The document discusses several key topics in linguistics:
1. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and outlines some preliminary notions in the field.
2. It provides an overview of the different branches and subfields of linguistics such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics.
3. It examines contrastive linguistics and comparative linguistics, which analyze differences and similarities between languages.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang tipologi morfologi yang meliputi proses morfologis seperti afiksasi, reduplikasi, modifikasi internal, konversi dan derivasi balik. Juga membahas jenis bahasa berdasarkan sistem pembentukan kata seperti bahasa isolat, sintetis yang terdiri atas bahasa aglutinatif dan fusional, serta bahasa polisintetis. Selain itu dibahas pula arti kata, makna leksikal dan sem
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. The Coptic language in Egypt provides an example, declining after the Arab conquest in the 7th century. Today it survives only as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church. Language shift can be influenced by government policy, employment opportunities, and interaction with the dominant language in schools and media. It may take 3-4 generations for a community to fully shift languages. The ultimate outcome is language loss or death if a language is no longer spoken.
Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
This document discusses the concept of morphological productivity. It defines productivity as the ability of an affix or word formation rule to coin new words. Productivity can vary, with some affixes being highly productive and able to generate many new words, while others are unproductive. Productivity is constrained by both pragmatic factors like trends and structural factors like phonological or morphological restrictions on affixes. Measuring the productivity of an affix involves counting how many new words it has formed. Blocking also limits productivity, where an existing word blocks the formation of a similar derived word.
The document summarizes the production of speech sounds in the vocal tract. It describes the key parts involved in producing vowels and consonants, including the larynx, vocal tract, pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth, lips, nasal cavity, and jaws. Vowels are produced with an unobstructed airflow, while consonants involve obstructing the airflow in some way. The position and shape of the tongue and lips are important for distinguishing different speech sounds.
This document discusses the differences between English and Arabic phonology and grammar. It outlines that English follows a subject-verb-object (S+V+O) sentence structure, while Arabic follows a subject-object-verb (S+O+V) pattern. Additionally, it notes that Arabic does not use verbs like "to be" or "do" in the same way as English and makes no distinction between past actions. The document also compares differences in sound combinations, word stress, and elision between the two languages.
The document discusses the concept of morphological productivity and the factors that can affect it. It states that productivity exists on a spectrum from more to less, and should be analyzed synchronically rather than diachronically. Productivity can be blocked or constrained by phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic factors. The suffix "-er" is cited as the most productive in English while "-id" is the least productive. Semi-productive affixes that fail to attach to eligible forms are also discussed.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang tipologi morfologi yang meliputi proses morfologis seperti afiksasi, reduplikasi, modifikasi internal, konversi dan derivasi balik. Juga membahas jenis bahasa berdasarkan sistem pembentukan kata seperti bahasa isolat, sintetis yang terdiri atas bahasa aglutinatif dan fusional, serta bahasa polisintetis. Selain itu dibahas pula arti kata, makna leksikal dan sem
The document discusses language shift, which is a change from using one language to using another, more dominant language. This often occurs among immigrant families and communities. The Coptic language in Egypt provides an example, declining after the Arab conquest in the 7th century. Today it survives only as the liturgical language of the Coptic Church. Language shift can be influenced by government policy, employment opportunities, and interaction with the dominant language in schools and media. It may take 3-4 generations for a community to fully shift languages. The ultimate outcome is language loss or death if a language is no longer spoken.
Language attitudes can influence how people communicate and perceive others. Semantic shift describes how word meanings change over time, such as "girl" shifting from a general child to specifically referring to females. Semantic derogation occurs when a word carries different positive or negative connotations when applied to different genders. Social identity theory and communication accommodation theory examine how language influences social interactions and perceptions of convergence or divergence from others.
This document discusses the concept of morphological productivity. It defines productivity as the ability of an affix or word formation rule to coin new words. Productivity can vary, with some affixes being highly productive and able to generate many new words, while others are unproductive. Productivity is constrained by both pragmatic factors like trends and structural factors like phonological or morphological restrictions on affixes. Measuring the productivity of an affix involves counting how many new words it has formed. Blocking also limits productivity, where an existing word blocks the formation of a similar derived word.
The document summarizes the production of speech sounds in the vocal tract. It describes the key parts involved in producing vowels and consonants, including the larynx, vocal tract, pharynx, velum, hard palate, alveolar ridge, tongue, teeth, lips, nasal cavity, and jaws. Vowels are produced with an unobstructed airflow, while consonants involve obstructing the airflow in some way. The position and shape of the tongue and lips are important for distinguishing different speech sounds.
This document discusses the differences between English and Arabic phonology and grammar. It outlines that English follows a subject-verb-object (S+V+O) sentence structure, while Arabic follows a subject-object-verb (S+O+V) pattern. Additionally, it notes that Arabic does not use verbs like "to be" or "do" in the same way as English and makes no distinction between past actions. The document also compares differences in sound combinations, word stress, and elision between the two languages.
The document discusses the concept of morphological productivity and the factors that can affect it. It states that productivity exists on a spectrum from more to less, and should be analyzed synchronically rather than diachronically. Productivity can be blocked or constrained by phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic factors. The suffix "-er" is cited as the most productive in English while "-id" is the least productive. Semi-productive affixes that fail to attach to eligible forms are also discussed.
The universal hypothesis proposes that all human languages share certain basic structural properties, called linguistic universals. According to this hypothesis, humans are born with an innate, universal grammar (UG) that contains a set of rules for language acquisition. The study of linguistic universals can help explain second language acquisition in two ways. First, it can identify which properties of the target language will be more or less difficult to acquire based on their status as linguistic universals. Second, it allows researchers to predict which differences between the first and second language will cause difficulties in acquisition and which will not.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, the stages of learning a language, and features that distinguish human and animal communication. It then describes the main branches of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as phoneme, morpheme, allomorph, morph, and their differences are explained. Theories around the linguistic sign and grammar are also introduced. The document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental terminology and topics within the field of linguistics.
Difference between Arabic and English in the Basic Sentence Structure Contras...ijtsrd
Human beings have a one of a kind feature language. Languages differ from one another in many ways. Standard Arabic and Standard English, for example, are distinct yet similar languages. That is, these two languages were developed independently of one another. The Arabic language is Semitic, or Syro Arabian, in the same way as the English language is German. They do, however, share some language characteristics on all levels, including phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic. These topics are heavily influenced by the fields of Contrastive Linguistics and Comparative Linguistics. The differences in fundamental sentence form between Arabic and English, as well as how English and Arabic differ in sentence structure, will be examined in this article, as well as how this impacts Arab students learning English as a second language. When attempting to translate from Arabic to English and vice versa, one of the most common mistakes students make is using incorrect terms. Ibrahim Muneer Abdalatif Kub | Karim Muneer Abdalatif Kub "Difference between Arabic and English in the Basic Sentence Structure: Contrastive Analysis and Typical Translation Errors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47579.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47579/difference-between-arabic-and-english-in-the-basic-sentence-structure-contrastive-analysis-and-typical-translation-errors/ibrahim-muneer-abdalatif-kub
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
This document discusses the history and development of semantics, the scientific study of meaning in language. It outlines the main approaches to semantics such as formal and functional approaches. Key topics in semantics are discussed including word meaning, meaning in vocabulary organization, meaning in syntax, and historical semantics. The document also explores the relationship between semantics and other fields such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory.
This document summarizes the stages of language production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses four main stages:
1) Conceptualization, where thoughts are formed into a message. McNeil's theory that imagistic and syntactic thoughts collaborate is described.
2) Formulation, where the message is encoded into linguistic structures. Lashey's work on slips of the tongue and priming is mentioned.
3) Articulation, the physical production of speech, which involves coordinated use of respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal muscles and motor control from the brain.
4) Self-monitoring, where speakers detect and repair errors through interruptions, editing expressions, and different types
This document compares and contrasts phrase structure grammar and transformational generative grammar. It argues that transformational generative grammar is superior for several reasons: (1) it accounts for structural ambiguity and sentences with more than one interpretation, while phrase structure grammar can only analyze sentences in one way; (2) it can solve problems like the complex behavior of "there" using transformational rules; and (3) it recognizes the logical relations between sentences with similar structures, unlike phrase structure grammar. The conclusion is that transformational generative grammar, with its two-level analysis of deep and surface structures, provides a more powerful framework for linguistic analysis.
1. Michael Halliday developed systemic functional linguistics, which views language as a social semiotic system. It considers how language evolves based on the functions it needs to serve in communication.
2. Systemic functional linguistics analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to construe experience, the interpersonal to enact social relations, and the textual to combine the other two into coherent texts.
3. Halliday's theory is based on five principles - paradigmatic choice, stratification of meaning, the three metafunctions, syntagmatic structure, and instantiation between system and instance. It provides a framework to explain the complexity of human language use.
Suprasegmental features are prosodic elements of speech such as intonation, rhythm, stress and tone that operate over longer stretches of speech rather than individual sounds. They affect the pronunciation of segments and can change or clarify the meaning of words and sentences. Examples given include vowel length changing meaning in some languages, intonation conveying emotion, and stress and pausing altering sentence meaning in English. Tone languages also use pitch at the syllable level to distinguish word meanings.
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
Introductory lecture on Corpus Linguistics. Contents: Corpus linguistics: past and present, What is a corpus?, Why use computers to study language? Corpus-based vs. Intuition-based approach, Theory vs. Methodology.
This lecture was based on McEnery et al. 2006. Corpus-based Language Studies. An Advanced resource book. Routlege.
This document discusses contrastive analysis as a tool for comparing two languages to identify similarities and differences. It can be used to predict difficulties for language learners by examining differences between their first language (L1) and the target second language (L2). The document outlines the basic steps of contrastive analysis, including describing the phonemic inventories and comparing sounds, syntax, and other linguistic features between L1 and L2. Contrastive analysis was an early and influential theory for predicting language learning difficulties but has limitations and has been supplemented by other approaches.
The document discusses discourse analysis and key concepts in analyzing language use and interpretation. It covers the Hallidayan model of language which analyzes context of culture, context of situation (including field, tenor, mode), genre, and register. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, implicatures, and approaches to discourse analysis including initial analysis, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
1) Generative grammar was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1957 as a set of rules for producing grammatical sentences in a language based on universal grammar principles innate to humans.
2) Generative grammar includes finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar, which identifies rules that govern sentence structure beneath aspects like word order.
3) The document discusses differences between traditional grammar, focused on Latin instruction, and generative grammar, conceived to describe language in a way computers could process human language. It also provides the writer's positive reflection on learning about generative grammar.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
This document provides an overview of generative grammar as established by Noam Chomsky. It discusses how generative grammar aims to describe the infinite number of well-formed sentences in a language using phrase structure rules and a lexicon. The two key components of generative grammar are the phrase structure component, which generates sentences using rules, and the lexicon, which provides lexical information. Together these components can account for language creativity, recursion, and native speaker competence or judgements about grammaticality.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Morphology # Productivity in Word-FormationAni Istiana
This document discusses word formation processes and productivity in morphology. It defines productivity as the generality of a word formation process, considering both its degree of application to potential word bases and how it may change over time. Productivity exists on a spectrum from fully productive to semi-productive to unproductive. Semi-productive processes like suffixation with -ist or -ant are constrained by factors like the origin of the base word. Creativity in word formation can be rule-governed, following regular morphological patterns, or rule-bending, where new words are formed idiomatically without conscious rules.
This document discusses the scope of semantics and the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts. It makes three main points:
1) Words are not just names for objects, as they can also represent actions, qualities, and abstract ideas. Meaning is not simply defined by denotation.
2) Bertrand Russell distinguished between "object words" that label concrete things, and "dictionary words" that are defined in relation to object words.
3) Linguists have proposed different models of the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts, including de Saussure's signifier-signified model and Bloomfield's stimulus-response model. Meaning depends on both linguistic and real-world
The document discusses contrastive analysis and error analysis in language learning. It covers:
1) The weak, moderate, and strong versions of contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH) and their limitations in predicting learner errors.
2) Factors like language transfer, both positive and negative, that can facilitate or hinder second language acquisition.
3) Problems with CAH predictions and the finding that many errors are not due to language differences.
4) Procedures for comparing languages in a contrastive analysis, including selecting areas, describing languages, comparing features, predicting difficulties, and verifying predictions.
5) Hierarchies of difficulty proposed to formalize predictions, including six categories ranging from
This document provides an overview of the articulatory organs involved in speech production. It describes the vocal folds, lips, oral and nasal cavities, palate, uvula, and segments of the tongue. Diagrams show the positions of these organs and how they are used to produce different vowels and consonant sounds. The text also compares and contrasts the English and Spanish vowel systems, identifying similarities and differences in vowel quality, diphthongs, and phonetic environments.
The universal hypothesis proposes that all human languages share certain basic structural properties, called linguistic universals. According to this hypothesis, humans are born with an innate, universal grammar (UG) that contains a set of rules for language acquisition. The study of linguistic universals can help explain second language acquisition in two ways. First, it can identify which properties of the target language will be more or less difficult to acquire based on their status as linguistic universals. Second, it allows researchers to predict which differences between the first and second language will cause difficulties in acquisition and which will not.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in linguistics, including definitions of language, the stages of learning a language, and features that distinguish human and animal communication. It then describes the main branches of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Specific linguistic concepts are defined, such as phoneme, morpheme, allomorph, morph, and their differences are explained. Theories around the linguistic sign and grammar are also introduced. The document serves as an introductory guide to fundamental terminology and topics within the field of linguistics.
Difference between Arabic and English in the Basic Sentence Structure Contras...ijtsrd
Human beings have a one of a kind feature language. Languages differ from one another in many ways. Standard Arabic and Standard English, for example, are distinct yet similar languages. That is, these two languages were developed independently of one another. The Arabic language is Semitic, or Syro Arabian, in the same way as the English language is German. They do, however, share some language characteristics on all levels, including phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic. These topics are heavily influenced by the fields of Contrastive Linguistics and Comparative Linguistics. The differences in fundamental sentence form between Arabic and English, as well as how English and Arabic differ in sentence structure, will be examined in this article, as well as how this impacts Arab students learning English as a second language. When attempting to translate from Arabic to English and vice versa, one of the most common mistakes students make is using incorrect terms. Ibrahim Muneer Abdalatif Kub | Karim Muneer Abdalatif Kub "Difference between Arabic and English in the Basic Sentence Structure: Contrastive Analysis and Typical Translation Errors" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47579.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47579/difference-between-arabic-and-english-in-the-basic-sentence-structure-contrastive-analysis-and-typical-translation-errors/ibrahim-muneer-abdalatif-kub
Generativism refers to the theory of language developed by Noam Chomsky and his followers. It holds that language is innate and that humans possess a language acquisition device. Chomsky argued against behaviorism, proposing that language is not learned through stimulus and response. Instead, he believed that humans are born with an innate, universal grammar that allows children to learn language quickly despite limited exposure. Generativism also distinguishes between competence, the innate linguistic knowledge, and performance, how language is produced and understood. It views language as rule-governed and creative.
This document discusses the history and development of semantics, the scientific study of meaning in language. It outlines the main approaches to semantics such as formal and functional approaches. Key topics in semantics are discussed including word meaning, meaning in vocabulary organization, meaning in syntax, and historical semantics. The document also explores the relationship between semantics and other fields such as philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and communication theory.
This document summarizes the stages of language production according to psycholinguistic models. It discusses four main stages:
1) Conceptualization, where thoughts are formed into a message. McNeil's theory that imagistic and syntactic thoughts collaborate is described.
2) Formulation, where the message is encoded into linguistic structures. Lashey's work on slips of the tongue and priming is mentioned.
3) Articulation, the physical production of speech, which involves coordinated use of respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal muscles and motor control from the brain.
4) Self-monitoring, where speakers detect and repair errors through interruptions, editing expressions, and different types
This document compares and contrasts phrase structure grammar and transformational generative grammar. It argues that transformational generative grammar is superior for several reasons: (1) it accounts for structural ambiguity and sentences with more than one interpretation, while phrase structure grammar can only analyze sentences in one way; (2) it can solve problems like the complex behavior of "there" using transformational rules; and (3) it recognizes the logical relations between sentences with similar structures, unlike phrase structure grammar. The conclusion is that transformational generative grammar, with its two-level analysis of deep and surface structures, provides a more powerful framework for linguistic analysis.
1. Michael Halliday developed systemic functional linguistics, which views language as a social semiotic system. It considers how language evolves based on the functions it needs to serve in communication.
2. Systemic functional linguistics analyzes language through three metafunctions - the ideational to construe experience, the interpersonal to enact social relations, and the textual to combine the other two into coherent texts.
3. Halliday's theory is based on five principles - paradigmatic choice, stratification of meaning, the three metafunctions, syntagmatic structure, and instantiation between system and instance. It provides a framework to explain the complexity of human language use.
Suprasegmental features are prosodic elements of speech such as intonation, rhythm, stress and tone that operate over longer stretches of speech rather than individual sounds. They affect the pronunciation of segments and can change or clarify the meaning of words and sentences. Examples given include vowel length changing meaning in some languages, intonation conveying emotion, and stress and pausing altering sentence meaning in English. Tone languages also use pitch at the syllable level to distinguish word meanings.
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.
Introductory lecture on Corpus Linguistics. Contents: Corpus linguistics: past and present, What is a corpus?, Why use computers to study language? Corpus-based vs. Intuition-based approach, Theory vs. Methodology.
This lecture was based on McEnery et al. 2006. Corpus-based Language Studies. An Advanced resource book. Routlege.
This document discusses contrastive analysis as a tool for comparing two languages to identify similarities and differences. It can be used to predict difficulties for language learners by examining differences between their first language (L1) and the target second language (L2). The document outlines the basic steps of contrastive analysis, including describing the phonemic inventories and comparing sounds, syntax, and other linguistic features between L1 and L2. Contrastive analysis was an early and influential theory for predicting language learning difficulties but has limitations and has been supplemented by other approaches.
The document discusses discourse analysis and key concepts in analyzing language use and interpretation. It covers the Hallidayan model of language which analyzes context of culture, context of situation (including field, tenor, mode), genre, and register. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, implicatures, and approaches to discourse analysis including initial analysis, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
1) Generative grammar was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1957 as a set of rules for producing grammatical sentences in a language based on universal grammar principles innate to humans.
2) Generative grammar includes finite state grammar, phrase structure grammar, and transformational grammar, which identifies rules that govern sentence structure beneath aspects like word order.
3) The document discusses differences between traditional grammar, focused on Latin instruction, and generative grammar, conceived to describe language in a way computers could process human language. It also provides the writer's positive reflection on learning about generative grammar.
A presentation on English syllables.This is the first part of the presentation. It is about syllabification and its rules. The second part will be about stress on syllables.
This document provides an overview of generative grammar as established by Noam Chomsky. It discusses how generative grammar aims to describe the infinite number of well-formed sentences in a language using phrase structure rules and a lexicon. The two key components of generative grammar are the phrase structure component, which generates sentences using rules, and the lexicon, which provides lexical information. Together these components can account for language creativity, recursion, and native speaker competence or judgements about grammaticality.
This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines phonetics as the study of speech sounds and notes there are three types: acoustic, auditory, and articulatory. It describes vowels as sounds with an open air passage and consonants as sounds where the air stream is restricted. It discusses place and manner of articulation for different consonant sounds. It also outlines the organs of speech involved in sound production and the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds.
General linguistics is the scientific study of human language in all its forms without restrictions. It supplies the concepts and categories used to analyze specific languages. General linguistics studies the theoretical bases of language description and the methods used to investigate linguistic phenomena. It also examines the connections between linguistics and other fields like logic, psychology, and the social influences on a language's development and structure. One feature is a dual approach using both structural analysis of a language's systems and sociolinguistic analysis of social influences.
Morphology # Productivity in Word-FormationAni Istiana
This document discusses word formation processes and productivity in morphology. It defines productivity as the generality of a word formation process, considering both its degree of application to potential word bases and how it may change over time. Productivity exists on a spectrum from fully productive to semi-productive to unproductive. Semi-productive processes like suffixation with -ist or -ant are constrained by factors like the origin of the base word. Creativity in word formation can be rule-governed, following regular morphological patterns, or rule-bending, where new words are formed idiomatically without conscious rules.
This document discusses the scope of semantics and the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts. It makes three main points:
1) Words are not just names for objects, as they can also represent actions, qualities, and abstract ideas. Meaning is not simply defined by denotation.
2) Bertrand Russell distinguished between "object words" that label concrete things, and "dictionary words" that are defined in relation to object words.
3) Linguists have proposed different models of the relationship between words, meanings, and concepts, including de Saussure's signifier-signified model and Bloomfield's stimulus-response model. Meaning depends on both linguistic and real-world
The document discusses contrastive analysis and error analysis in language learning. It covers:
1) The weak, moderate, and strong versions of contrastive analysis hypothesis (CAH) and their limitations in predicting learner errors.
2) Factors like language transfer, both positive and negative, that can facilitate or hinder second language acquisition.
3) Problems with CAH predictions and the finding that many errors are not due to language differences.
4) Procedures for comparing languages in a contrastive analysis, including selecting areas, describing languages, comparing features, predicting difficulties, and verifying predictions.
5) Hierarchies of difficulty proposed to formalize predictions, including six categories ranging from
This document provides an overview of the articulatory organs involved in speech production. It describes the vocal folds, lips, oral and nasal cavities, palate, uvula, and segments of the tongue. Diagrams show the positions of these organs and how they are used to produce different vowels and consonant sounds. The text also compares and contrasts the English and Spanish vowel systems, identifying similarities and differences in vowel quality, diphthongs, and phonetic environments.
Pragmatic REST: recent trends in API designMarsh Gardiner
As presented by @mpnally and @earth2marsh at I Love APIs 2015. Slides covered API design trends, with particular attention paid to hypermedia and versioning. Note the distinction between service-oriented and data-oriented approaches on slide #5.
This lecture provides a general feedback to the concept of error analysis and the stages of conducting error analysis, and the sources of errors. ..etc.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics, including:
- Pragmatics is the study of context and implied meaning in language. It examines how language is used in real situations.
- Key developments that established pragmatics as a field in linguistics occurred in the 1930s-1980s.
- Pragmatics studies implicatures, expressions of distance, and how context contributes to meaning beyond the literal words. It considers relationships between linguistic forms and their users.
Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of two languages to identify their structural differences and similarities. It was originally used to establish language families but was later applied to second language acquisition in the 1960s. The contrastive analysis hypothesis claimed that elements similar between a learner's first and second language would be easier to acquire, while differences would be more difficult. However, empirical evidence showed this could not predict all errors, and some uniform errors occurred regardless of first language. This led to the development of error analysis and the concept of interlanguage, seeing second language acquisition as its own rule-governed linguistic system rather than an imperfect version of the target language.
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
Drivers of practice change: Comparative look at health sector knowledge trans...Research Impact Academy
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics, which it defines as the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is literally said. It discusses several key concepts in pragmatics, including deixis, reference and inference, conversational implicature, speech acts, and politeness in interaction. Some of the main topics covered are the cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, how context influences referring expressions, and the difference between direct and indirect speech acts. The document aims to explain how pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic factors involved in effective communication.
CONTRASTIVE FONOLOGY POR VALERIA NAVARROvalecris05
This document provides an overview of linguistics and phonology concepts. It discusses how linguistics is the scientific study of language and branches out to include fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and anthropological linguistics. Key concepts covered include phonology, phonemes, allophones, transcription, and phonetic transcription. It also briefly touches on world languages by population and classifications of language.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and involves studying topics like grammar, sounds, meaning, history and more. It emerged in the 19th century to distinguish a newer scientific approach from the traditional approach of philology. Related disciplines include sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics and others. Contrastive linguistics specifically studies differences and similarities between two or more languages. It provides insights useful for language teaching by identifying potential areas of difficulty for language learners.
This document provides information about a student named Kevin Fernando Yépez Huertas who is in the 5th class of French at the Universidad Central del Ecuador, Faculty of Philosophy, Letters and Education Sciences, School of Languages. It discusses several key branches of linguistics including sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, anthropological linguistics, and applied linguistics. It also contrasts comparative linguistics with contrastive linguistics and discusses fundamental teaching in contrastive linguistics.
Andrea Quiñonez Contrasts of English and Spanish Fricativeandreitaortiz20
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Contrastive phonology POR JENNY DUENAS
1. PRELIMINARY NOTIONS
Linguistics is a science that implies a serious and deep study of a language.
Lots of concepts on linguistics have been given through time by linguists
according to their points of view, backgrounds, realities, scenarios,and
linguistic environments where they live in and are from.
Linguistic is the scientific study of language in general.
2. LINGUISTICS BACKGROUND
The word linguistics was
initially used in the middle Philology is a brach of
of the 19th century to linguistics that studies
emphasize the differences language change and
between a newer approach language relationship.
to the study of language.
SOCIO-ETHNIC
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
LINGUISTICS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC
LINGUISTICS
COMPUTATIONAL
APPLIED LINGUISTICS
LINGUISTICS (AL)
3. CONTRASTIVE OR COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
Once the concepts above have been discussed, it is possible
to refer to the study, contrast or comparison of two or more
language structures, whose subject matter is more specific.
COMPARATIVE CONTRASTIVE
LINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS
Languages may be related by
convergence through borrowing
or by genetic descent. Genetic
relatedness implies a common It compares languages usually
origin or proto- language, and with the aim of assisting
comparative linguistics aims to language learning by identifying
construct proto- language and important differences between
especify the changes that have the learner’s native and target
resulted in the documented language
languages.
4. Contrastive analysis, CA of sounds
CONTRASTIVE systems involve phonological or
LINGUISTICS SYLLABUS phonetic contrast, relevant to
identifying types foreing accent.
CONTRASTIVE Another perspective is thet
PRAGMATICS pragmatics deals with the ways we
reach or goal in comunication
The contrastive method in prinnciple
FUNDAMENTALS METHODOLOGY OF every difference or similarity between
FOR TEACHING CONTRASTIVE
CL. two or more related languages should
LINGUISTICS be explicable in terms of isolaion or
context analysis.
Although Lado (1957) included a comparison of
cultures, early contrastive studies focused on
NEW TRENDS what has been described as microlinguistis
contrastive analysis (James 1980): phonology,
grammar, lexis.
It supplies references to description of linguistic
THE ROLE OF CORPORA phenomena in the students’ mother tongue
It reorganizad uses the IPA conventional register
It develops listening decoding and transcription
notation
5. Language is a system arbitrary
LANGUAGE
vocal symbols used for human
communication
MOST SPOKEN
BREAKDOWN OF
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGES BY WORLD
POPULATION OF THE
AREA
WORLD
According the stadistics we can
It was mentioned earlier that classify the languages most important
ethnologue lists 6,912 living in de world are:
languages, the table above reveals a 1 Mandarin
striking difference between the 2 Hind
median and the mean sizes of 3 English
languages in different parts of the 4 Arabe
world. 5 Spanish
6. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE
VERBAL LANGUAGES NO VERBAL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGE Is a group of languages related by descent Written or It is a system of permanent written
FAMILY from a common ancestor symbolic language symbols
Particular way of using a language Idiographic It is a writing system which uses
DIALECT
regional and social writing language ideograms(symbols)
INDIVIDUAL Is a langue as a whole from the same Syllabic writing it is based on syllables which are
LANGUAGE family language represented by separed symbols.
This is individual , voice quality Alphabetical It is based on sounds- pronuntiation- and
IDIOLECT writing language deals with alphabetical symbols.
speech tone
Used by people who work inaparticular area or
Articulated
JERGA who heve a particular interest Eg. Lawer
language
Deals with phonetic Spelling
criminals
English might be considered the third- or
COLLOQUIALISM Is informal expressions English language fourth- largest native language in the world.
It is a informal use of the language is Spanish Spanish belongs to the romance branch of
SLANG
rud is non standar language. language the indo-european language family.
7. LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
IS THE INCOMPATIBILITY, IT IS DE QUALITY OR STATE OF BEING
INCONSISTENT, OF CONCIRDANCE WITH A STRUCTURAL
PATTERN.
THE SAME LETTER OR LETTER COMBINATION CAN REFER TO DIFFERENT SOUNDS
THE SAME SOUNDS CAN HAVE WITH DIFFERENTS LETTERS OR LETTER COMBINATIONS
DIFFERENT DALECTS PRONUNCE THE SAME WORD DIFFERENTLY
8. CLUSTER
Vowel cluster Consonant cluster
Analyzes the observed
pronunciation in relation to INITIAL CLUSTERS MEDIAL CLUSTERS FINAL CLUSTERS
common english words
containing he same vowel
INTRASYLLABIC MEDIAL
clusters
Initial two- consonant clusters CLUSTER SPANISH has no clusters
may occur in both english and in final position, english
INTERSYLLABIC MEDIAL
spanish while three CLUSTER words containing from
consonant clusters just place two up to four final
in english consonant cluster
When it belongs to the
second of the two
SYLLABLE DIVISION OCCURS syllable peaks between
BETWEEN THE MEMBERS
which they apper as
medial.
9. Is the study of
PHONOLOGY the system of
phonemes of a
language.
PHONEMICS PHONETICS
anallophone diacritic allophones
Is the smallest basic
and theoretical unit of
language. It is a mark
Allophones are
placed
Is a real apeech not contrastive
over, under or
variant of a since they do not
through a letter
specific phoneme create differences
THEPHONEME (or phonetic
in meaning.
symbol)
10. It is a system of characters
arranged in a fixed conventional
order to symbolize sounds or
letters used in a writing system
to represent speech. Its name
comes from alpha+beta, the first
ALPHABET two letters of the Greek
alphabet.
The Latin Alphabet, also called the Roman
LATIN ALPHABET alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic
writing system in the world today.
The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) ENCAPSULATED THE Latin alphabet in their
(ISO/IEC 646) standard.
LATIN ALPHABET AND
INTENATIONAL STANDARS
INTERNATIONAL There are many transcription conventions as
PHONETIC ALPHABET dictionaries and reader´s necessities. This
implies having almost the same problems as
(IPA) ordinary orthography.
11. Is a system of notation that represents
TRANSCRIPTION utterances or partial utterances of a
language pronounced by people in general.
Some details might be ignored or included in
the transcription.
Also identified as Phonemic Transcription, it is the notation that represents
BROAD utterances of a language by indicating only the significant and underlying
TRANSCRIPTION sounds (phonemes) that make up a word. It ignores as many as possible
details and captures only the general aspects of pronunciation to show
differences in meaning among words. It is writing between slant lines ://.
It is notation that represents variants of a
NARROW specific phoneme. It captures as many as
TRANSCRIPTION possible details which are represented by the
diacritics provided in the IPA.
It is another important feature which is often
represented in phonetic and phonemic
STRESS
transcription. Every single word has a stressed
syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed syllable is
often longer, louder an higher in pitch.
12. ALPHABET
LATIN PHONETIC MODERN
LATIN RUSSIAN
ALPHABET ALPHABET
ALPHABET AND ALPHABET GREEK
INTENATIONAL (IPA) ALPHABET ALPHABET
STANDARS
The
It is a The Latin There are The
The Latin Modern
system of Alphabet, a many
Greek Russian
lso called Alphabet, transcription
characters alphabet alphabet is
also called conventions
arranged in the Roman as was the
the Roman
a fixed alphabet, i dictionaries created in alphabet of
alphabet, is
convention s the most and reader´s the year the Russian
the most necessities.
al order to 1550AD. language.
widely widely This implies
symbolize This From the
sounds or
used used having
alphabet is year 1918
alphabetic alphabetic almost the
letters same of majority (officially
writing writing
used in a problems as use in parts from 1942)
system in system in
writing ordinary of Greece it consists
the world
system to the world orthography. and of 33
today.
represent today. Australia. letters.
speech.
13. SYMBOLS USED FOR
TRANSCRIPTION
ANGLE SLANT SQUARE VERTICAL DIVISION STRESS
BRACKETS
DIACRITICS
BRACKETS BRACKETS LINE MARKER MAR K
They are The are
used to used It shows the It shows
Phonemic It shows a It shows
enclose the around variation in the
transcripti pause in the the vowel or
spelling of details following
on uses phonetic boundarie consonant
the phonetic quality. Nasal syllable
orthograph them: transcripti s between
transcripti or dark stressed:
ic notation: /’teyp/. on. syllables. quality.
on: ‘car.
<pretty>.
[tɦeIp]