry is to know about the poet.
D. Poetry is for vocabulary learning.
89. Q15. A teacher of class VIII asks her learners to listen
to the five sentences she reads out and write them
down the exact sentences. Which strategy of
listening she attempts to promote?
A. Top down strategy
B. Dictation as a strategy
C. Apt listening strategy
D. Bottom up strategy
90. Q16. A teacher writes words and short sentences as
language chunks in context as unanalyzed wholes.
She then gives the chunks in context for use by
learners. What method or approach of teaching of
vocabulary does this reflect?
A. Vocabulary as chunks
B. Lexical approach
C. Communicative approach
D. Structural approach
91. Q17. Cognitively Academic Language Proficiency
refers to _________
A. using language for general day-to-day language
functions
B. using language for a conversation in a birthday
party
C. language use for abstract ideas and higher order
language skills
D. reading a short story of interest as a pastime routine
92. Q18. Which of the following is a task for process approach to
writing and which one is for product approach?
(a) Look around the room you are in now. With your friends
observe, gather information-objects, people, and actions. Jot
down ideas, points, develop an outline, write the draft, edit it
and write the final draft. Give a title to your paragraph.
(b) Write a paragraph of 200 words on 'Autobiography of the
Snake".
A. Both (a) and (b) are process approach tasks.
B. Both (a) and (b) are product approach tasks.
C. (b) is process approach task and (a) is product approach task.
D. (a) is process approach task and (b) is product approach task.
93. Q19. Language awareness in learners refers to:
A. grammatical knowledge of the language user.
B. an enhanced consciousness and sensitivity to the
forms and functions of language.
C. an understanding of the four skills of a language.
D. an enhanced consciousness and sensitivity to
reading and writing in a language.
94. Q20. Which of the following is NOT a concept of
language education :
A. Grammar translation method
B. Types of networking
C. Contrastive analysis
D. Form and function
95. Q21. Portfolio assessment aims at __________.
A. collection of instances of learning by learners over a
period of time as evidences.
B. collection of the marks or grades by learners over a
period of time as evidences.
C. conducting written and oral tests in order to judge
learners' language learning.
D. creating a profile of each learner through a progress
report card.
96. Q22. National Education Policy 2020 recommends
the study of a foreign language __________.
A. as an additional option at the secondary stage
B. as an option under the three language formula
C. as a language from the preparatory stage of
schooling
D. as a choice of the schools and learners