Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. Everyone
wants the quality of services anytime & anywhere. Wireless networks can integrate various heterogeneous radio
access technologies as GSM, WLAN, Wimax etc. WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology
that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of
cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX). The main promise of interconnecting these heterogeneous networks is to provide high performance in
achieving a high data rate and support real time applications. These services require various networks (such as
CDMA2000 and Wireless LAN) to be integrated into IP-based networks, which further require a seamless
vertical handoff to 4th generation wireless networks. When a mobile host (MH) changes its point of attachment,
its IP address gets changed. MH should be able to maintain all the existing connections using the new IP
address. This process of changing a connection from one IP address to another one in IP network is called
handoff. Vertical handoff is switching from one network to another while maintaining the session. Vertical
Handoff (VHO) is a major concern for different heterogeneous networks. VHO can be user requested or based
on some criteria already designed by the researcher of that particular algorithm. The main objective is to
implement efficient & effective handoff scheme between two heterogeneous network ie. 802.11 WLAN &
CDMA
SIP-Based Mobility Management for LTE-WiMAX-WLAN Interworking Using IMS Archi...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an architecture framework for interworking of Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. The aim is to offer users of various networks seamless high quality IP-based multimedia services access anywhere at any time. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is used in the proposed architecture for providing a platform through which telecommunications operators can merge the various networks. A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) REFER method which provides uninterrupted service continuity is introduced. The proposed LTE-WiMAX and LTE-WLAN tight coupled interworking is compared with the UMTS- WiMAX and UMTS-WLAN tight coupled interworking. The two heterogeneous networks are simulated using OPNET Modeler 17.1. Various metrics are obtained to test the performance of the proposed technique. Results show that successful VoIP session handoffs with acceptable Quality of Services (QoS) levels can be performed. Results also show that the proposed architecture outperforms the pervious architecture.
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
Enhanced Mobile IP Handover Using Link Layer InformationCSCJournals
The main source of the problem in Mobile handover is the latency and packet loss introduced by the lengthy registration processes. The registration messages must traverse all the way to the home agent (HA) and back. In addition, the packets sent by the corresponding node (CNs) are lost until they receive the binding update (BU) indicating the new care-of-address (nCoA) of the mobile node (MN). To reduce the number of lost packets during this time, the MN can request the old access router (oAR) to forward all its incoming packets to the new access router (nAR) Mobile IP handovers can be improved through link layer information to reduce packet loss during handovers. It avoids link disruption during Mobile IP handovers and reduces packet loss. Therefore, link layer information allows an MN to predict the loss of connectivity more quickly than the L3 advertisement based algorithm. It is the best choice used to predict a breakdown wireless link before the link is broken. This facilitates the execution of the handover and eliminates the time to detect handover.
SIP-Based Mobility Management for LTE-WiMAX-WLAN Interworking Using IMS Archi...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an architecture framework for interworking of Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. The aim is to offer users of various networks seamless high quality IP-based multimedia services access anywhere at any time. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is used in the proposed architecture for providing a platform through which telecommunications operators can merge the various networks. A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) REFER method which provides uninterrupted service continuity is introduced. The proposed LTE-WiMAX and LTE-WLAN tight coupled interworking is compared with the UMTS- WiMAX and UMTS-WLAN tight coupled interworking. The two heterogeneous networks are simulated using OPNET Modeler 17.1. Various metrics are obtained to test the performance of the proposed technique. Results show that successful VoIP session handoffs with acceptable Quality of Services (QoS) levels can be performed. Results also show that the proposed architecture outperforms the pervious architecture.
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
Enhanced Mobile IP Handover Using Link Layer InformationCSCJournals
The main source of the problem in Mobile handover is the latency and packet loss introduced by the lengthy registration processes. The registration messages must traverse all the way to the home agent (HA) and back. In addition, the packets sent by the corresponding node (CNs) are lost until they receive the binding update (BU) indicating the new care-of-address (nCoA) of the mobile node (MN). To reduce the number of lost packets during this time, the MN can request the old access router (oAR) to forward all its incoming packets to the new access router (nAR) Mobile IP handovers can be improved through link layer information to reduce packet loss during handovers. It avoids link disruption during Mobile IP handovers and reduces packet loss. Therefore, link layer information allows an MN to predict the loss of connectivity more quickly than the L3 advertisement based algorithm. It is the best choice used to predict a breakdown wireless link before the link is broken. This facilitates the execution of the handover and eliminates the time to detect handover.
The aim of next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to integrate different wireless
access technologies such as WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS etc., each with its own characteristics, into a
common IP-based core network to provide mobile user with seamless connectivity. One of the major
issues for the converged heterogeneous networks is to provide seamless connectivity with QoS
support. In this paper we simulated various wireless networks (WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS) for
various applications and evaluated their performance as individual as well as in integrated mode
Handover for 5G Networks using Fuzzy Logic: A ReviewAI Publications
The future organization world will be inserted with various ages of remote advances, like 4G and 5G. Simultaneously, the advancement of new gadgets outfitted with different interfaces is filling quickly as of late. As a result, the upward handover convention is created to give pervasive availability in the heterogeneous remote climate. Handover might be a fundamental a piece of any remote Mobile Communication Network. It is a way of mobile communication and portable communication during which cellular broadcast is relocate from one base station to another without losing connection to the mobile communication. Handover is one problem on Wireless Network (WN) and to unravel this problem various sorts of HO methods utilized in network. Fuzzy logic, Machine Learning and Optimization are the handover solving methods that are studied during this paper. This paper is a review of the handoff techniques. Fuzzy logic is that the best technique to unravel the HO problem and it's further implemented in 4G/5G network.
Handover is the process of switching among the
available services without any interruption. Vertical handover is
a technique of switching from one type of a network to another
type of network (e.g., from WiFi to WiMAX). Seamless handover
between different access technologies is a great challenge as it
needs to obey different performance of QoS and security
constraints. Service users are becoming more demanding
regarding roaming capabilities across different networking
technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, and CDMA as they claim
service continuity with QoS requirement and good security
features. Vertical Handover Decision (VHD) algorithms need to
be designed to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) to a
wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming
among a number of access network technologies. This paper is
about the implementation of the VHD algorithms designed to
satisfy these requirements. A combination of 3 parameters i.e.
Data Rate, SINR and RSS are evaluated to take decision of the
best network among available.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new communication technology that
conduits the fissure between fixed and mobile access and offers the same Quality of Service (QoS) to both
types of users. Generally, WiMAX is more vulnerable to the inside and outside attacks due to the absence of
any clear line of defense. The Mobile Subscriber Stations (MSSs) selected to transfer the packets to the
Base Station (BS) are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks like flooding. Recent research has
discovered that DoS attacks can easily be launched by injecting malevolent management frames into the
WiMAX network based on the Privacy and Key Management- ReSPonse (PKM-RSP) and Automatic Repeat
ReQuest (ARQ)-Reset messages. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to mitigate the flooding attacks
and enhance the security level in the network.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
REDUCING HANDOVER DELAY BY PRESELECTIVE SCANNING USING GPS ijdpsjournal
IEEE 802.11 based mobile communication towers is used very much in many personal and industrial purposes as it provides a continuous connectivity to Mobile Nodes (MNs) and allows them to change their attachment point from old Access Point (A)P to new AP while needed. But one main problem of continuous connectivity is handover latency which consists of scanning, authentication and re-association phases. Scanning is the most time consuming part of handover process. In this paper, we introduce a prescanning mechanism using Global Positioning System (GPS) to reduce handover delay. In our method, scanning is completed almost before actual handover starts. From the simulation results, it can be seen that our proposed mechanism reduces handover delay by a great deal.
EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS FOR IMPROVING HANDOFF PERFORMANCE IN MOBILE WIMAX NE...ijdpsjournal
Mobile WiMAX is the latest technology that promises broadband wireless access over long distance. In order to support mobility and continuous network connectivity in mobile WiMAX, it is necessary to provide handoff. Handoff is an essential process in wireless networks to guarantee continuous and effective services. This paper focuses on the analysis of the performance of the handoff process in Mobile WiMAX. This paper aims to find out the factors/parameters of the WiMAX module that affect handoff performance the most, such as handoff duration of less than 50 ms and mobility speed up to 120km/hour. Simulation results show that some of the parameters of WiMAX do not have any influence on handoff latency, while others have great impact towards achieving shorter handoff duration time. The results also show that handoff times could vary for different speeds of the Mobile Station (MS).
https://www.ijmst.com/
IJMST Volume 1 Issue 1, Manuscript 4
As the popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks significantly increased over the
past years. The wireless adhoc network has now become one of the most vibrant and active
fields of communication and networking research. These networks are a new generation of
networks offering unrestricted mobility without any underlying infrastructure. As their
principle application is in disastrous environments, security is critical. Various challenges are
faced in the adhoc environment, mostly due to the resource poorness of these networks. One
man confront in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. The
solutions for conventional networks are usually not sufficient to provide efficient adhoc
operations. Just because of its wireless nature of communication and lack of any security
infrastructure raise several security problems and threats.
In this paper, we briefly review the threats an adhoc network faces and the security goals to
be achieved. Moreover, it also presents existing security schemes used in wireless adhoc
networks in order to handle security threats.
UNIT III
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks –GPRS –Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
The aim of next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to integrate different wireless
access technologies such as WLAN, WiMAX, UMTS etc., each with its own characteristics, into a
common IP-based core network to provide mobile user with seamless connectivity. One of the major
issues for the converged heterogeneous networks is to provide seamless connectivity with QoS
support. In this paper we simulated various wireless networks (WLAN, WiMAX and UMTS) for
various applications and evaluated their performance as individual as well as in integrated mode
Handover for 5G Networks using Fuzzy Logic: A ReviewAI Publications
The future organization world will be inserted with various ages of remote advances, like 4G and 5G. Simultaneously, the advancement of new gadgets outfitted with different interfaces is filling quickly as of late. As a result, the upward handover convention is created to give pervasive availability in the heterogeneous remote climate. Handover might be a fundamental a piece of any remote Mobile Communication Network. It is a way of mobile communication and portable communication during which cellular broadcast is relocate from one base station to another without losing connection to the mobile communication. Handover is one problem on Wireless Network (WN) and to unravel this problem various sorts of HO methods utilized in network. Fuzzy logic, Machine Learning and Optimization are the handover solving methods that are studied during this paper. This paper is a review of the handoff techniques. Fuzzy logic is that the best technique to unravel the HO problem and it's further implemented in 4G/5G network.
Handover is the process of switching among the
available services without any interruption. Vertical handover is
a technique of switching from one type of a network to another
type of network (e.g., from WiFi to WiMAX). Seamless handover
between different access technologies is a great challenge as it
needs to obey different performance of QoS and security
constraints. Service users are becoming more demanding
regarding roaming capabilities across different networking
technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, and CDMA as they claim
service continuity with QoS requirement and good security
features. Vertical Handover Decision (VHD) algorithms need to
be designed to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) to a
wide range of applications while allowing seamless roaming
among a number of access network technologies. This paper is
about the implementation of the VHD algorithms designed to
satisfy these requirements. A combination of 3 parameters i.e.
Data Rate, SINR and RSS are evaluated to take decision of the
best network among available.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
UNIT III MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new communication technology that
conduits the fissure between fixed and mobile access and offers the same Quality of Service (QoS) to both
types of users. Generally, WiMAX is more vulnerable to the inside and outside attacks due to the absence of
any clear line of defense. The Mobile Subscriber Stations (MSSs) selected to transfer the packets to the
Base Station (BS) are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks like flooding. Recent research has
discovered that DoS attacks can easily be launched by injecting malevolent management frames into the
WiMAX network based on the Privacy and Key Management- ReSPonse (PKM-RSP) and Automatic Repeat
ReQuest (ARQ)-Reset messages. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to mitigate the flooding attacks
and enhance the security level in the network.
Fuzzy Based Vertical Handoff Decision Controller for Future NetworksIJAEMSJORNAL
Abstract— In Next generation wireless Networks, the received signals (RSS) from different networks do not have a same meaning since each network is composed of its specific characteristics and there is no common pilot signal. Then, RSS comparisons are insufficient for handoff decision and may be inefficient and impractical. A more complex decision criterion that combines a large number of parameters or factors such as monetary cost, bandwidth, and power consumption and user profile is necessary. Though there are a lot works available for vertical handoff decision (VHD) for wireless networks, the selection of best network is still challenging problem. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy based vertical handoff decision controller (FVHDC) Which performs handover decision based on the output of fuzzy based rules.
REDUCING HANDOVER DELAY BY PRESELECTIVE SCANNING USING GPS ijdpsjournal
IEEE 802.11 based mobile communication towers is used very much in many personal and industrial purposes as it provides a continuous connectivity to Mobile Nodes (MNs) and allows them to change their attachment point from old Access Point (A)P to new AP while needed. But one main problem of continuous connectivity is handover latency which consists of scanning, authentication and re-association phases. Scanning is the most time consuming part of handover process. In this paper, we introduce a prescanning mechanism using Global Positioning System (GPS) to reduce handover delay. In our method, scanning is completed almost before actual handover starts. From the simulation results, it can be seen that our proposed mechanism reduces handover delay by a great deal.
EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS FOR IMPROVING HANDOFF PERFORMANCE IN MOBILE WIMAX NE...ijdpsjournal
Mobile WiMAX is the latest technology that promises broadband wireless access over long distance. In order to support mobility and continuous network connectivity in mobile WiMAX, it is necessary to provide handoff. Handoff is an essential process in wireless networks to guarantee continuous and effective services. This paper focuses on the analysis of the performance of the handoff process in Mobile WiMAX. This paper aims to find out the factors/parameters of the WiMAX module that affect handoff performance the most, such as handoff duration of less than 50 ms and mobility speed up to 120km/hour. Simulation results show that some of the parameters of WiMAX do not have any influence on handoff latency, while others have great impact towards achieving shorter handoff duration time. The results also show that handoff times could vary for different speeds of the Mobile Station (MS).
https://www.ijmst.com/
IJMST Volume 1 Issue 1, Manuscript 4
As the popularity of mobile devices and wireless networks significantly increased over the
past years. The wireless adhoc network has now become one of the most vibrant and active
fields of communication and networking research. These networks are a new generation of
networks offering unrestricted mobility without any underlying infrastructure. As their
principle application is in disastrous environments, security is critical. Various challenges are
faced in the adhoc environment, mostly due to the resource poorness of these networks. One
man confront in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. The
solutions for conventional networks are usually not sufficient to provide efficient adhoc
operations. Just because of its wireless nature of communication and lack of any security
infrastructure raise several security problems and threats.
In this paper, we briefly review the threats an adhoc network faces and the security goals to
be achieved. Moreover, it also presents existing security schemes used in wireless adhoc
networks in order to handle security threats.
UNIT III
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
GSM-architecture-Location tracking and call setup- Mobility management- Handover-Security-GSM SMS –International roaming for GSM- call recording functions-subscriber and service data mgt –-Mobile Number portability -VoIP service for Mobile Networks –GPRS –Architecture-GPRS procedures-attach and detach procedures-PDP context procedure-combined RA/LA update procedures-Billing
UNIT II
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Wireless LAN – IEEE 802.11 Standards – Architecture – Services – Mobile Ad hoc Networks- WiFi and WiMAX - Wireless Local Loop
Wear Analysis of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and it’s Composites under Wet...IOSR Journals
In this paper, the effect of load, Velocity of sliding and sliding distance on friction and wear of
materials made of Polytetrafluoroethylele (PTFE) and PTFE composites under wet condition with filler
materials such as 25% bronze, 25% glass fiber and 25 % carbon have studied. The experimental work has
performed on pin-on-disc friction and wear test rig and analyzed with the help of Design Expert software. The
results of experiments are presented in tables and graphs which shows that the addition of bronze, glass and
carbon filler to the virgin PTFE decreases wear rate significantly and there is marginal increase in coefficient
of friction. The highest wear resistance was found for 25% carbon filled PTFE followed by 25% glass filled
PTFE, 25% bronze filled PTFE and virgin PTFE. Through this study, we can develop the best bearing material
for the various industrial applications which is available easily at the minimum cost.
Modeling and Analysis for Cutting Temperature in Turning of Aluminium 6063 Us...IOSR Journals
Deviation in machining process due to the temperature influence, cutting force, tool wear leads to
highly inferior quality of finished product, especially in high speed machining operations where product quality
and physical dimensions seems to be meticulous. Moreover, temperature is a significant noise parameter which
directly affects the cutting tool and work piece. Hence the aim of this project work is to study the machining
effect on 6063 Aluminium alloy at varies combinations of process parameters such as speed, feed rate and depth
of cut; and also to determine the effect of those parameters over the quality of finished product. A L27
Orthogonal Array (OA) based Design of Experiments (DOE) approach and Response Surface Methodology
(RSM) was used to analyse the machining effect on work material in this study. Using the practical data
obtained, a mathematical model was developed to predict the temperature influence and surface quality of
finished product. The ultimate goal of the study is to optimize the machining parameters for temperature
minimization in machining zone and improvement in surface finish.
Analysis of Handoff techniques used for hybrid networks: cellular/WLAN IJORCS
Most real life networks are hybrid networks. A hybrid network combines the best features of two or more networks. In networking terminology, a hybrid network according to “Information Technology control and Audit” are reliable and versatile. They provide large numbers of connections and data transmission paths to users. These hybrid networks may be treated as network nodes for analysis purpose. The two radio access technologies (RATs) are considered with cellular/WLAN depending on whether it is voice/ data, video. For observing practical result, some setups are required in laboratory which includes interface from personal computer to mobile terminal and vice-versa. The network simulator (Ns-2) is used for analysis purpose. The results shows the parameters like energy good put, Bandwidth utilization, packet delivery ratio, energy good put and energy consumed are improved after using hybrid networks.
Quantative Analysis and Evaluation of Topology Control Schemes for Utilizing ...ijsrd.com
By virtue of their robustness, cost-effectiveness, self-organizing and self-configuring nature, WMNs have emerged as a new network paradigm for a wide range of applications, such as public safety and emergency response communications, intelligent transportation systems, and community networks. It is anticipated that WMNs will not only resolve the limitations of wireless ad hoc networks, local area networks (WLANs), personal area networks (WPANs), and metropolitan area networks (WMANs) but also significantly improve such networks’ performance. One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. In this paper, it is proposed to evaluate the performance of two different channel assignment schemes namely common channel assignment (CCA) and centralized tabu-based search algorithm under WCETT routing protocols for varying traffic load in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end to end delay and routing overhead using NS2 network simulator. WCETT protocol uses the weighted sum of the cumulative expected transmission time and the maximal value of efficient channels among all channels.
A Comparative Analysis of Vertical Handover Decision Process Algorithms for N...Editor IJMTER
Increasing consumer demand for access to services anywhere and anytime is driving a
hastened technological progression towards the integration of a variety of wireless access
technologies. Therefore one of the chief interest points of Next Generation Wireless Networks
(NGWNs), refers to the capability to support wireless network access equipments to guarantee a high
rate of services between dissimilar wireless networks. To answer these problems it is essential to
have decision algorithms to decide for every user of mobile terminal, which is the most excellent
network at some point, for a service or a precise application that the user needs. Therefore to make
these things, many algorithms use the vertical handoff technique. A series of algorithms based on
vertical handoff technique with a categorization of the different existing vertical handoff decision
strategies, which tries to resolve these issues of wireless network selection at a specified time for a
specific application of an user has been discussed in this paper. Also few parameters that are to be
considered during vertical handover have been discussed briefly.
EMERGING BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES: WIFI AND WIMAXcscpconf
Now-a-days there is high demand for broadband mobile services. Traditional high-speed
broadband solutions depend on wired technologies namely digital subscriber line (DSL). Wifi
and Wimax are useful in providing any type of connectivity such as the fixed or portable or
nomadic connectivity without the requirement of LoS (Line of Sight) of the base station. Mobile
Broadband Wireless Network (MBWN) is a flexible and economical solution for remote areas
where wired technology and also terminal mobility cannot be provided. The IEEE Wi-Fi and
Wi-Max/802.16 are the most promising technologies for broadband wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs) and these are capable of providing high throughput even on long distances with varied QoS. These technologies ensure a wireless network that enables high speed Internet access to residential, small and medium business customers, as well as Internet access for WiFi hot spots and cellular base stations. These offer support to both point-to-multipoint (P2MP) and multipoint-to-multipoint (mesh) nodes and offers high speed data (voice, video) service to the customers. In this paper, we study the issues related to, benefits and deployment of these technologies.
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Implementation of Vertical Handoff Algorithm between IEEE 802.11 WLAN & CDMA Cellular Network
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 6, Issue 3 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 57-62
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 57 | Page
Implementation of Vertical Handoff Algorithm between IEEE
802.11 WLAN & CDMA Cellular Network
Vidya s. Pande, Dr. N. N. Mhala
1
(Electronics Department , B. D. C. O. E / Nagpur university India)
2
(H. O. D. Electronics Department, B. D. C. O. E / Nagpur university India)
Abstract : Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. Everyone
wants the quality of services anytime & anywhere. Wireless networks can integrate various heterogeneous radio
access technologies as GSM, WLAN, Wimax etc. WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology
that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of
cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX). The main promise of interconnecting these heterogeneous networks is to provide high performance in
achieving a high data rate and support real time applications. These services require various networks (such as
CDMA2000 and Wireless LAN) to be integrated into IP-based networks, which further require a seamless
vertical handoff to 4th
generation wireless networks. When a mobile host (MH) changes its point of attachment,
its IP address gets changed. MH should be able to maintain all the existing connections using the new IP
address. This process of changing a connection from one IP address to another one in IP network is called
handoff. Vertical handoff is switching from one network to another while maintaining the session. Vertical
Handoff (VHO) is a major concern for different heterogeneous networks. VHO can be user requested or based
on some criteria already designed by the researcher of that particular algorithm. The main objective is to
implement efficient & effective handoff scheme between two heterogeneous network ie. 802.11 WLAN &
CDMA.
Keywords - CDMA , 4G, Vertical Handoff, WLAN
I. INTRODUCTION
Today's network is becoming more and more a combination of different wireless networks to prove
wider coverage and higher bandwidth to the users. Thus this heterogeneous property of network is giving
wireless overlay network [1]. When a network is combination of multiple subnetworks and their coverage areas
are overlapping, that combination of network is called overlay network. Usually heterogeneous networks are
overlay network and most of the vertical handoff schemes are based on the overlay network format.
Various wireless LAN services are being introduced in hotspot areas, such as campuses, hotels and
offices. In particular, IEEE802.11 WLAN services having high bandwidth are used to cover limited hotspot
areas. If the mobile host (MH) goes out of the hotspot coverage, the call will be dropped. In the 4th generation, a
WLAN cell is overlaid within a CDMA2000 cell that is constructed into an ALL-IP based network. A seamless
handoff is supplied through the vertical handoff process even if the MH goes out of the WLAN coverage area.
The minimized cell size in 4th generation networks results in frequent handoffs. 4G Networks are all IP based
heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any system at anytime and anywhere. Users carrying any
integrated terminal can use a wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks. 4G systems
provide not only telecommunications services, but also a data-rate service when good system reliability is
provided. 4G networks face number of challenges in providing service anywhere and anytime. An event when a
mobile station moves from one wireless cell to another is called Handoff. Handoff can be of two types first one
is horizontal (intra-system) and second is vertical (inter-system) cases. Handoff within the same wireless access
network technology is considered as horizontal handoff, and handoff among heterogeneous wireless access
network technologies is considered vertical handoff. The development of WLAN began with the
implementation of first IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards. The 802.11 standard have the utmost throughput up to 1
to 2 Mbits per second and operate in 2.4GHz frequency. The 802.11 standard is based on radio technologies.
WLAN intention was just to provide the wireless network infrastructure analogous to wired Ethernet
network[2].
The fiber optic transport services providing the high bandwidth and data rates is replaced by WIMAX
wireless technology all across the world. WIMAX is emerging technology to fulfill the high data rate and QoS
requirements of the customers, also it is the cheap deployment of voice services with no need of line of sight
wireless channel. WIMAX signals have the property to adopt the atmospheric conditions everywhere. WIMAX
electromagnetic waves also offer the support of adoptive coding and different operation modes, so voice and
data services can easily be transported by WIMAX network platform, [3].
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1.1 Handoff Methods
Handoffs have several methods and they are technology dependent. The main handoff methods are as follows.
1.1.1. Hard Handoff
It has a brief disruption of service as it has to break before a making a switching action. Hard Handoffs are used
by Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA) systems.
1.1.2. Soft Handoff
It has no disruption of service action as it makes a switching action before the break. Multiple network
resources are used by soft handoffs. Soft handoffs are used by CDMA system.
1.1.3. Horizontal Handoff
A horizontal handoff is a handoff between two network access points that use the same network technology and
interface. For example, when a mobile device moves in and out of various 802.11b network domains, the
handoff activities would be considered as a horizontal handoff, since connection is disrupted solely by device
mobility.
1.1.4. Vertical Handoff
A Vertical handoff is a handoff between two network access points, which are using different connection
technologies. For example, when mobile device moves out an 802.11 network into a CDMA network, the
handoff would be considered a vertical handoff.
In this paper, we have varied the parameters like bandwidth, node interest, quality of interest, received
signal strength indication, & network coverage.
II. VERTICAL HANDOFF STEPS
The vertical handoff [4] process involves three stages.
2.1. Node formation & Network discovery.
In this phase, Mobile Nodes (MN) periodically searches if there are some other different types of
wireless networks and take these discovered networks as candidates.
2.2. Handoff decision
In this phase where MNs compare the state of the current network with candidates, and select one as
the handoff target from them according to a certain criterion.
2.3. Handoff implementation
In this phase where MNs execute the handoff actions and associate with the newly authenticated
network.
The two cases in which handoffs occur. First, The process by which a MH that is in the WLAN service
area leaves out from the area and connects to the CDMA Cellular network is called MD handoff. Second is
When the MH serving in the CDMA cellular network region enters the WLAN service region, it connects to the
WLAN. This is called the MU handoff.
III. HANDOFF PARAMETERS
We use set of parameters that can be used to make the vertical handoff.
3.1. Bandwidth
Different networks have different bandwidth, in an overlay network. Network bandwidth refers to the
volume of data being transmitted across a network at any given point in time. When a MH moves into the
coverage of a network with a higher bandwidth, it may connect to the higher bandwidth network via a
downward handoff. When the MH moves out of its coverage, it can again connect to the original connection via
an upward handoff.
3.2. Received signal strength indication
In an IEEE 802.11 system RSSI is the relative received signal strength in a wireless environment, in
arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being received by the antenna. Therefore, the higher the
RSSI number, the stronger the signal. RSSI can be used internally in a wireless networking card to determine
when the amount of radio energy in the channel is below a certain threshold at which point the network card is
clear to send (CTS). Once the card is clear to send, a packet of information can be sent. The end-user will likely
observe a RSSI value when measuring the signal strength of a wireless network through the use of a wireless
network. If an MH finds the strength of the received signal from a network is below a threshold or below the
strength of signal from another network, the MH may decide to change the network.
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3.3. Quality of service ( qos)
Vertical handoff decision can be based on the service an MH is using. Every service requires a certain
level of QoS. If MH is using a more demanding service, like internet telephony, it may do a downward handoff
the high bandwidth service. On the other hand, if the MH is using a service like web browsing, it may not decide
to handoff if it meets the required QoS and avoid the necessary complications required for handoff.
3.4. Network interest & network coverage
Network conditions, like congestion and traffic load may be deciding factor of a vertical handoff. Even
if a MH can connect to a higher bandwidth network, but the network may be saturated and have high packet
loss. In that case, the MH may decide against a handoff. Network coverage & network interest should be proper.
IV. LITERATURE SURVEY
Features of 4G Networks
4.1. High Speed
4G systems should offer a peak speed of more than 100Mbits per second in stationary mode with an average of
20Mbits per second when travelling.
4.2. High Network Capacity
It Should be at least 10 times that of 3G systems. This will quicken the download time of a 10-Mbyte file to one
second on 4G, from 200 seconds on 3G, enabling high-definition video to stream to phones and create a virtual
reality experience on high-resolution handset screens.
4.3. Fast/Seamless handover across multiple networks
4G wireless networks should support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networks.
4.4. Next-generation multimedia support
The underlying network for 4G must be able to support fast speed volume data transmission at a lower
cost than today.
The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core mobile networks with a single worldwide
core network standard, based on IP for control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video,
voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely in IP. The objective is to offer seamless multimedia
services to users accessing an all IP based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is
assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks. An all IP-based
4G wireless network has inherent advantages over its predecessors. It is compatible with, and independent of the
underlying radio access technology [5].
In first paper, author presented a seamless vertical handoff procedure and the effective handoff
algorithm for the handoff transition region between the WLAN and CDMA cellular network. Mobility
management using MA and SA was also adopted to minimize the handoff delay in the WLAN-CDMA Cellular
interconnection architecture based on IP. In the handoff algorithm they use the number of continuous beacon
signals whose signal strength from the WLAN falls below the predefined threshold value.
In second paper proposed a handoff decision process with network selection that decides the optimal
velocity threshold in order to improve GoS and minimize the number of handoff attempts with a given traffic
volume in a WLAN & CDMA integrated network. The simulation results show the dependency of the system
performance upon the velocity threshold VT. The velocity threshold has been shown to be an important system
parameter that the system provider should determine to produce better GoS and lower handoff rates. From the
simulation results, they were able to validate the procedures determining the optimal VT, which depends upon
GoS as well as the number of handoff attempts.
Third paper outlines a handover strategy for heterogeneous wireless networks. The algorithms
presented above provide capacity where it is needed and when it is needed. Moreover more clients are satisfied
and the overall utilization of the network is improved. Cell breathing is implemented by adjusting the power of
each AP / BS in the network. The dynamic version of the algorithm can adapt to changes in client demands by
maximizing the total satisfied demand while limiting the number of clients that switch APs or BSs.
In fourth paper next generation wireless systems consist of heterogeneous wireless networks. Wireless
LAN (WLAN) and cellular mobile radio systems will be important part of heterogeneous networks. Universal
mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) provides wide-area coverage, high mobility but relatively low data
rate. WLAN is designed for low-range, high/medium data rate access, low mobility and can be used as a
complement to larger cellular mobile radio systems. In this paper, they consider a simple heterogeneous system
of WLAN and UMTS cell. Vertical handover plays a vital role in ensuring quality of service in heterogeneous
networks. In this paper, we proposed a vertical handover algorithm for an integrated cellular wireless LAN
4. Implementation Of Vertical Handoff Algorithm Between Ieee 802.11 Wlan & Cdma Cellular Network
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system. The design goal is to provide the user the best available quality of service (QoS) at any time. Moreover,
connections are handed over independently between UMTS and WLAN, aiming at seamless service continuity.
Here they have taken handover rate, probability of outage and probability of handover as the performance
metrics. Simulation results show that adaptive vertical handover algorithm improves the performance.
In last paper, wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the communications industry.
As such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public. Cellular systems have
experienced exponential growth over the last decade and there are currently around two billion users worldwide.
In this paper they use the vertical handoff algorithm and make a network based on WLAN and CDMA network
and then analyse on the basis of this network by using the formula throughput.
V. VERTICAL HANDOFF ALGORITHM
The automatic „fall over‟ from one technology to another in order to maintain communication, Vertical
handovers is used [7]. Vertical handoff refers to a network node changing the type of connectivity it uses to
access a supporting infrastructure, usually to support node mobility. A Vertical handoff is a handoff between
two network access points, which are using different connection technologies. For example, when mobile device
moves out an 802.11 network into a GPRS network, the handoff is called a vertical handoff. We have
considered two network first one is CDMA network & second is WLAN 802.11. Vertical handoff algorithm is
explained by considering some conditions as follows. First we considered, currently nodes are present in CDMA
network .
If node bandwidth is less than 15 ORing with node interest is less than 0.5 ORing with node quality of
service is less than 0.5 ORing with node received signal strength indication is less than -70 ORing with node
network coverage is less than 150.
Here We have considered various parameters & compared with some threshold values. If this above
condition is satisfied then node will change network i.e. from CDMA to WLAN 802.11 & vice versa.
VI. RESULTS
In the simulation of vertical handoff algorithm, parameters of random nodes are varying. We use two
networks first one is CDMA and Second is WLAN . We use some threshold value of various parameters. By
comparing these parameters, the node will choose current network.
For creating nodes first we have to create user datagram Protocol agent i.e. UDP after creating UDP, it
attach to node. Then create constant bit rate ratio i.e. CBR traffic source. It attach to UDP. Connect traffic
source to traffic sink. At last create link between nodes. We Use Ad hoc on demand distance vector protocol i..e
AODV. The Nam file of node formation in which network animation of various nodes are shown.
6.1 Implementation of vertical handoff algorithm
Fig.1 before handoff Fig. 2 after handoff
Above fig.1 shows nodes changes parameters before applying vertical handoff. In this fig. 1 we
consider node 4 Parameters. As per changing parameters bandwidth is 14.62 in MHz, node current network
interest is 0.91, quality of service is 0.78, received signal strength indication is -50.24 in dB, network coverage
is 196.51 & current network is WLAN.
Before applying vertical handoff algorithm , in fig .1 , node 4 is in WLAN network . After applying
vertical handoff algorithm , In fig .2 , node 4 changed network from WLAN to CDMA with encrypted data
67072.
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VII. GRAPHS
Fig. 3 Handoff delay vs .time Fig. 4 Energy vs time
In fig. 3, graph is of handoff delay vs time .In this graph time is considered on X- axis & handoff delay
is considered on Y-axis. As the time increases handoff delay also increases up to the threshold value but after
that handoff delay decreases.
In fig.4 , the is a graph between energy vs time. On x-axis time is taken & on Y –axis energy is taken
which is in joules. As time increases ,energy starts increases initially after some time it becomes constant.
Fig.5 Network delay vs. time Fig . 6 Throughput vs. time
In fig 5, the graph is between network delay vs time . On X- axis time has taken & on Y- axis network
delay has taken. As the time increases, initially network delay becomes constant after some time it starts to
increases.
In fig.6 the graph is between throughput & time. Throughput is on Y-axis & time is taken on x-axis.
Initially the time increases , throughput is constant after some time it slows down. Throughput is the amount
of data transferred from one place to another or processed in a specified amount of time. Data transfer rates
for disk drives and networks are measured in terms of throughput. Typically, throughputs are measured in
kbps, Mbps and Gbps.
6. Implementation Of Vertical Handoff Algorithm Between Ieee 802.11 Wlan & Cdma Cellular Network
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Fig.7 Vertical handoff animation
This is animation file after applying vertical handoff algorithm. In this animation file , nodes changes
its network when the condition satisfied. When play button starts , nodes will move from one network to
another.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented a formation of random nodes by changing various parameters such as
bandwidth, node current network interest, quality of services, received signal strength indication, & network
coverage. With the popularity of many types of networks, issues of vertical handoff are getting more and more
important. In our module , we are comparing various parameters with some threshold values. If conditions are
satisfied, then node will change current network to another network. For security perpose we can use encryption
& decryption code. If the parameters are chosen correctly the algorithm can perform quite efficiently and a
maximum performance can be extracted from the device given an operating environment.
One major drawback is that if the parameters are not chosen rightly the algorithm would result in an
inefficient usage of resources and a sub-optimal performance of the device into which the algorithm is loaded.
Handoff delay poses an important QoS-related issue in 4G wireless networks. During the handoff process, the
user may experience a significant drop in QoS that will affect the performance of both upper-layer protocols and
applications. Deploying a priority-based algorithm and using location aware adaptive applications can reduce
both handoff delay and QoS variability. When there is a potential for considerable variation between senders‟
and receivers‟ device capabilities, deploying a receiver-specific filter in part of the network close to the source
can effectively reduce the amount of traffic and processing, satisfying other users‟ QoS needs. Although 4G
wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless
networks, several issues require further research and development. The design & working of vertical handoff
algorithm will be under NS-2 platform in the LINUX environment.
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