This document provides an overview of linguistics and phonology concepts. It discusses how linguistics is the scientific study of language and branches out to include fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and anthropological linguistics. Key concepts covered include phonology, phonemes, allophones, transcription, and phonetic transcription. It also briefly touches on world languages by population and classifications of language.

1. UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL
ECUADOR
FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS
MENCIÓN PLURILINGÜE - FRANCÉS

2. CONTRASTIVE
FONOLOGY

3. PRELIMINARY NOTIONS
Linguistics is a science that implies a serious and deep study of a
language.
Lots of concepts on linguistics have been given through time by
linguists according to their points of view, backgrounds, realities,
scenarios,and linguistic environments where they live in and are
from.
Linguistic is the scientific study of language in general.

4. LINGUISTICS BACKGROUND
The word linguistics was
initially used in the Philology is a brach of
middle of the 19th century linguistics that studies
to emphasize the language change and
differences between a language relationship.
newer approach to the
study of language.
SOCIO-ETHNIC SOCIOLINGUISTIC
LINGUISTICS S
PSYCHOLINGUIS ANTHROPOLOGIC
TIC AL LINGUISTICS
COMPUTATIONA
APPLIED
L LINGUISTICS
LINGUISTICS
(AL)

5. CONTRASTIVE OR COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
Once the concepts above have been discussed, it is
possible to refer to the study, contrast or comparison of
two or more language structures, whose subject matter is
more specific.
COMPARATIVE CONTRASTIVE
LINGUISTICS LINGUISTICS
Languages may be related by
convergence through
borrowing or by genetic
descent. Genetic relatedness It compares languages usually
implies a common origin or with the aim of assisting
proto- language, and language learning by
comparative linguistics aims to identifying important
construct proto- language and differences between the
especify the changes that have learner’s native and target
resulted in the documented language
languages.

6. CONTRASTIVE Contrastive analysis, CA of sounds
LINGUISTICS systems involve phonological or
SYLLABUS phonetic contrast, relevant to
identifying types foreing accent.
CONTRASTIVE Another perspective is thet
PRAGMATICS pragmatics deals with the ways we
reach or goal in comunication
The contrastive method in
FUNDAMENTALS METHODOLOGY OF prinnciple every difference or
FOR TEACHING CONTRASTIVE similarity between two or more
CL. related languages should be
LINGUISTICS
explicable in terms of isolaion or
context analysis.
Although Lado (1957) included a comparison
of cultures, early contrastive studies focused
NEW TRENDS on what has been described as microlinguistis
contrastive analysis (James 1980): phonology,
grammar, lexis.
It supplies references to description of
linguistic phenomena in the students’ mother
THE ROLE OF tongue
CORPORA It reorganizad uses the IPA conventional
register
It develops listening decoding and

7. Language is a system
LANGUAGE
arbitrary vocal symbols used
for human communication
MOST SPOKEN
BREAKDOWN OF
LANGUAGE
LANGUAGES BY
POPULATION OF
WORLD AREA
THE WORLD
According the stadistics we can
It was mentioned earlier that classify the languages most
ethnologue lists 6,912 living important in de world are:
languages, the table above reveals a 1 Mandarin
striking difference between the 2 Hind
median and the mean sizes of 3 English
languages in different parts of the 4 Arabe
world. 5 Spanish

8. BRIEF CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE
VERBAL
NO VERBAL LANGUAGE
LANGUAGES
Written or
LANGUAGE Is a group of languages related by It is a system of permanent written
symbolic
FAMILY descent from a common ancestor symbols
language
Particular way of using a Idiographic It is a writing system which uses
DIALECT
language regional and social writing language ideograms(symbols)
INDIVIDUAL Is a langue as a whole from the same Syllabic writing it is based on syllables which are
LANGUAGE family language represented by separed symbols.
This is individual , voice quality Alphabetical It is based on sounds- pronuntiation- and
IDIOLECT writing language deals with alphabetical symbols.
speech tone
Used by people who work inaparticular area
Articulated
JERGA or who heve a particular interest Eg. Lawer
language
Deals with phonetic Spelling
criminals
English might be considered the third- or
COLLOQUIALIS English
M
Is informal expressions language
fourth- largest native language in the
world.
It is a informal use of the language is Spanish Spanish belongs to the romance branch
SLANG
rud is non standar language. language of the indo-european language family.

9. LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES
IS THE INCOMPATIBILITY, IT IS DE QUALITY OR STATE
OF BEING INCONSISTENT, OF CONCIRDANCE WITH A
STRUCTURAL PATTERN.
THE SAME LETTER OR LETTER COMBINATION CAN REFER TO
DIFFERENT SOUNDS
THE SAME SOUNDS CAN HAVE WITH DIFFERENTS LETTERS OR LETTER
COMBINATIONS
DIFFERENT DALECTS PRONUNCE THE SAME WORD DIFFERENTLY

10. CLUSTER
Vowel cluster Consonant
cluster
Analyzes the observed
pronunciation in relation INITIAL CLUSTERS MEDIAL CLUSTERS FINAL CLUSTERS
to common english words
containing he same vowel
clusters
INTRASYLLABIC MEDIAL SPANISH has no
Initial two- consonant CLUSTER
clusters in final
clusters may occur in both
INTERSYLLABIC MEDIAL position, english words
english and spanish while CLUSTER
three consonant clusters containing from two up
just place in english to four final consonant
cluster
When it belongs to the
SYLLABLE DIVISION second of the two
OCCURS BETWEEN THE syllable peaks between
MEMBERS which they apper as
medial.

11. Is the study of
PHONOLOGY the system of
phonemes of a
language.
PHONEMICS PHONETICS
anallophone diacritic allophones
Is the smallest basic
and theoretical unit
of language. It is a mark Allophones are
Is a real apeech placed over, not contrastive
variant of a under or since they do not
specific through a letter create
THEPHONE phoneme (or phonetic differences in
ME
symbol) meaning.

12. It is a system of characters
arranged in a fixed
conventional order to
symbolize sounds or letters
used in a writing system to
represent speech. Its name
comes from alpha+beta, the
ALPHABET first two letters of the Greek
alphabet.
The Latin Alphabet, also called the Roman
LATIN ALPHABET alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic
writing system in the world today.
The International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) ENCAPSULATED THE
LATIN ALPHABET AND Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard.
INTENATIONAL
STANDARS
INTERNATIONAL There are many transcription conventions as
PHONETIC dictionaries and reader´s necessities. This
ALPHABET implies having almost the same problems as
(IPA) ordinary orthography.

13. Is a system of notation that represents
TRANSCRIPTION utterances or partial utterances of a
language pronounced by people in
general. Some details might be ignored or
included in the transcription.
Also identified as Phonemic Transcription, it is the notation that
BROAD represents utterances of a language by indicating only the significant
and underlying sounds (phonemes) that make up a word. It ignores as
TRANSCRIPTION many as possible details and captures only the general aspects of
pronunciation to show differences in meaning among words. It is
writing between slant lines ://.
It is notation that represents variants of a
NARROW specific phoneme. It captures as many as
TRANSCRIPTION possible details which are represented by the
diacritics provided in the IPA.
It is another important feature which is often
represented in phonetic and phonemic
STRESS
transcription. Every single word has a stressed
syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed syllable
is often longer, louder an higher in pitch.

14. SYMBOLS USED FOR
TRANSCRIPTION
ANGLE SLANT
SQUARE VERTICAL DIVISION DIACRITI STRESS
BRACKET BRACKET BRACKETS LINE MARKER CS MAR K
S S
They are
used to The are
enclose Phonemi used It shows It shows the It shows
the c around It shows a the variation in the
pause in the vowel or
spelling of transcript details boundari following
phonetic consonant
the ion uses phonetic transcriptio es quality. syllable
orthograp them: transcript n. between Nasal or stressed:
hic /’teyp/. ion: syllables. dark quality. ‘car.
notation:
[tɦeIp]
<pretty>.