The document provides an overview of 4G and 5G mobile network architectures as well as an introduction to device-to-device (D2D) network technology. It describes the key features and components of 4G networks including the evolved packet core and how 5G networks aim to achieve much higher data rates and connectivity for many more devices. The document also outlines the benefits of D2D communication, how it can operate in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and some potential applications including multi-user cooperative communication and vehicle-to-vehicle networks.

1. Architecture of 5G Mobile network
And
Introduction to D2D network technology
Presented by:
Ahmed Mohamed Yousif Hilal
Senior NFM Engineer at Alkan CIT

2. 4G is an extension of 3G Technology with more Band-width and
services.
4G is offering:
 Many advancement in wireless market.
 Downlink Data Rates (over 100 Mbps).
 Low Latency.
 Very efficient spectrum use.
 Low cost implementation.
Introduction

3. 4G enhancement will add experience to wireless technology with
impressive user applications:
 Sophisticated graphical user interface.
 High end gaming.
 High definition video
 High performance Ad Hoc and Multi Hoc networks.
4G integrates 3 standards (WCDMA, CDMA and TD-SCDMA) to
MC-CDMA.
4G is using Packet-Switching technique.
Introduction

4. Handle very high level of multimedia traffic.
Advanced Mobility Management.
Diversified Radio Access Support:
 Support: Qos Levels, Transmission speed, independent uplink and
downlink capacity.
Seamless Services:
 Delivery of data must be smooth and not affected by any transition
in user’s situation.
[Network Seamless, Terminal Seamless, Content Seamless]
Support of the diverse range of application.
 Ex: support structure for wireless application service provider.
4G Mobile Network Architecture

5. The IP core network will be based on IPV.6
The core network may be viewed as consisting of 3 layers.
 Transport Network.
 Service Middleware (Service support layer).
 Applications
4G Mobile Network Architecture
International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing
Architectural Shift from 4G to 5G Wireless Mobile Networks
Fig.1 Layered view of the IP-based Core Network in 4G

6. 4G Mobile Network Architecture
 4G Network is composed of three major sub-networks:
 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Networks (eUTRAN)
• provides the air interface and local mobility management of the
(UE), (EPC), and the broadband backhaul network.
 The evolved packet core (EPC)
• A set of logical data and control plane functions that can be
implemented either as integrated or as separate network
elements.
• [SGW ] , [PGW ] , [MME ] , [PCRF ]
 broadband backhaul network.
• Which provides the aggregation of cell traffic and transport back
to the EPC.

7. 4G Mobile Network Architecture
https://www.csiac.org/journal_article/4g-lte-security-mobile-
network-operators
Figure 3: Basic LTE/SAE architecture
Supports the data or barrier traffic
Supports the dynamic mobility
management and Policy control traffic
Broadband
Backhaul
Owned by Wireless Operator

8. 4G Mobile Network Architecture
http://www.bigswitch.com/solutions/next-generation-
monitoring-fabrics-for-mobile-lte-core-networks

9. 5G
 5G network should achieve:
1000
times the
system
capacity
10 times
the
spectral
efficiency
higher
data rates
25 times
the average
cell
throughput
5 times
reduction
in end-to-
end (E2E)
latency
support
100 times
more
connected
devices
10 times
longer battery
life for low-
power devices
 In 5G networks there could be many types of base station:
 Including UDN (user densification network).
 Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output).
 Traditional macro
 D2D.

10.  Consider advance coding and modulation techniques for 5G such as non-
orthogonal wave form (NOMA)
 Spatial modulation(SM):
Is a novel (MIMO), it can mitigate three major problems in systems:
 Millimeter wave.
Visible light communication (VLC)
 Massive MIMO
Cognitive radio networks (CRNs)
Integration of Wi-Fi and core
5G
Inter-cell interference (ICI). Inter-antenna synchronization Multiple RF chains
Local caching
 New heterogeneous architecture
Green communications
5G technologies

11. 5G Mobile Network Architecture
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.
32, July, 2011
Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks
Fig.1 Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks
 5G mobile network all-IP based model
for wireless and mobile networks
interoperability
 The system consists of a
 User terminal
 Number of independent,
autonomous radio access
technologies (RAT).
 5G terminals will have software
defined radios and modulation
schemes as well as new error-control
schemes that can be downloaded from
the Internet

12. 5G Mobile Network Architecture
 The first two OSI levels (data-link and physical levels) are defining the RAT
through which is provided access to the Internet with more or less QoS
support mechanisms
 Over the two OSI layers is the network layer, and this layer is IP.
 Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the
Internet via sockets.
 The local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and
unchanged.
For keeping proper layout of the packets and to reduce or prevent packets
losses; routing to the target destination and vice versa should be uniquely and
using the same path.
The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP
interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies
available to the terminal (mobile user).

13. 5G Mobile Network Architecture
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.
32, July, 2011
Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks
Fig.2
Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed Architecture

14. Introduction to
D2D network technology

15. Device to Device
 Network nodes help each other in relaying information to realize
spatial diversity advantages.
 D2D means:
* Allows two nearby devices to communicate with each other in the
licensed cellular bandwidth without a base station (BS) involved or
with limited BS involvement.
Device relaying makes it possible for devices in a network to function
as transmission relays for each other and realize a massive ad hoc
mesh network.
D2D functionality can also play a vital role in mobile cloud
computing and facilitate effective sharing of resources for users who
are spatially close to each other.

16. DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G
IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014
Table 1. Comparison of various technologies.
Device to Device

17. Device to Device
 Recently, WLAN technologies
based on the IEEE 802.11
standards and WPAN
technologies have been
increasingly used.
 These aforementioned
technologies are aimed and
sketched for short-range
distances between transmitter
and receiver
Communications on a licensed
band of a cellular network can
be better in terms of
interference avoidance under a
controlled environment.
DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G
IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014
Fig 1. D2D Communication.

18. Device to Device
 The communication under this
category occurs on licensed spectrum.
 Purpose of Choosing in-band is
usually high control over the cellular
spectrum.
 Underlay in-band
• Cellular and D2D communication share
the same radio resources
 Overlay In-band
• D2D links in overlay communication are
given dedicated cellular resources
Classifications of D2D Communications
The communication under this
category exploits unlicensed spectrum.
 Purpose of Choosing out-band is
eliminating the interference issue
between D2D and cellular links.
 Using unlicensed spectrum requires an
extra interface and usually adopts
other wireless technologies, such as
Wi-Fi Direct
 Controlled out-band
• control of a second interface/technology
is under the cellular network
 Autonomous out-band
• The cellular network controls all the
communication but leaves the D2D
communication to the users
In-Band D2D Out-Band D2D

19. Device to Device
 D2D communication utilizes cellular spectrum (license band) that is
aided by an infrastructure of the cellular network and anticipates
ternary kinds of benefit:
 UEs proximity may provide high bit rates, minimal delays, and
high energy efficiency for consuming energy.
 To reuse benefit; radio resources possibly should be applied by
cellular system as well as D2D links concurrently, reducing the
reuse factor so that the same spectral resource can be used more
than once within the same cell.
 Not Have to use resource of DL and UL simultaneously.
 D2D system also provides economical communication.
D2D-Based Cellular Communication

20. Device to Device
 The proximity services can be divided into two parts :
 Proximity discovery.
 Direct communication.
Functional Block of D2D Inside LTE-A SAE Architecture
DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G
IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014
Figure 2. a) Core architecture for D2D

21. Device to Device
 As an example of MUCC:
 BU is in an area with poor cellular
signal.
 There is another user in the area
with good cellular signal SU, he may
help the BU improve its signal.
 There are two radio paths for the
benefitted user:
 BU to eNB directly.
 SU to pico-cells directly.
Multiuser Cooperative Communication in Heterogeneous Networks
DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G
IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014
Figure 6. c) D2D application: MUCC

22. Device to Device
 D2D can be used in V2V
communication because :
 The strict delay requirement in some
traffic safety use cases.
 It can be useful is in group handover of
multiple users.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication
DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G
IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014
Figure 6. b) V2V communication using D2D

23. Device to Device
 D2D data are not conveyed via Internet clouds, and thus are not
saved anywhere but on the intended devices.
Data Security
D2D Research Challenges
 Investigating smart antennas
 The impact of the duplex method
 New D2D channel models
 Cross-layer optimization
 Signaling protocol and overhead
 Multi-cell environments
 Cooperative communication

24. Conclusion
 4G and 5G Wireless mobile network architecture have been introduced
 The future mobile devices will have very high computing and memory capabilities
and thus will support applications which will require very high data rates,
 The 5G mobile network offers very high data rates, low power consumption in
mobile devices, and also supports ubiquitous computing.
 D2D communication aided by a cellular network brings the benefit of the
proximity of wireless devices to enhance reusing resources between D2D and
cellular UEs, and imparts further rewards of hop gain
 Architecture and some applications for a D2D network have been introduced .
 Reviewing the researches challenges of D2D networks

25. Thank You
Please Contact Me
Ah_hilal.1987@yahoo.com
References:
•International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 32, July, 2011 [ Functional Architecture for 5G Mobile Networks ]
•DIRECT MOBILE-TO-MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PARADIGM FOR 5G [ IEEE Wireless Communications • October 2014 ]
•International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing [ Architectural Shift from 4G to 5G Wireless Mobile Networks ]
•Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Cellular Networks:
Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions IEEE Communications Magazine • May 2014
! Any Questions !