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The document outlines the procedures for a lab experiment involving performing several common biochemical tests to identify the four major macromolecules: Benedict's test for reducing sugars, iodine test for starch, Biuret test for proteins, Sudan IV test for lipids, and Dische diphenylamine test for DNA. Each procedure is briefly described, noting the chemical reactions involved in the color change or precipitate that indicates the presence of each macromolecule.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
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Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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- 2. Bioscience- Lab 2 Macromolecules Procedure 6.1 Simple sugars have a free alhyde or ketone that reduce weak oxidizing agents such as the Cu in the benedict’s solution. Cupric ions (Cu 2+ ) reduce to cuprous oxide which is green to reddish orange. Perform the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars Glucose Sucrose
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Editor's Notes
- Sucrose (table sugar ) contains two sugars (fructose and glucose) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde, or the fructose to alpha-hydroxy-ketone form. Benedict's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine . Glucose found to be present in urine is an indication of diabetes mellitus . Once a reducing sugar is detected in urine, further tests have to be undergone in order to ascertain which sugar is present. Only glucose is indicative of diabetes.
- The formation of polyiodide chains from the reaction of starch and iodine. The amylose , or straight chain portion of starch, forms helices where iodine molecules assemble, forming a dark blue/black color. The amylopectin , or branched portion of starch, forms much shorter helices and iodine molecules are unable to assemble, leading the color to be of an orange/yellow hue.