1. -Regional accent
Has features “SPEECH”
unrelated to Is a clue in terms
regional variation of: -Dialect
Two people growing up in the
same place, may speak different
because of social factors.

2. Is a form of social identity  -Different social groups
which indicates membership of:  -Different speech communities
Speech
communities
Investigating language from this 1) Investigation of language and
perspective is known as culture
“Sociolinguistics” 2) Role of language in
organization of social groups
and institutions.
Language SOCIOLINGUISTICS Society 3) Attitudes and perceptions are
1)Anthropology expressed, how in group and
2)Sociology out group behaviours are
3)Social Psychology identified.

3. -Class
Varieties of language
-Education
use by groups defined
-Age
according to:
-Sex
Better or positive
Phenomenon: valued of speaking
covert prestige in social
communities
Ex: schoolboys attach covert prestige to forms of
“bad” languages.

4. •People who have leave the educational system early uses
infrequent words in speech.
Ex: Them boys throwed something
•People who have gone to college and University have
spoken language features from written language, that is
why professors talk like books.
The results of a study in New York, showed
that:
But in England it has the
U.S higher socioeconomic status more opposite social value.
[r] sounds. Lower socioeconomic status,
fewer [r] sounds.

5. Grand parent-grandchild
time span, is the most Prefer to discuss
Discuss personal
noticeable variation of age. sports and feelings. They uses
news. In expressions
conversations, associated with
men used to tentativeness ex:
interrupt hedges(sort of), tags
women. (isn't?)
•Recent researches have shown that:
Female speakers tend to use more
prestigious forms than male speakers with
the same social background.

6. SOCIETY
ETHNIC
BACKGROUNDS
Differences in speech
AFICAN-AMERICANS It is a
Is stigmatized as
Have a dialect called widespread
“BAD SPEECH”
Black English Vernacular social dialect
Ex1: Absence of the capula (forms Ex2: The use of double negative.
of the verb to be), it is not standard “He don’t know nothing”
English.
“they mine or you crazy”

7. Personal dialect of each individual
speaker of a language.
Is related with the situation of
use, it could be:
-formal or informal writing or
speaking.
The level and style of a piece of writing or
speech, that is usually appropriate to the
situation that it is used in.
Technical vocabulary associated
JERGON
with a specifical activity or group.
Ex: technology, engineering.