The document summarizes great power politics and international relations from ancient Greece to the present. It discusses the rise and fall of hegemons and their influence over global actors. Key events covered include the Treaty of Westphalia, the Napoleonic Wars, World Wars I and II, and the Cold War rivalry between the US and Soviet Union. The document also examines the transition from a bipolar world dominated by two superpowers to the current multipolar world with multiple emerging powers such as China, India, and the European Union.

1. Chapter 4: Great Power Politics in Historical Perspective

2. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Long Cycles of World Leadership Long-cycle theory: Rise and fall of hegemons Hegemon: A single powerful state that exercises predominant influence over global actors Hegemonic stability theory: Global dominance of a hegemon is necessary to provide the order required for international commerce and military security Enduring rivalries among great powers 2

3. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Birth of International Politics Greek city states Peloponnesian war 3

4. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning From City States to Nation States 4

5. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Westphalian System The 30 Years War Treaty of Westphalia: Recognized the existence and defined the rights of sovereign states Pluralism Recognition 5

6. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Europe in 1648 6

7. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Balance of Power System Anarchy Balance of Power Law of War 7

8. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Europe and the Rest of the World European domination 8

9. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Napoleon and National Warfare Nationalism National self-determinism Democracy The draft, or Levée en Masse 9

10. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Concert of Europe Liberal approach to international affairs Debate over the relative effectiveness of collaboration versus deterrence in preventing wars continues to this day 10

11. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Nationalism and Imperialism 11 Colonialism

12. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Road to World War I By the beginning of the 20th century, there was intense competition among European powers. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Italy Triple entente Britain, France, Russia Serbian nationalists’ assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in July, 1914. 12

13. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War I: A Guide to the Major Players Alliance Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire, Italy (until 1915) Entente Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, United States, Italy (after 1915) 13

14. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War I Consequences Millions of deaths Versailles Treaty and punishment of Germany: war guilt, reparations, small military, Ruhr occupied Rise of communism Creation of many new states in Europe Wilsonian liberalism and decline of realism Strong anti-war sentiment in U.S. and western Europe 14

15. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Territorial Changes in Europe Following World War I 15

16. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War II: A Guide to the Major Players Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States 16

17. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War II Causes Versailles provisions inflame Germany Fascism and Nazi grip on Germany German irredentism Inaction by France, Britain, Soviet Union  appeasement American isolationism Multipolarity Great Depression and protectionism 17

18. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War II Consequences Border changes in Europe System change: end to great-power rivalries in Europe Iron curtain in eastern Europe Beginning of decolonization United Nations Bipolarity: U.S.-Soviet rivalry  the Cold War 18

19. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning World War II Redraws Map of Europe 19

20. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Cold War: Causes Power transition propels both states to top of global power hierarchy Struggle for spheres of influence Domino theory Mirror images Self-fulfilling prophecy Ideology Security dilemma 20

21. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Key Events in the Evolution of the U.S.–Soviet Relationship During the Cold War 1949–1991 21

22. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Seedbed of the Cold War, 1945–1948 U.S. unipolarity Kennan’s “long telegram” Truman doctrine Containment 22

23. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Cold War: Confrontation, 1945–1962 Khrushchev pursued a policy of peaceful coexistence Berlin blockade; Korean War; other crises Extended deterrence Bipolarity Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence Cuban missile crisis, 1962 23

24. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Cold War: 1963–1978 MAD: Mutual assured destruction Kennedy and tension reductions Détente: Relaxation of tensions Policy of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger Linkage SALT talks Cultural exchanges, trade agreements 24

25. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Cold War: 1979–1991 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979 Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rapprochement Gorbachev policies: withdrawal from eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Cuba; INF, START, and CFE treaties; domestic liberalization 25

26. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Consequences of the Cold War End of communism “End of history” Emergence of U.S. hegemony More elusive security threats Rogue states Terrorism 26

27. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning America’s Unipolar Moment Caused by end of Cold War Soft power Unilateralism of the Bush administration Bush Doctrine and the war on terror Unipolar situation instigates other power centers to form Imperial overstretch? 27

28. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning A Multipolar World United States currently the dominant military and political power China, Japan, India, the European Union and possibly Russia are potential challengers for hegemon role Multipolar distributions of power can lead to war Power transitions 28

29. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Emerging Centers of Power in the Twenty First Century Global Hierarchy 29

30. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Responding to Multipolarity’s Challenge Unilateral approach Selective engagement Concert Collective security 30

31. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Projection of the Largest Global Economies by 2020 31

32. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning New World Order or Disorder? The attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001 led to a new common, enemy, terrorism. However, disagreement exists about how to overcome terrorism—specifically with the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003. International challenges continue: trade barriers, SARS, economic collapse, swine flu . . . 32

33. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Great Powers’ Current National Security Strategies The United States and Its Unipolar Moment The Bush Doctrine China’s Ascendance and Global Clout The European Union’s Search for a Strategic Vision Supporter of integration and institutional approaches Japan’s Strategic Posture Yoshida Doctrine Russia’s Quest for Strategic Revival 33