Klingbeil, R., Nejdawi, R. & Byiringiro, F., 2014. Food Security, Water Security, Improved Food Value Chains for Sustainable Socio-economic Development. Presentation at the seminar “The Nexus Approach: The Road to Water, Energy and Food Security in the Arab World”, Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs (IFI), American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon, 22 Jan 2014.

1. Food Security, Water Security,
Improved Food Value Chains for
Sustainable Socio-economic Development
IFI - AUB
Beirut, Lebanon
22 Jan 2014
Ralf Klingbeil, RA Environment & Water
Reem Nejdawi, Chief, FEPS
Fidele Byiringiro, Economic Affairs Officer

2. UN ESCWA
23 January 2014
www.escwa.un.org
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3. Opening Quotes
“Nobody is qualified to become a statesman
who is entirely ignorant of the problems of wheat.”
Socrates
“There are no water wars because
food wars are not judged to be necessary.”
J.A. Allan, 1981
23 January 2014
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4. Outline
• Definitions:
– Food security  Water security
• Challenges / Opportunities
– Food losses & food waste
– Trade
– Improving value chains
• Ways Forward ?
23 January 2014
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5. • Drought since
at least 2008
• Inability to
“make a living”
• Internal
displacements
• Additional
stress on
resources and
society in
urban areas
23 January 2014
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irinnews.org, 2009. Syria’s drought-affected provinces as of Aug 2009.
Syria’s Drought

6. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
23 January 2014
CCS, CAP and Stimson, 2013. Arab Spring and Climate Change.
Syria’s Past! – Syria’s Future?
Demographics
Drought and water scarcity
Water shortages
Crop failure
Natural resource mismanagement
Climate change
Internal displacement
Rural disaffection
Political unrest
...
www.escwa.un.org
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7. UN Water, 2013. Water Security & the Global Water Agenda.
Water – Food – Energy
The Nexus
23 January 2014
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8. People, Water & Land, Food, Energy
Demographics
Water
& Land
Governance
Food
Energy
23 January 2014
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9. Food Security
FAO, 2009. Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security (WSFS).
Definition:
“Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food
to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.”
Four Pillars / Dimensions of
Food Security:
• Availability
• Access
• Utilization
• Stability
23 January 2014
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10. FAO, IFAD, and WFP, 2013. The State of Food Insecurity in the World.
Food Security Indicators:
Based on Four Dimensions of Food Security
23 January 2014
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11. UN Water, 2013. Water Security & the Global Water Agenda.
Water Security
Definition:
“The capacity of a population to safeguard
sustainable access to adequate quantities of
acceptable quality water for sustaining
livelihoods, human well-being, and socioeconomic development, for ensuring
protection against water-borne pollution and
water-related disasters, and for preserving
ecosystems in a climate of peace and political
stability.”
23 January 2014
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12. UN Water, 2013. What Is Water Security?
Water Security
23 January 2014
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13. Challenges to / Opportunities for
Food & Water Security
Food
Losses and Waste
23 January 2014
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14. http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/240072-massive-amount-of-food-wa
Qatar:
“Massive amount of food wasted”
Qatar Statistics Authority (QSA):
“(...) more than half of the
municipal waste generated (...)
contains discarded food.”
The Peninsula, 05 Jun 2013
23 January 2014
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15. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste
23 January 2014
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16. Gustavsson, J., et al., 2011. Global Food Losses and
Food Waste. Extent, Causes and Prevention.
Food Supply Chains:
Losses of Food – and Water
Production Volumes per Commodity Group (million
tonnes)
23 January 2014
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17. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste:
Total Carbon Footprint, GB
23 January 2014
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18. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste:
Carbon Footprint per Category, GB
23 January 2014
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19. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste:
Total Water Footprint, GB
X million m3
23 January 2014
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20. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste:
Water Footprint per Category, GB
23 January 2014
www.escwa.un.org
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21. BCFN, 2013. Food Waste: Causes, Impacts and Proposals.
Food Losses – Food Waste:
Economic Impact along Supply Chain, ITA
XXX million euro
23 January 2014
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22. Inamo, 2001. 7 (27), www.inamo.de.
Challenges to / Opportunities for
Food & Water Security
Water
23 January 2014
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23. Agricultural Water Use
e.g. Wadi Al-Sirhan, Saudi Arabia
1991
2000
2012
23 January 2014
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24. Irrigated Agriculture in Saudi Arabia
Accumulated 30 year groundwater abstraction, 1975 - 2004 per
Region for Saudi Arabia (WaterWatch, 2006)
23 January 2014
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25. Transboundary / Shared Water Resources
and Aquifers in Middle East
23 January 2014
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26. Transboundary / Shared Water Resources
and Aquifers in Middle East
A total of 22 shared aquifer systems
and 6 shared river basins were
identified.
9 chapters on shared surface waters
and 17 chapters on shared aquifer
systems, each following a
standardized structure and
methodology.
624 pages of detailed information
with 60 new maps and over 200
figures, tables and boxes.
Saq-Ram Aquifer
System (West)
23 January 2014
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27. Challenges to / Opportunities for
Food & Water Security
Trade
23 January 2014
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28. Khouri, N. 2013. Food Security in Saudi Arabia - A Framework.
Combining Indicators:
Hunger, Food Balance and Price Risk
23 January 2014
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29. The Economist, 2012. Food. How to feed a planet, continued, 28 May
2012, www.economist.com/blogs/feastandfamine/2012/05/food
Food Surpluses and Deficits by Region
23 January 2014
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30. Jordan
Saudi Arabia
UAE
23 January 2014
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Keulertz, M., 2013. Arab Vulnerability in Global Food Supply Chains.
Based on : Water and Food data base and COMTRADE.
Average Annual Wheat Imports, 2008-2012
30

31. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Mekonnen, M.M., 2012.
The Water Footprint of Humanity.
Net Virtual Water Imports
per Country, 1996-2005
23 January 2014
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32. UN ESCWA & GIZ, forthcoming. Green Agricultural Value
Chains for Improved Livelihood in the Arab Region.
Cereal Trade Globally and in the Region:
Net Cereal Import 1980-2011 (million tons)
23 January 2014
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33. GeoEconomica, 2011. Saudi Arabia’s Food
Diplomacy: Searching for Fertile Ground.
Saudi Arabia: Wheat Production,
Consumption, and Trade, 1983-2019
23 January 2014
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34. Woertz, E., 2013. Food Security in the UAE.
Agro-Projects and MoUs
Announced in the UAE, 2008-2011
23 January 2014
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35. Challenges to / Opportunities for
Food & Water Security
Improving Value Chains
23 January 2014
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36. Byiringiro, F., 2013. Green Agricultural Value Chains
for Improved Livelihood in the ESCWA Region.
Green Value Chains: Characteristics
• Addresses socio-economic and
environmental development :
–
–
–
–
higher income,
jobs,
equity,
conservation, etc.
• Global companies increasingly looking at issues
such as safety, fairness, etc.
• Need to prove performance standards
• Given the continuously rising global ramifications:
 Adapt or be left out
• Covers economic, social and environmental
(and institutional) issues
23 January 2014
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37. UN ESCWA & GIZ, forthcoming. Green Agricultural Value
Chains for Improved Livelihood in the Arab Region.
Repositioning of Moroccan
Vegetable Market for Export
23 January 2014
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38. Ways Forward ?
1. Holistic approaches to the management of
natural resources
2. International trade and regional cooperation
3. Focus primarily on local vulnerable population
4. Support for research related to food security
and food-related conflicts
5. Equitable and just international trade relations
6. Governments accountable; not further ignoring
plight of their rural, disadvantaged and poor
23 January 2014
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39. Woertz, E., 2013. Oil for Food.
Today ! – Tomorrow ?
23 January 2014
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40. Food Security, Water Security,
Improved Food Value Chains for
Sustainable Socio-economic Development
IFI - AUB
Beirut, Lebanon
22 Jan 2014
Ralf Klingbeil, RA Environment & Water
Reem Nejdawi, Chief, FEPS
Fidele Byiringiro, Economic Affairs Officer