International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance, Combustion and Emission Evaluation of Fish and Corn Oil as subst...IDES Editor
The indiscriminate usage of fossil fuels in many
countries has led to an increased interest in the search for
suitable alternative fuels. Methyl Esters of Vegetable oils and
Animal fats are found to be good alternative, renewable and
environmental friendly fuels for C.I. engines.
This paper presents the results of investigation carried
out in studying the properties and behavior of methyl esters
of corn seed oil, fish oil and its blends with diesel fuel in a C
I Engine. Engine tests have been carried out to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the
above mentioned fuels.
The tests have been carried out in a 4-stroke,
computerized, single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection
diesel engine at different loads. The loads were varied from
0% to 100% of the maximum load in steps of 25%. The Methyl
Ester blends of 10%, 20% and 30% by volume with diesel were
used. The engine test parameters were recorded with the help
of engine analysis software and were studied with the help of
graphs.
The results showed that the properties of the above mentioned
oils are comparable with conventional diesel. The 20% blend
performed well in running a diesel engine at a constant speed
of 1500 rpm. It substantially reduced the emissions with
acceptable efficiency. Hence the oils can be used as suitable
additives for diesel in compression ignition engine.
Biodiesel production from neem oil –an alternate approachIJERA Editor
In this study, neem oil which is one of the abundant non-edible oils in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and bangladesh is used for biodiesel production. The conventional 2-step transesterification production of biodiesel using sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts is carried out. The optimum process parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and methanol-oil molar ratio were investigated with respect to maximum yield. A maximum yield of 88% biodiesel is obtained via this method. A novel technique to produce biodiesel via complete hydrolysis followed by acid esterification is developed. Optimum reaction conditions were found to be 100ml 0.5N sulphuric acid loading, reaction temperature of 40ºC and reaction time of 2 hours. This resulted in a maximum FFA of 82%. Then acid esterification was carried out at the following reaction conditions of 0.55:1 v/v methanol-oil-ratio, 0.5% v/v H2SO4 acid catalyst loading, 50˚C and 4 hours reaction time. A maximum biodiesel yield of 92% was obtained by this method. The viscosity of biodiesel produced by this method as well as the other physicochemical properties, were found to be in compliance with international standard.
TRANSESTERIFICATION OF MAHUA (MADHUCA INDICA) SEEDS OILIshaan Sanehi
Animal fat, raw, and used vegetable oils have been
explored to make bio-diesel (mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acid) in order to substitute the dwindling supplier of conventional
petro-diesel fuels. In the present investigation custard apple
(Annoma Squamosha), seed oil (non-edible) was Transesterified
with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.
The transesterification reaction was carried out for an
hour. The yield
of fatty acid methyl esters produced under operating conditions
was 86.4 wt%. The methyl ester produced by this reaction was
analyzed to ascertain suitability as bio diesel fuels.
Optimization of Sunflower Methyl Ester and its Tribological StudiesIJRES Journal
The mineral oil lubricants that are being used these days are not sure of lasting for a long time. There are chances of them being depleted in a short span of years. As a replacement for the mineral oils, various vegetable oils are taken up for research purpose in order to use them as an alternate for the present mineral lubrication. Bio lubricant is produced by transesterification of a triglyceride with methanol in the presence of catalyst to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerol. The main parameters affecting the transesterification reactions are molar ratio, catalyst type and amount, reaction time, temperature and stirrer speed. In this work, the producrion of sunflower methyl ester (SFME) can be optimized by using Taguchi technique and the properties of a lubricant like viscosity, flash point and fire point is found out, also four ball wear test proved that the SFME+crude SFO proportions produced less wear scar than conventional 2T oil which revealed that the prepared bio lubricant can be used in a commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD P...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Micro-emulsion
Process of reducing the viscosity of vegetable oil by the means of solvent (methanol, ethanol as well as normal butanol).
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
this presentation is about the technology in the oil called interesterification, This presentation is giving the knowledge about how interesterification is done and its classification
The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD P...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 4: PRODUCTION OF 60, 000 MTPA OF OLEOCHEMICAL METHYL ESTER FROM RBD PALM KERNEL OIL
Micro-emulsion
Process of reducing the viscosity of vegetable oil by the means of solvent (methanol, ethanol as well as normal butanol).
Experimental investigation and optimization study of combustion chamber geome...IJERD Editor
An experimental investigation and optimization study of various piston geometries was conducted
on Greaves single cylinder direct injection compression ignition engine using straight diesel and blends of rice
bran biodiesel. The three combustion chamber geometries used in this study were Standard toroidal piston
(STP), hemispherical bowl piston (HBP) and Shallow toroidal re-entrant piston (STRP) at compression ratios of
18:1, 19.04:1 and 16.4:1 respectively. Rice bran biodiesel was derived by two step trans-esterification process
with an optimum yield of 86% with molar ratio 1:6, 06% of catalyst (KOH), 90 min reaction time and 65oC
reaction temperature. The performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal
efficiency and the emission parameters like carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen
were analysed in detail. It was noticed that the BSEC of STRP was 12.1% with diesel and 14.02% with B100
biodiesel blend. The brake thermal efficiency was also found to be improved with biodiesel blend with STRP on
comparison with STP and HBP. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emission was found to decrease with
STRP geometry were as HBP exhibited negative improvement. NOx emission was also found to increase with
STRP.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Due to increase demand of energy, increasing price
of petroleum fuels, depletion of petroleum fuels, and
environmental pollution by these fuel emissions, it is very
necessary to find the alternative fuels. This work focused on use
of hybrid blends of Karanja and Cottonseed oil Biodiesels. In this
work 20% and 25% blends are used and the performance and
emission tests were conducted on single cylinder, 4-stroke, water
cooled CI engine by running the engine at a speed of 1500rpm, at
a compression ratio of 16.5:1 and at an injection pressure of
205bar and performance parameters like BP, BSFC, BTE and
the emissions like CO, HC and NOx are compared. It was found
that the blends gave comparatively good results in respect of
performance and emissions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
this presentation is about the technology in the oil called interesterification, This presentation is giving the knowledge about how interesterification is done and its classification
My books- Hacking Digital Learning Strategies http://hackingdls.com & Learning to Go https://gum.co/learn2go
Resources at http://shellyterrell.com/emoji
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PRODUCTION OF SIMAROUBA OIL METHYL ESTER USING MIXED BASE CATALYST AND ITS C...IAEME Publication
Simarouba glauca is a rich source of fat, having a melting point of about 29°C and consisting of palmitic (12.81%), stearic (23.23%) and oleic (57.17%) as major fatty acids. It consists of about 36.04% of symmetrical monounsaturated-type triacylglycerols. Simarouba glauca oil is one of the tree borne oil which is available for biodiesel production in developing and underdeveloped countries. This paper deals with the transesterification of Simarouba glauca oil by means of methanol in presence of Sodium Hydroxide and Disodium Hydrogen ortho Phosphate as mixed base catalyst at less than 650C.The viscosity of biodiesel is nearer to that of the diesel
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Azadiracht...IJAEMSJORNAL
In this work, statistical modeling and optimization of biodiesel production from Azadirachta Indica(neem) using co-solvent technique via a two-step transesterification process was carried out. Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds and properties such as moisture content, specific gravity, acid value, saponification value and iodine value were determined. The experimental design used was Central Composite Design. The range of factor levels used for the Central Composite Design were reaction temperature (30°C to 46°C), catalyst amount (0.8% to 1.2%, w/w), reaction time (20 to 40min) and methanol-to-oil molar ratio (5:1 to 9:1). The co-solvents used were methanol and diethyl ether. The co-solvent-to-methanol volume ratio for all the experimental runs was kept constant at 1:1. Also the biodiesel produced was characterized for some important properties including acid value, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, ester value, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point and cloud point. Optimized biodiesel yield of 84.77% was obtained for reaction time of 35 min, catalyst amount of 1.10g, reaction temperature of 34°C, and oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 6:1. The cetane number (51.733), specific gravity (0.8881g/cm3), flash point (134oC) and kinematic viscosity (5.86mm2/s) of the produced biodiesel met the ASTM specifications. The results of characterization of the biodiesel revealed that biodiesel can be produced at lower reaction conditions and with comparable fuel property with biodiesel produced using conventional methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
he development of low viscosity insulating liquids derived from natural esters is conducted in our laboratory. Nine monoesters, i.e., methyl myristate, ethyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl stearate, ethyl stearate, and isopropyl stearate were synthesized from alcohols and saturated fatty acids. Treatments were performed to reduce water and acid contents and improve the oxidation stability of the monoesters. Some fundamental properties, such as breakdown voltage, kinematic viscosity, density, water content, acidity, and oxidation stability, were tested before and after treatments. The results are evaluated based on the international electrotehnical commission (IEC) standard specifications for low-viscosity monoesters derived from natural esters, IEC 62770. Except for the water content, all other properties have good compliance with the standard. The treatments reduced the water content significantly, but the values are still slightly higher than that specified by the standard.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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Fa34936941
1. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
936 | P a g e
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine
Fuelled with Biodiesel of Mahua Oil & Diesel Blends with
Additives.
Sitaramaiah Naramsetty1
, v.Ranjith Kumar2
, y.V.Hanumantha Rao3
1
M.Tech Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, KL University, Vijayawada.
2
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, KL University, Vijayawada.
3Professor, Head of the Department, Mechanical Engineering, KL University, Vijayawada
ABSTRACT
In the present work, biodiesel was
produced from Mahua oil through esterification
followed by transesterification .kinetic studies of
optimize the preparation of Mahua oil Methyl
Ester(MOME) were carried out varying different
parameters like methanol / oil molar ratio, % of
excess alcohol, Reaction time, temperature and
concentration of acid catalyst .the result show
that 4% H2SO4,0.30% v/v alcohol ratio, 1hr
reaction time and 65(degree)c temperature are
the optimum conditions for esterification.
Optimum conditions for the production of bio
diesel from oil are 2% sodium Methoxide,
0.20%v/v alcohol/oil ratio, 1hr reaction time,
65(degree)c temperature and 150% v/v excess
alcohol the optimum conditions for
tranesterification. The various fuel properties of
MOME were compared with ASTM and DIN
standards. The fuel properties were to be
comparable with that of diesel fuel. Mahua tree is
found in abundance in most parts of India and
from its chemical composition it is found that the
oil is almost similar to that of other Non edible
oils. It is concluded that the Mahua oil is also a
potential raw material for biodiesel.
Inflation in fuel price and unprecedented
shortage of its supply have promoted the interest
in development of the alternative sources for
petroleum fuels. In this present work,
investigations were carried out to study the
performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of mahua Methyl ester. The
results were compared with diesel fuel, and the
selected mahua methyl ester fuel blends. For this
experiment a single cylinder, four stroke, water
cooled diesel engine was used. Initially the engine
was run methyl esters added by volume basis and
the readings were taken. Tests were carried out
over entire range of engine operation at varying
conditions of load. The engine performance
parameters such as specific consumption, break
thermal efficiency, exhaust gas emissions are
reduced with increase biodiesel concentration.
The experimental results provide that the use of
biodiesel in compression ignition engine is a
viable alternative to diesel. Additives to add the
mahua oil Diethyl ether(DEE),Ethanol used it
decrease to NOX,PM and slight changes from
CO,HC.
Keywords:-Mahuaoil, Bio0diesel, Ethanol, Diethyl
ether, Emission Characteristics.
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to recent energy crises and dwindling
reserves of crude oil the demand for alternate liquid
fuels particularly the diesel is increasing. Bio-fuels
are being given serious consideration as potential
sources of energy in the future, particularly in
developing countries like India. The use edible oil to
produce biodiesel in India is not feasible in view of
big gap in demand and supply of such oil. As India
is deficient in edible oils some developmental works
have been carried out by government of India for
producing bio diesel from nontraditional oil
jatraopha, karnaja, neem, undi, sal, etc. bio diesel
from mahua seed is important because most of the
states of India are tribal where is found abundantly.
Mahua seed contain 30-40 percent fatty oil called
mahua oil. The mahua tree starts bearing seeds from
seventh year of planting. Mahua seed oil is a
common ingredient of hydrogenated fat of India. It
is obtained from the seed kernels and is pale yellow,
semi solid fat at room temperature. It is also used
manufacture of various products such as a soap of
glycerin, crude mahua oil generally contains high %
free fatty acid and conversion of FFA to bio diesel
is very important .properties of bio diesel depends
esterification. From the chemical composition it is
found that mahua oil is almost similar to that of
other non-edible oils. It is prime reason behind
selecting mahua oil as the raw material for bio diesel
production .four well known processes are used
reduce the viscosity, namely, dilation, pyrolysis,
micro emulsion and transesterification however is
the current method of choice for study, which results
in a fuel similar to diesel. transesterification
.Transesterification how ever is the current method
of choice for study , which results in a fuel diesel
.transesterification is the current method of choice
for study ,which results in similar to diesel
.transesterification is are action between a
triglyceride and alcohol present in the in alkali
2. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
937 | P a g e
catalyst to produce glycerol and ester. The
modulator weight of ester molecules is one-third of
oil and of low viscosity. However higher ratio of
alcohol to oils is generally employed to obtain bio
diesel of low viscosity and high conversion. Alkali-
catalyzed transesterification is very fast compared to
acid catalyzed. Methanol or ethanol is widely used
for transesterification. In this study, mahua oil
methyl ester was prepared by using alkali catalyst of
sodium methoxide by transesterification process.
Trans-esterification conversion completed of oil
contains higher amount of FFA in which case it will
form soap with alkaline catalyst. The soap can
prevent separation of the bio diesel from glycerin.
Crude mahua oil contains about 30%FFA, which is
far beyond the 1% level. The production of FFA
<1% is best esterification followed by
transesterification. In the transesterification reaction
excess of methanol is used to cause fast reaction and
high degree conversion. The transesterification
requires an alkali catalyst such as NaOH, or KOH
which are preferred due to their low cost and large
availability . although the ester is the major product
,desired recovery of glycerol is important as
industrial uses. In the study, mahua oil methyl ester
was prepared by using alkali catalyst as sodium
methoxide. The problem with processing these low
cost oil fats is that they after contain large amount
free fatty acids that cannot be converted to bio diesel
using alkaline catalyst. Therefore, two step
esterification process is required for these
feedstock's. Initially the FFA of these can be
converted to fatty acid methyl esters an acid
catalyzed pretreatment and second step
transesterification completed by using alkaline
catalyst to complete the reaction. If the oil has high
free fatty acid content more water, acid catalyzed
transesterification is suitable. The stochiometric
ratio for transesterification requires three moles of
alcohol and one mole of glycerol. Reaction time is
controlling factor in determining yield of methyl
esters. It has been observed that during the
transesterification reaction, the reactants initially
form a two phase liquid system. The mixing effect
has been found to play a significant role in the slow
rate of reaction. As phase separation cases, mixing
becomes insignificant. The effect of mixing of
kinetics of the transesterification process forms the
basis for process scale up and design. In this present
work experimental investigations have been carried
out the different properties of mahua oil. Bio diesel
(Mahua oil Methyl Ester) prepared from mahua oil
through transesterification process. Different
properties of the mahua oil and its methyl ester are
determined. Kinetic studies to optimize the
preparation of Mahua oil Methyl Easter(MOME)
were carried out varying the different parameters
like methanol/oil molar ratio,% of excess alcohol,
reaction time, temperature and concentration of acid
catalyst.
Where V: volume of 0.1 mole K O H run down
1.1. ESTERIFICATION:
The products were cooled. The remaining
product was analyzed for 500ml of Mahua oil free
from contaminants and water was taken in the three-
necked round-bottomed flask. Heat was supplied to
the setup. Measured amount of sulphuric acid and
methanol were added to the oil. Heat was supplied
and stirred continuously maintaining a steady
temperature. Reaction time was conducted for 1.5
hours. Intermittently samples were collected at
regular intervals and acid value was determined.
After the confirmation of complete reduction of acid
value to 0.1 - 0.5, the heating was stopped acid
value and it was found that the acid value varied
from 0.1 to 0.5. This oil sample was further treated
for Trans - esterification step to obtain methyl
esters.
Fig:1.1. esterification process for Biodiesel
1.2. TRANSESTERIFICATION:
A known amount of oil was charged to a
three-necked round-bottomed flask. Solution of
Properties of
Biodiesel
Diesel fuel B100(MOME)
Kineticmatic
viscosity at
40°c(Cst)
4.1 4.97
Calorific value
(Kj/Kg)
46000 39250
Density(Kg/m³) 0.8344 0.8810
Flash point (°c) 55 157
Fire point(°c) 65 203
3. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
938 | P a g e
known amount of catalyst sodium methoxide was
prepared in methanol. The solution and the rest
required amount of methanol was added to the oil
sample. After proper closing of the flask it was put
on mantle heater. The system was maintained
airtight to prevent the loss of alcohol i.e. around 70⁰
Celsius to speed up the reaction recommended
reaction times varied from 1 to 2 hours. Excess
alcohol was normally used to ensure total
conversion of the oil to its esters. The formation of
methyl ester is checked by using Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC) technique. Coated silica gel
glass plates are spotted with Mahua oil and the
product sample. The spotted samples are developed
in the solvent system in glass chamber using
solvent. The completion of Trans – esterification is
found by spraying the developed plate with iodine.
This procedure is followed for all the samples
collected at regular interval of time to check the
formation of methyl ester. After the confirmation of
completion of methyl ester formation, the heating
was stopped and the products were cooled and
transferred to a separating funnel. The ester layer
containing mainly methyl ester and methanol and
the glycerol layer containing mainly glycerol and
methanol were separated. The methyl ester was
washed and dried under vacuum to remove traces of
moisture.
Fig:1.2.Transesterification process for Biodiesel
1.3.Properties of Biodiesel:
Table:1.3.Properties of mahua oli
II. ENGINE AND EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP
2.1. Description Of The Test Rig:
The setup consists of single cylinder, four
strokes, water-cooled diesel engine coupled to eddy
current dynamometer with the help of flexible
rubber coupling is mounted on a centrally balanced
base frame made of ms channels. The set up has
stand alone fully powder coated panel box
consisting of air box, fuel tank, manometer, fuel
measuring unit digital indicators and transmitter for
measuring various parameters. It is also provided
with necessary sensors with transmitters for
combustion pressure and crank angle measurements.
All these signals are interfaced to computer through
signal conditioner and signal converter for
computerization. The engine is arranged with pre
heated setup with thermo stator arrangement, as the
process is fully arranged with computerized setup.
As the thermo stator is arranged it automatically
prefixes the inlet temperature of bio-diesel entering
into engine.
Fig: 2.1: Experimental Setup of eddy current
dynamometer
2.2. Test rig specification:
ENGINE: 4 stroke 1 cylinder water cooled
diesel engine
Make: kirloskar
Rated power: 3.7KW (5HP)
Bore diameter: 80mm
Stroke length: 110mm
Connecting rod length: 234mm
Swept volume: 562cc
Compression ratio:16.5:1
Rated speed: 1500 rpm
DYNAMOMETER: eddy current
dynamometer
Make: POWER MAG
Rated torque:2.4kg-m
Arm length: 150mm
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Indicated mean effective pressure:
The variation of indicated mean
effective pressure with load is shown in fig.1.the
plot it is reveals that as the the load increases the
indicated mean effective pressure increases. At full
load condition the IMEP obtained are 15.9 kw,15.7
kw,15.6 kw and 15.5 kw for B10,B20,B30 and pure
diesel respectively. The IMEP of mahua oil blend
4. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
939 | P a g e
B10 increased when compared to the diesel at full
load condition.
Graph:3.1. Indicated mean effective pressure vs load
3.2. Indicated Power(IP):
The variation of indicated power with load
is shown in fig.:3.2.the plot it is reveals that as the
the load increases the indicated power increases. At
full load condition the indicated power obtained are
10.8 kw,9.8 kw,10 kw and 10.4 kw for
B10,B20,B30 and pure diesel respectively. The
indicated power of mahua oil blend 10 increased
when compared to the pure diesel at full load
condition.
Graph:3.2. Indicated pressure vs load
3.3.Friction Power:-
The variation of friction power with load
is shown in fig.3.the plot it is reveals that as the the
load increases the friction power increases. At full
load condition the friction power obtained are 7.1
kw,6.2 kw,6.4 kw and 6.8 kw for B10,B20,B30 and
pure diesel respectively. The friction power of
mahua oil blend 10 increased when compared to the
pure diesel at full load condition.
Graph:3.2.Friction Power vs load
3.4.Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC):
The variation of brake specific fuel
consumption with load is shown in fig.4.the plot it
is reveals that as the the load increases the fuel
consumption decreases. At full load condition the
BSFC obtained are 0.45kg/kw-hr, 0.42, kg/kw-
hr,0.38,kg/kw-hr and 0.42kg/kw-hr for
B10,B20,B30 and pure diesel respectively. The
BSFC of mahua oil blend B30 decreased when
compared to the diesel at full load condition.
Graph:3.4. Brake Specification fuel consumption vs
load
3.5.Brake Mean Effective Pressure:-
The variation of brake mean effective
pressure with load is shown in fig..the plot it is
reveals that as the the load increases the brake mean
effective pressure increases. At full load condition
the BMEP obtained are 5.7 kw,5.75 kw,5.6 kw and
5.7 kw for B10,B20,B30 and pure diesel
respectively. The BMEP of mahua oil blend B10
increased when compared to the diesel at full load
condition.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30
indicatedMeanEffctive
Pressure(kw)
Load(Nm)
Indicated Mean Effctive Pressure
Vs Load
B10
B20
B30
PURE
DIESE
L
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30
IndicatedPressure(KW)
Load(Nm)
Indicated Pressure Vs Load
B10
B20
B30
PURE
DIESEL
0
2
4
6
8
0 10 20 30
FrictionPower(kw)
Load (Nm)
Friction Power Vs Load
B10
B20
B30
PURE
DIESEL
-5
0
5
10
15
0 10 20 30
BrakeSpecificationFuel
Consumption(kg/kw-hr)
Load(Nm)
Brake Specification Fuel Consumption Vs
Load
B10
B20
B30
PURE DIESEL
5. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
940 | P a g e
Graph:3.5. Brake Mean Effective pressure vs load
3.6.Brake Thermal Efficiency:-
The variation of brake thermal efficiency
with load is shown in fig..the plot it is reveals that as
the the load increases the brake thermal efficiency
increases. At full load condition the BTEH obtained
are 37%,39%,46% and 49.5%for B10,B20,B30 and
pure diesel respectively. The BTEH of mahua oil
blend B30 increased when compared to the diesel at
full load condition.
Graph:3.6. Brake Mean Effective pressure vs load
3.7.Indicated Thermal Efficiency:-
The variation of indicated thermal
efficiency with load is shown in fig..the plot it is
reveals that as the the load increases the indicated
thermal efficiency increases. At full load condition
the ITEH obtained are 37%,39%,46% and 49.5%for
B10,B20,B30 and pure diesel respectively. The
BTEH of mahua oil blend B30 increased when
compared to the diesel at full load condition.
Graph:3.6. Brake Mean Effective pressure vs load
3.8.Carbon Monoxide (CO):
The variation of CO emission with load is
shown in fig..the plot it is reveals that as the the load
increases the CO emission decreases. At full load
condition the CO emissions obtained are 0.018%,
0.012, 0.011 & 0.01 are diesel,B10,B20&B30
respectively. The CO emission of mahua oil blend
B30 decreased when compared to the diesel at full
load condition.
Graph:3.8. Compare CO emission with Diesel
3.9.Unburned Hydrocarbon (HC):
The variation of HC emission with brake
power is shown in fig.6.the plot it is reveals that as
the the load increases the HC emission decreases. At
full load condition the HC emissions obtained are
7ppm,2ppm,2ppm&2ppm are diesel,B10,B20,B30
respectively. The HC emission of mahua oil blend
B30 decreased when compared to the diesel at full
load condition.
Graph:3.9. Compare HC emission with Diesel
3.9.OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOx):
The variation of NOx emission with brake
power is shown in fig.6.the plot it is reveals that as
the the load increases the NOx emission decreases.
At full load condition the NOx emissions obtained
are 297ppm,260ppm 180ppm & 200ppm
respectively. The NOx emission of mahua oil blend
B20 decreased when compared to the other blends at
full load condition
0
2
4
6
0 10 20 30
B10
B20
B30
PURE DIESEL
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30
B10
B20
B30
0
50
100
150
200
0 10 20 30
B10
B20
B30
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 6 12 18 24
CO(%)
LOAD(N-M)
LOAD V/S C0
B10
B20
B30
PURE DIESEL
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 6 12 18 24
HC(%)
LOAD(N-M)
LOAD V/S HC
B10
B20
B30
PURE
DIESEL
BMEP
LOAD Nm
BTHL
LOAD Nm
ITHE
LOAD Nm
6. Sitaramaiah Naramsetty, v.Ranjith Kumar, y.V.Hanumantha Rao / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.936-941
941 | P a g e
Graph:3.9. Compare Nox emission with Diesel
IV. CONCLUSION
The conclusions derived from present
experimental investigation to evaluate to
performance and emission characterististics on four
stroke single cylinder diesel engine fueled with
diesel,mahua oil blenas with ethonal and diethyal
ether as summarized as follows
I. The biodiesel process of mahua oil
estirification,transterification,process
arebetter improved it.
II. Brake thermal efficiency increased with all
blends when compared to the conventional
diesel fuel.
III. CO, HC and NOx Emission are decresed
significantely with the blend when compared
with diesel.
IV. The brake specific fuel consumption is
decresed with the blends when compared to
diesel.
V. From the above analysis the blend B 20
Shows the better performance comparared to
other blends.
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