Kienbock disease is avascular necrosis of the lunate bone in the wrist that results from disrupted blood flow. It progresses through stages from isolated lunate involvement to fragmentation and collapse. Treatment aims to decompress and revascularize the lunate early on through osteotomies or tendon transfers, while later stages involve procedures like proximal row carpectomy or fusion to stabilize the wrist joint and prevent further degeneration. However, there is no single treatment that reliably achieves pain relief and preservation of function as the disease progresses.
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2. INDRODUCTION
KIENBOCK DISEAS is an isolated disorder of
lunate resulting from vascular compromise to the
bone
Avascular necrosis/osteomalacia of lunate
Dr Robert Kienbock –1910
He described step wise progression disease from
isolated proximal lunate involvement ,to
fragmentation and collapse of lunate evolving to
radiocarpal involvement with degenerative changes
3. AETIOLOGY
Exact aetiology ?
But it is likely multifactorial
1. Anatomical factors
2. Interrupted vascularity
3. Traumatic insults to lunate -repeated
microtrauma
4. ANATOMICAL
1.Ulnar negative varience
2. Three types of lunte morphalogies
type 1 lunate has proximal apex
type 2 and 3 more rectagular
Type 1 seen in wrist with negative ulnar varience
Type 1 –higher rate
3.Lower radial inclination
All this anatomical factors seems to be results in un
equal load distribution through the radiocarpal joint.
5. INTERRUPTED VASCULARITY
Vascularity to lunate is variable
3 major patterns of vascularity described
Y pattern
I pattern
X pattern
In I pattern there is a single vessel supplying the
lunate ,which may increase risk of ostenecrosis.
6.
7. In addition AVN of lunate has been linked to
vascular insult caused by fracture,ligamentous
collapse,primary circulatory collapse,systemic
diseases and venous congestion.
8. Although there is no single definitive cause of
kienbock disease ,a complex interplay of vascular
and anatomic variation ,combined with varying
degrees of microtrauma and insults contribute to its
development.
9. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Commonly affect men 20 to 40 years
Symptoms can vary depending upon the stage at
initial presentation
Pain localised to the radiolunate facet- pain is
classically insidious in onset
Decreased wrist motion
Swelling and decreased grip strength
10. Tenderness over the dorsal lunate and radiolunate
facet
An effussion or bogginess overlying the radiocarpal
join
Movements especially dorsiflexion is limited
Average grip strength may decrease upto 50% of
contralateral side
In extreme case clenching of hand fails to show the
normal prominence of 3rd metacarpal—
FINSTERS’S SIGN
Percussion over head of 3rd mc -tenderness
11. RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
X Ray wrist PA and lateral view
Negative in early in disease process
Progressively shows increased lunate density
Fragmentation
Collapse
Proximal migration of capitate
widening of proximal carpal raw
scaphoid rotation
degeneratine changes in radio carpal bone
13. MRI SCAN
MRI SCAN can detect early stages of disease with
increased signal uptake.
In patients with perilunate dislocation or ulnar
impaction syndrome changes within the lunate may
appears similar to the AVN ,however these changes
are often focal and non progresive
14. CT SCAN
CT scan characterise the lunate necrosis and
trabecular destruction once collapse has occurred.
16. STAGE I
Non specific intermittent wrist pain and synovitis
,which may mimic a wrist sprain.
Plain x ray films are either normal or shows small
linear compression fracture through lunate.
There is no collapse ,sclerosis or increased
radiodensity of the lunate
Mri shows decreased signal uptake
17. STAGE II
Characterised by increased swelling ,varying
degree of stiffness and progressive pain
X ray shows lunate sclerosis with or without
compression fracture lines
No evidence of collapse , lunate height is
maintained
The remainder of the carpus remains without
degenerative changes
18.
19. STAGE IIIA
Is defined by continued sclerosis and collapse of
lunate
Carpal height and intercarpal alignment is
preserved
No scaphoid rotation
Xray -lunate appears widened in AP view as a
result of the coronal plane collapse
Scapholunate angle is preserved at -10 to
10degree
20. STAGE IIIB
Collapse of lunate and charecteristic changes of
serrounding capitate and scaphoid
Capitate migrate proximally and carpal height
become diminished
Scaphoid flexes ,rotates resulting in DISI pattern of
instability
21.
22. STAGE IV
Progressive carpal collapse leading to radiocarpal
and midcarpal degenerative changes
Xray joint space narrowing ,subchondral sclerosis
,degenerative cysts and osteophyte formation
Symptoms have typically progressed to stiffness
,constant pain and swelling
23.
24. TREATMENT
Based on the stage at presentation
Unload the lunate
Revascularise the lunate
Treat carpal instability and collapse with salvage
procedure
25. STAGE I
Conservative treatment with 3 months
immobilisation is typically recommended for stage 1
desease
The patient should continue to be monitored and if
symptoms or radiographs progress consider
surgical management
26.
27. STAGE II OR III WITH NEGATIVE ULNAR
VARIENCE
Goal in this stage is generally centered towards
unloading of lunte in an attempt to reduce
intracarpal stress and allow revascularisation
Joint leveling procedures –
Radial shortening osteotomies
Ulnar lengthening procedures
Radial osteotomy is prefered over ulnar due to less
complication
28. STAGE II AND IIIA ULNAR NEUTRAL OR
POSITIVE VARIANCE
Revascularisation
Osteotomies
Cor decompression
29. REVASCULARISATION
Principle – Transplantation of an arteriovenous
pedicle into normal and avascular bone results in
new bone formation
Direct revascularisation allows the potential for
salvage of the lunate and possible reversal of
destruction of lunate through neoangiogenesis
30. Sources –distal radius pedicle graft with pronater
teres
Vascularised pisiform graft
Fourth and fifth extensor compartment artery graft
I,II or III dorasal metacarpal artery ransfer
31. OSTEOTOMIES
Goal of this procedure to unload the lunate in an
attempt to decrease stress across radiolunate joint
to allow revascularisation and prevention of disease
progression
Capitate shortening osteotomies with or without
capitohamate fusion
Radial closed wedge osteotomy—shift pressure
from lunate by decreasing radioulnar inclination
32.
33. COR DECOMPRESSION
Metaphyseal decompression of radius and ulna
Decompression involve curettage of distal radius
/ulna through small cortical window
Healing is due to local vascular response
34. STAGE IIIB
Goal in this stage
Stabilisation of carpus
Prevent further collapse
Decrease the load across radiolunate joint
Proximal row carpectomy
Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid arthrodesis
Scaphocapitate arthrodesis
Grafting ,arthroplasty and interposition
35. PRC
Is procedure that excises the scaphoid ,lunate and
triquetrium transfering load from the capitate
directly to the lunate facet of the distal radius
36. STT AND SC ARTHRODESIS
Is to correct fixed and rotated scaphoid and
stabilise midcarpal joint ,prevent further collapse
38. STAGE IV
Salvage procedures performed
PRC If mild degeneration
WRIST ARTHRODESIS
WRIST ARTHROPLASTY
WRIST DENERVATION
39.
40. SUMMARY
Kienbock disease is defined by AVN of lunate,with a
predictable pattern of lunate collapse ,carpal
changes , and degenaration resulting from an
apparent combination of vascular,anatomical and
traumatic insults.
41. Gaol of treatment is pain relief,motion preservation
,strength maintenance and function
There is no one procedure that consistently and
reliably achieves this outcome
42. Gaol of treatment is pain relief,motion preservation
,strength maintenance and function
There is no one procedure that consistently and
reliably achieves this outcome