R. Klingbeil, 2016. No Sustainable Development Without Water: Challenges and Ways Forward for Water Management in the Region.

UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia
International Water Conference 2016, SQU, Muscat, Oman, 13-16 Mar 2016
No Sustainable Development Without Water:
Challenges and Ways Forward for
Water Management in the Region
Ralf Klingbeil, Regional Advisor Environment and Water
WIN,2016

Oman, Arab Water Day, 03 March 2015
Falaj Al-Khatmeen

World Economic Forum 2016
International Water Conference 2016 on “Water Resource in Arid areas: The Way Forward”, SQU, Muscat, Oman, 13-16 Mar 2016
Global Risks of Highest Concern
2016
WEF,2016.Whatarethetopglobalrisksfor2016?
14Jan2016,www.wef.ch/risks2016.

Opening Quotes
• “Arabs are already in the heart of the water
catastrophe.”
• “Any delay in a serious response to the water
challenge corresponds to mass suicide.
The water apocalypse is knocking on Arab doors,
right now.”
Najib Saab, Secretary General
Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED)
12 June 2010

Outline
• Many dimensions of water
• Governance
• Demographics
• Food
• Energy
• Water and Land
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
• Sustainable Development Goals
• Targets and Indicators

Credit: Nicholas Clive Marcroft
Let’s talk about water …

Scarcity of Water Contributes to …
Iraq:
Displacement due to Drought
IOM,July2010

Scarcity of Water Contributes to …
Iraq:
Water Needs 2008 - 2010
IOM,July2010

Water and scarcity in the MENA Region
Three Levels of
(Water) Scarcity
TheWorldBank,2007.MakingtheMostofScarcity.

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Water (and Sanitation) and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Water Connects and Enables
• Water is essential,
finite and vulnerable
• Water is a driver for
development and enables:
• Health
• Nature
• Urbanization
• Industry
• Energy
• Food
• Equality
Cap-NetUNDPandUN-Water,2015.

Regional Water Overview - Water Availability and Demand
MENA
Many Dimensions of Water
Governance
Demographics
Food
Water
& Land
Energy

Actual Renewable Freshwater Resources
per Capita by Region
FAOAQUASTST,WB2007

Percent of Total Renewable Water
Resources Withdrawn, by Region
FAOAQUASTATdata1998-2002,WB2007

Sources of
Water
ICBA,Barghouti,2009

Regional Water Overview - Solutions to a Dilemma?
Reuse:
Water and (Treated) Waste Water
AlBaz,GIZ,2011

Regional Water Overview - Solutions to a Dilemma?
Storage:
Managed Aquifer Storage
UNESCO,2005

Food and Water
Food Losses - Food Waste
Water Losses
BCFN,2013.FoodWaste:Causes,ImpactsandProposals.

Food and Water
Food Losses - Food Waste
Total Water Footprint, GB
BCFN,2013.FoodWaste:Causes,ImpactsandProposals.
X million m3

Regional Water Overview - Food and Water
Qatar:
“Massive amount of food wasted”
http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/240072-massive-amount-of-food-wa
Qatar Statistics Authority (QSA):
“(...) more than half of the
municipal waste generated (...)
contains discarded food.”
The Peninsula, 05 Jun 2013

Regional Water Overview - Food and Non-Renewable Water
Agricultural Groundwater Use
Wadi Al-Sirhan, Saudi Arabia
1991
2000
2012

Seminar at the Water Resources Department, American University of Technology (AUT), Halat, Lebanon, 19 Jan 2016
Irrigated Agriculture,
Saudi Arabia
FAOAQUASTAT,2008

Accumulated 30 yrs GW Abstractions
1975 - 2004 per Region, Saudi Arabia
WaterWatch,2006.

Regional Water Overview - National Agricultural Strategies and Water Use
Wheat Production, Consumption, and
Trade, 1983-2019, Saudi Arabia
GeoEconomica,2011.SaudiArabia’sFood
Diplomacy:SearchingforFertileGround.

Regional Water Overview – Agriculture Contributions to GDP
GDP Shares in
MENA Region
ICBA,Barghouti,2009

Water in Lebanon
Recharge:
Rain and Snow in Mountains

Water in Lebanon
Seminar at the Water Resources Department, American University of Technology (AUT), Halat, Lebanon, 19 Jan 2016
Where / How
Does Recharge Take Place ?
PartlyfromMargane,BGR,2013

Water in Lebanon
Jeita Spring Catchment:
Groundwater ≠ Surface Water Catchment
Margane,BGR,2013
• Tectonic setting
• Geological mapping
• Tracer tests
• Stable isotopes

Water and Water Scarcity in Lebanon
2014 …
Groundwater, spring discharges affected
Margane,BGR,2014.

Water and Snow in Lebanon
Average precipitation related to snow
water equivalent for 2008 to 2012
MEW,UNDP,2014.AssessmentofGroundwaterResourcesof
Lebanon.

Future Directions
2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development
25 September 2015:
193 Members of United Nations General Assembly adopted
• 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, incl.
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org

SDGs:
Goals - Targets - Indicators
17 Goals:
universal,
integrative,
transformative
169 Targets:
realistic,
ambitious (not too),
but not ambiguous
231 Indicators:
measurable,
combinable

Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access
to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.1.1: Proportion of population using
safely managed drinking water services
Monitoring by:
Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and
Sanitation (JMP) -
WHO, UNICEF
6.1

6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable
sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation,
paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and
those in vulnerable situations
6.2.1: Proportion of population using safely managed
sanitation services, including a hand washing
facility with soap and water
Monitoring by:
Joint Monitoring Programme
for Water Supply and
Sanitation (JMP) -
WHO, UNICEF
6.2

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated
wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe
reuse globally
6.3.1: Proportion of wastewater safely treated
6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient
water quality
Monitored by:
Global Expanded Water
Monitoring Initiative (GEMI) -
UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNICEF,
FAO, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
6.3

UNEP GEMS/Water Capacity Development Centre
@ University College Cork, Ireland
https://www.ucc.ie/en/gemscdc/
Key activities:
• Training needs assessment for water quality monitoring and
capacity development strategy for SSA and other regions;
• Training materials with GEMS/Water Regional Hubs, initially
on the LAC Region;
• Workshops and expert advice on monitoring programme
design and implementation;
• Training courses on
water quality monitoring
and assessment;
• “Training the trainers”
programme / blended
learning;
• Guidebooks and
handbooks.
6.3

6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency
across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals
and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and
substantially reduce the number of people suffering
from water scarcity
6.4.1: Change in water use efficiency over time
6.4.2: Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a
proportion of available freshwater resources
Monitored by:
6.4

Energy for Water
Saq-Ram Aquifer System:
Exploitable area, irrigation areas,
energy use for groundwater pumping
ESCWA,2016

6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources
management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.5.1: Degree of integrated water resources
management implementation (0-100)
6.5.2: Proportion of transboundary basin area with an
operational arrangement for water cooperation
Monitored by:
6.5

Regional Water Overview - Shared Groundwater - Transboundary Aquifers
Inventory of Shared Water Resources
in Western Asia
www.waterinventory.org
• A total of 22 shared aquifer
systems and 6 shared river
basins were identified.
• 9 chapters on shared surface
waters and 17 chapters on
shared aquifer systems, each
following a standardized
structure and methodology.
• 624 pages of detailed
information with 60 new maps
and over 200 figures, tables
and boxes.

Regional Water Overview - Shared Groundwater - Transboundary Aquifers
Saq Ram Aquifer System (West)
Jordan - Saudi Arabia
www.waterinventory.org
Example:
Saq-Ram Aquifer System (West)
‘Disi’ Aquifer
• approximate exploitability
• groundwater development

6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems,
including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers
and lakes
6.6.1: Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems
over time
Monitored by:
Global Expanded Water Monitoring Initiative (GEMI) -
UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
6.6

6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-
building support to developing countries in water- and
sanitation-related activities and programmes, including
water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency,
wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.a.1: Amount of water- and sanitation-related official
development assistance that is part of a
government coordinated spending plan
Monitored by:
Global Analysis and
Assessment of Sanitation
and Drinking‐Water (GLAAS) -
WHO-led
6.a

6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local
communities in improving water and sanitation
management
6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with
established and operational policies and
procedures for participation of local communities
in water and sanitation management
Monitored by:
Global Analysis and
Assessment of Sanitation
and Drinking‐Water (GLAAS) -
WHO-led
6.b

Goal 11:
Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and
the number of people affected and substantially
decrease the direct economic losses relative to global
gross domestic product caused by disasters, including
water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the
poor and people in vulnerable situations
11.5.1:Number of deaths, missing and persons affected by
disaster per 100,000 people
11.5.2:Direct disaster economic
loss in relation to global
GDP, including disaster
damage to critical
infrastructure and
disruption of basic
services
11.5

Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their
forms
16.5.1:Proportion of persons who
had at least one contact with
a public official and who paid
a bribe to a public official, or
were asked for a bribe by
these public officials, during
the previous 12 months
16.5.2:Proportion of businesses who
had at least one contact with
a public official and who paid
a bribe to a public official, or
were asked for a bribe by
these public officials, during
the previous 12 months
WIN,2016
16.5

Goal 9:
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to
make them sustainable, (…) greater adoption of clean
and environmentally sound technologies and industrial
processes (…)
No specific indicator for water-related activities
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological
capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries (…)
9.5.1: Research and
development (R&D)
expenditure as a
proportion of GDP
9.5.2: Researchers (in full-
time equivalent) per
million inhabitants
9.5
9.4

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for SD
17.6 Enhance (…) cooperation on and access to science,
technology and innovation and enhance knowledge-
sharing (…)
17.6.1:Number of science and/or technology cooperation
agreements and programmes between countries,
(…)
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and
diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to
developing countries (…)
17.7.1:Total (..) approved
funding for developing
countries to promote
development, transfer,
dissemination and
diffusion of environ.
sound technologies
17.7
17.6

Arab Science and Technology
“Arab world’s path to
progress goes through science”
www.thearabweekly.com,04March2016
• R&D as pert of GDP:
• Egypt: 0.4% / South Korea: 4.0%
• Researchers per million people:
• Arab region 371 / World 1,081,
• Sudan: 19, Bahrain: 50, Oman: 137, …,
Egypt: 581 , Morocco: 864, Tunisia: 1,394
• Scientific and technical articles:
• Arab region: 1.3% of journal entries published
• Patent applications:
• Arab region: 0.1% at US Patent and Trademark Office (2013)
• Disconnect between businesses and R&D community
• Egypt: only 5% of R&D from private sector
• Women: University students: > 50%, researchers: only 37% of
researchers

Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation
and revitalize the Global Partnership for SD
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing
effective and targeted capacity-building in developing
countries to support national plans to implement all the
SDGs, including through North-South, South-South and
triangular cooperation
17.9.1:Dollar value of financial and technical assistance
(…) committed to developing countries
17.9

AWARENET: Arab Integrated Water
Resources Management Network
www.awarenet.info
www.awarenet.info

Mapping of Stakeholders per Goal /
Target / Indicator: Example Country

Oman, World Water Day, 22 March 2015
Falaj Dares

R. Klingbeil, 2016. No Sustainable Development Without Water: Challenges and Ways Forward for Water Management in the Region.

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