A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
Selective catalytic reduction (scr) is use to control pollustion by vechical. SCR is connected to exhaust pipe of engine.In that ppt i give information about pollutent creat by engine and how to control pollutent. compare BS3, BS4 vehicle on base pollution.how amount of pollutant create and how to control is also mention
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
This presentation will give you an idea about this technology called AdBlue. This technology will definately be a must for future automobiles as it helps in maintaining the pollutiion and environment norms.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
Selective catalytic reduction (scr) is use to control pollustion by vechical. SCR is connected to exhaust pipe of engine.In that ppt i give information about pollutent creat by engine and how to control pollutent. compare BS3, BS4 vehicle on base pollution.how amount of pollutant create and how to control is also mention
Description of the Exhaust system along with its components such as Exhaust manifold,catalytic converter ,muffler ,exhaust tubing and oxygen sensor.The working of some of these components is also explained.
This presentation will give you an idea about this technology called AdBlue. This technology will definately be a must for future automobiles as it helps in maintaining the pollutiion and environment norms.
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
With the global drive to reduce the level of NOx and CO2 emissions from diesel engine exhausts, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems with high conversion efficiency will be the key to providing cost effective solutions to the industry. The EU's upcoming regulations for the implementation of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) measurements in regard of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) will increase the requirements for the performance of SCR systems: Highest efficiency will be required under a wide range of operating conditions.
Moreover, the industry trend goes to an integration of different functions within the system. The combination of DPF and SCR coated catalyst reduces the weight of the whole system, but has caused several technical challenges that have not yet been fully solved.
The SCR-coated DPF has to stand tightened requirements of robustness and efficiency. Due to fuel saving measures, exhaust gas temperatures become lower, which highly affects the performance and requirements of the system.
- Exchange with international experts on how to incorporate SCR technology with all its various components in existing vehicle platforms
- Hear about the latest innovations in validation and testing and examine methods for sensors, catalysts and OBD functions with regard to DeNOx –technologies
- Discuss with leading specialists on how SCR system space can be optimized and sufficient exhaust system temperatures be achieved without compromising fuel consumption
- Develop strategies on how to best prepare your SCR development strategies for reducing real driving emissions
Discuss pressing topics with e.g. Michael Fischer, Section Leader Powertrain Technology at Honda R&D Europe, Bret Zimmerman, SCR Calibration Senior Engineer at Ford Motor Company or Dr. Thomas Garbe, Team Leader Fuels at Volkswagen AG...
http://bit.ly/SCR2014
NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS, REVIEWIAEME Publication
The exhaust system is an integral part of an automobile. Components such as Exhaust Manifolds, Connector pipes, X, Y, H Pipes, Oxygen Sensors, Resonators, Catalytic Convertors, Selective Catalytic Reduction and Diesel Particulate Filter techniques have evolved greatly. With
increasingly stringent emission reforms being passed by governments and increasingly stringent performance requirements being demanded of by customers, the importance of this system is increasing dramatically.
A Study of Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine fuelled with neat Diese...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGI...IAEME Publication
Biodiesel as alternative fuel has been widely studied due to its merits such as lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. Rice bran oil is extracted from the germ and inner husk of the rice and is not a common source o f edible oil. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of injection pressure on the emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel and the blends of diesel and rice bran biodiesel, B10 (90% diesel + 10% rice bran biodiesel), B20 (80% diesel + 20% rice bran biodiesel) and B30 (70% diesel + 30% rice bran biodiesel). The injection pressure is varied from 180 bar to 240 bar with an interval of 20 bar. The exhaust gas emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and smoke opacity are measured at the rated power and speed at different injection pressures. It is observed that the minimum CO, HC and smoke emissions are recorded at 220 bar. The NO x, emissions are increased and CO 2 emissions decreased with the injection pressure. Th e optimum injection pressure is 220 bar and the blend is B20 with respect to emissions.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A Technical Review Paper on Use of WTO (Waste Transformer Oil)-Diesel Blends ...IJSRD
Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOx, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. These problems indicate that the initiatives to replace gasoline and diesel fuel, due to the impact of fossil fuel crisis, hike in oil price and stringent emission norms, must be taken. Solution to long term energy problem will come only through research and developments in the field of alternative energy sources. Waste to energy is the recent trend in the selection of alternate fuels. One such fuel is WTO (waste transformer oil), which can be obtained from waste as an alternative fuel. By using WTO as a replacement of Diesel, both the above stated problems can be solved at great extent. From literature review it comes clear Fuels additives have become essential tool not only improve the performance and also produce lower emissions (NOx) of diesel engines. A variety of additives (metal based, oxygenated, antioxidants, lubricity improvers, cetane number improvers, and cold flow improvers) are used in biodiesel fuel to meet the international emission standards. Prime objective of this work is to find out an alternative fuel that can be used as a replacement of diesel and analyses the performance and reduce emission parameters. To fulfill the prime objective, Diesel engine, fuelled with Waste transformer Oil (WTO) - Diesel blends with Additive should be used to be operated at different blend ration with different concentration of Additives.
A Study of diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica biodiesel and its blend...IJMER
The engine emission characteristics of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) biodiesel (Mahua Oil
Methyl Ester) and its blends with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4-Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV) single cylinder kirloskar 1500 rpm water-cooled direct injection diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer at different brake power of 1.021133, 2.072299, 3.093431, 4.144597, 5.195763 kw with modified Static Injection Timing of 22° bTDC and standard Nozzle Opening Pressure of 220
bar maintained as constant throughout the experiment under steady state conditions at full load condition. From
the test results, it could be observed that the higher brake power of 5.195763 kw (full load) with nozzle opening
pressure of 220 bar and static injection timing of 22° bTDC gives lower emissions for brake power 5.195763 kw for B0 and B25 when compared to other blends. Also there is significant percentage reduction in NOx emission with brake power of 5.195763 kw for B0 when compared with B100. It could be found that lower in CO, HC emissions with brake power 5.195763 kw for B25 when compared to B0.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) in different flow rates
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 5 (Jan. 2014), PP 28-34
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel
using Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) in different flow rates
Dr. C. Solaimuthu1
, Dr. S. Chitra2
, Prof. P. Rajasekaran3
, B. Abhijit,
G. Jayaprakash, V. Arunkumar and R. Lokesh
1
Professor cum Director (Research), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Er.Perumal Manimekalai College
of Engineering, Hosur – 635 117, Tamil Nadu, India (Corresponding Author)
2
Principal, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of Engineering, Hosur – 635 117, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of
Engineering, Hosur – 635 117, Tamil Nadu, India
U.G Scholars, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of Engineering,
Hosur – 635 117, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract: A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to
without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine.
Keywords: Diesel Engine, Performance, Emissions, Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (MOME), Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR)
I. Introduction
The diesel engine sector forms a vital part of transportation systems in all the developed and
developing countries of the world. However, diesel engine exhaust emissions are a major contributor to
environment pollution. The conventional fossil fuel (diesel) used in diesel engines contains higher amounts of
aromatics and sulphur, which cause environment pollution. As an example, higher amount of particulate matter
(PM), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of sulphur (SOx)
are produced from fossil-fuelled diesel engine exhaust emissions. Moreover, NOx and CO2 are the green house
gases and SOx causes acid rain. Bio-fuel contains less aromatic content and is practically sulphur-free, and
produces complete combustion due to its oxygen content in comparison with conventional diesel fuel. Secondly,
the environmental benefit is another motivation factor due to a lesser green house effect, less local air pollution,
less contamination for water and soil and a reduced health risk. Why SCR is preferable? There are some
techniques to rectify the domination of NOx which comes from exhaust of diesel engine. Exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) are two methods to rectify the NOx. EGR is one of
the methods to reduce the NOx. However, the use of EGR leads to rise in soot emission because of soot–NOx
trade-off. But SCR gives better reduction in NOx without any problem of soot emissions. This study is focussed
on Mahua Oil Methyl Ester. Mahua Oil Methyl Ester and its blend in different volumetric proportions with
fossil diesel are used to study the performance, combustion and emission characteristics with and without SCR
at full load condition. A brief review of literature survey in this field is presented below. Narayana Reddy and
Ramesh [1] investigated performance and emissions of diesel with jatropha biodiesel fuel. They concluded that
jatropha oil biodiesel gives similar performance and emissions as diesel when its injection timing is optimum.
Venkatramanand Devaradjane [2] investigated performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with
Pungam Oil Methyl Ester (POME) diesel blends. They concluded that PME 20 could be used as alternative fuel
for diesel engine with compression ratio of 19:1.Vijayashree et al., [3] highlighted overview of global energy
scenario. They concluded that experience from all over the world has shown that improving end use efficiency
will be hands down winner in economic terms when compared to capacity addition. Asad et al., [4] performed
the diesel engine emission characteristics keeping in mind that reduction of emissions of CO, HC, NOx
especially carbonyl species like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone and propional dehyde are greatly
reduced in the presence of the SCR system. Clark et al., [5] performed the diesel engine with soybean biodiesel.
They concluded that soy bean biodiesel gives higher specific fuel consumption and lower emissions except
2. NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
NOx.Dan Haupt and Kent Nord [6] evaluated the diesel engine emissions with diesel fuel. They concluded that
the reduction of emissions of CO, HC, NOx especially carbonyl species like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
acrolein, acetone and propional dehyde are greatly reduced in the presence of the EGR system. Kapilan and
Reddy [7]performed the diesel engine with biodiesel. They concluded that, theimpact of pure biodiesel is lower
than that of pure diesel. Manfred Koebel et al., [8] performed the diesel engine with diesel fuel. They concluded
that, there was a reduction in NOx obtained with urea as a reducing agent and a standard SCR catalyst based on
TiO2-WO3-V2O5. Puhan et al., [9] performed engine tests with mahua biodiesel in naturally aspirated diesel
engines. They used neat diesel and neat biodiesel. Emissions are measured and reported that the impact of
biodiesel (B100) is lower than that of diesel (B0). Puhan et al., [10] reported the biodiesel preparation and
discussed its performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with B0 and B100 fuel. They made the
conclusion that the Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (B100) burn more efficiently than diesel (B0) and the emissions of
B100 is lower than that of B0.Raheman and Ghadge [11]considered mahua biodiesel blended with fossil diesel
and discussed extensively the engine performance obtained by blend with different volumetric ratios. They
concluded that biodiesel 20% by volume with 80% diesel formed an optimum mixture for their engine
parameters. Martin and Prithviraj [12] operated the diesel engine with various blends of preheated cotton seed
oil. They concluded that there was increase in brake thermal efficiency and reduction in exhaust gas
temperature, smoke, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon as that of fossil diesel fuel. Mahla Das and Babu [13]
performed the diesel engine with natural gas using EGR technique. They concluded that there was significant
increase in brake thermal efficiency while using up to 5% cooled EGR and reduction in smoke, oxides of
nitrogen and carbon monoxide as that of neat diesel fuel. Krishna Reddy et al., [14] operated diesel engine
fuelled with Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester (CSOME) blends B10, B20, B30 and B40. The B10 and B20 have
given almost same performance of diesel engine while compared to petro-diesel (B0) at full load. Sivakami et
al., [15] investigated the DI diesel engine fuelled with Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester. 30% water emulsion with
biodiesel results in a substantial reduction of NOx by 30% and smoke emissions by 32% with a marginal
decrease in brake thermal efficiency compared to petro-diesel at full load conditions without emulsion.
From the previous studies, it could be observed that most of the studies were mainly related to
theperformance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine using neat biodiesel as fuel in various
blends without SCR technique. In other part, the SCR techniqueshave been adopted in diesel engine with diesel
fuel only. Therefore not much work has been carried out on the SCR with biodiesel and its different blends of
fuel. In this paper a detailedanalysis of performance and emissions of diesel engine with optimum nozzle
opening pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC at full load with SCR in various volume
flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used using B0, B25, B50, B75 and B100 as fuel and the
optimum flow rate has been identified and the same is compared to without SCR technique is presented. The
comparison chart between with and without SCR is alsodiscussed and presented.
II. Experimental Setup And Procedure
Table 1 Specification details of the engine and SCR setup
Make Kirloskar TV – I
Type single cylinder Vertical DI diesel engine
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Bore Stroke 87.5 mm x110 mm
Rated brake power 5.2 kW
Speed 1500 rpm
Cooling system Water cooled
Nozzle opening pressure 250 bar (modified)
Static injection timing 20bTDC (modified) at full load
Make SCR setup
Name of the substance Aqueous urea solution
Chemical formula (NH2) 2CO.H2O
Molecular weight 66.06 g/mol
Density at 15C 1085 kg/m3
Composition 30% of urea and 70% of water
Volume flow rates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute
3. NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction
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Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the engine test setup
Table 2 Properties of Mahua biodiesel and its diesel blends
S.
No
Name of the Properties
ASTM
Code
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
1 Gross Calorific Value in
MJ/kg
D4809 45.6 43.9 43.3 42.5 41.9
2 Kinematic Viscosity at 40ºC
in cSt
D2217 2.6 3.49 4.17 4.98 6.04
3 Flash Point in ºC - 65 71 78 112 170
4 Fire Point in ºC - 70 79 88 123 183
5 Cloud Point in ºC - -15 4 8 11 13
6 Specific Gravity D445 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88
7 Cetane Number - 46 51.6 51.7 51.8 52.4
The schematic of the engine setup is shown in Figure 1.Specifications of the engine is presented in
Table 1. The optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20bTDC are used for
the entire experimentsat full load condition.Smoke level is measured using standard AVL 437 smoke
meter.AVL 444 digital gas analyzer is used for the measurement of exhaust emission of HC, CO2and NOx. All
the readings were taken under steady state conditions.
III. Experimental Setup and Procedure of SCR
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the SCR setup
The schematic of the SCR setup is shown in Figure 2. The selective catalytic converter (SCR) is used
in diesel engine for mainly reducing the NOx. The working principle is to evaporate and then decompose the
urea solution into ammonia (NH3). The following chemical equations show the conversion of N2 with SCR [4].
(NH2)2CO + H2O→ 2NH3 + CO2 (2)
Ammonia serves as the reducing agent in the catalyst, and the significant reactions are given as follows:
4. NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction
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4NH3 + 4NO + O2→ 4N2 +6H2O (3)
4NH3 + 2NO + 2NO2→ 4N2 + 6H2O (4)
IV. Results And Discussion
4.1 SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.39
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in % of bio diiesel
Specificfuelconsumptionin
kg/kW.h
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 3.Specific fuel consumption vs Blend ratio
Figure 3 shows variation of specific fuel consumption with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow
rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. It could be seen that, there is an
increasing trend observed with respect to blends of fuel. It could also be observed that, there is not much
variation in specific fuel consumption in the case of various volume flow rate at maximum load
condition.However, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives lowest value in specific fuel consumption compared to
all other flow rates.
4.2 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY
27.000
27.500
28.000
28.500
29.000
29.500
30.000
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
Brakethermalefficiencyin%
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 4. Brake Thermal Efficiency vs Blend Ratio
Figure 4 shows variation of brake thermal efficiency with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate
of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. It could be seen that, there is a decreasing
trend observed with respect to blends of fuel. It could also be observed that, there is not significant variation in
brake thermal efficiency in the case of various volume flow rate at maximum load condition. Among the flow
rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives highest brake thermal efficiency.
4.3 HEAT RELEASE RATE
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
HeatreleaserateinkJ/m3
deg
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 5.Heat Release Rate vs Blend Ratio
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Figure 5 shows variation of heat release rate with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate of 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. It could be seen that, there is a decreasing trend
observed with respect to blends of fuel. It could also be observed that, there is not much significant variation in
heat release rate in the case of various volume flow rate at full load condition. Among the flow rates, 3
ml/minute volume flow rate gives highest value in heat release rate.
4.4 MAXIMUM CYLINDER PRESSURE
70.5
71
71.5
72
72.5
73
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
Maximumcylinderpressureinbar
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure6.Maximum Cylinder Pressure vs Blend Ratio
Figure 6 shows variation of maximum cylinder pressure with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow
rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. It could be seen that, there is a
decreasing trend observed with respect to blends of fuel. It could also be observed that, there is not significant
variation in maximum cylinder pressure in the case of various volume flow rate at full load condition. Among
the flow rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives highest value in heat release rate.
4.5 CARBON DIOXIDE
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
8
8.1
8.2
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
Carbondioxidein
%byvolume
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 7.Carbon dioxide vs Blend Ratio
Figure 7 shows variation of carbon dioxide with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate of 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. From the test results, it could be stated that, among
the flow rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives highest value in carbon dioxide.This may be due to the
oxygen content and cetane number of the blend. Since the methyl ester of mahua oil based fuel contains oxygen
in the fuel itself and it acts as a lesser combustion promoter inside the cylinder.From the table 2, it could be
noted that the cetane number of B25, B50, B75 and B100 are higher than that of B0.
4.6 SMOKE DENSITY
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
SmokedensityinHSU
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 8 Smoke Density vs Blend Ratio
6. NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction
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Figure 8 shows variation of smoke density with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3,
4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. From the test results, it could be stated that, among the
flow rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives lowest value in smoke density. It is interesting to note that B25
emits lower smoke compared to B0. This may be due to the chemistry of fuel blend which may promise
conducive atmosphere for lower smoke density for B25 compared to B0. From table 2, it is evident that specific
gravity difference for B25 compared to B0 is quite small (0.82 to 0.83) and the fire point increase is less than
10°C. Further there is good increase (46 to 51.6) in cetane number between B0 and B25. Probably this is the
reason for decrease in smoke density at full load.
4.7 HYDROCARBON
0.0325
0.033
0.0335
0.034
0.0345
0.035
0.0355
0.036
0.0365
0.037
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
Hydrocarboninkg/kgoffuel
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure 9 Hydrocarbon vs Blend Ratio
Figure 9 shows variation of hydrocarbon with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. From the test results, it could be stated that, among the
flow rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives lowest value in smoke density.As could be seen that there is not
much variation in hydrocarbon. Cetane number of the fuel plays a vital role in ignition process. From table 2, we
have seen that the cetane number of B100 is higher than that of B0 (46 to 52.4). Therefore the B0 emits more
hydrocarbon than that of B100 [9].
4.8 OXIDES OF NITROGEN
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
B0 B25 B50 B75 B100
Blend ratio in %of bio diesel
Oxidesofnitrogeninkg/kgoffuel
1ml/min
2 ml/min
3 ml/min
4 ml/min
5 ml/min
Figure10 Oxides of Nitrogen vs Blend Ratio
Figure 10 shows variation of oxides of nitrogen with respect to blend ratio of the volume flow rate of 1,
2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute for B100 to B0 at full load condition. From the test results, it could be stated that, among
the flow rates, 3 ml/minute volume flow rate gives lowest value in oxides of nitrogen. It is very interesting to
note that 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute give almost same NOx value. Therefore among 3, 4 and 5 volume flow rates, 3
ml/minute has given optimum flow rate compared to other flow rates. The remaining flow rates like 4 and 5
ml/minute give ammonia slip. This will leads to toxic emissions. It is well known that more than optimum
condition of urea flow rate should be avoided which creates ammonia slip. From these findings, it could be
stated that, 3 ml/ minute gives lowest emissions of NOx without any ammonia slip and toxic emissions. The
percentage reduction in NOx in the case of 3 ml/ minute volume flow rate for B0, B25, B50, B75 and B100 are
7.26%, 11.47%, 13.24%, 12.88% and 16.67% respectively as compared to 1 ml/minute flow rate at full load
condition. The B100 gives highest percentage reduction in NOx in the case of 3 ml/minute as compared to 1
ml/minute. This may be due to spraying urea water mixture gradually with uniform flow rate of3
ml/minuteduring the passage of exhaust gas which comes from diesel engine during operation. From equations
7. NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction
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2, 3 and 4, it could be stated that, the urea react with water gives ammonia. Then further gives N2 gas only. This
may be the reason to have lower in NOx with SCR compared to without SCR [4].
V. Conclusions
From these findings, it could be concluded that the optimum volume flow rate of 3 ml/minute gives
better performance, combustion and lower emissions when compared with all other flow rates at full load
condition. The optimum flow rate affects only oxides of nitrogen rather than others including performance and
combustion. Among the blends B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to
without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition.
Acknowledgement
The authors have thanked the Management of Er. PerumalManimekalai College of Engineering, Hosur,
Tamil Nadu, India for providing the support and encouragement to take the readings at I.C Engines Laboratory,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Er. Perumal Manimekalai College of Engineering, Hosur – 635 117,
Tamil Nadu, India.
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