This document discusses concepts related to human rights such as ethics, morality, civil society, and sanctions. It then examines the human condition globally, particularly in the global south, using metrics like poverty rates, life expectancy, and access to resources. It also discusses measures of human development through indices that evaluate factors like income, education, and health. Overall, it provides an overview of the status of human rights internationally, challenges faced in different regions, and approaches to protecting human rights globally.

1. Chapter 13: International Human Rights

2. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningConcepts (1 of 2)Ethics: Criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior by individuals and groupsMorality: Principles about the behavioral norms that should govern interactionsCivil society: A community that creates institutions to protect civil liberties and promote peaceful methods of conflict resolutionSanctions: Punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior 2

3. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningConcepts (2 of 2)Human rights: Political rights and civil liberties recognized as inalienable for all peopleLiberalism and human rightsRealism and human rightsFeminist theory and human rights3

4. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Human ConditionGlobal south: 53% people live on $2 or less per dayLife expectancy less than 60 yearsMany lack basic sanitationMany lack safe drinking waterMany lack adequate housingMany undernourished4

5. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningProjecting Trends in the Proportion of People Below the Poverty Line, 1990–20155

6. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningMeasuring Human DevelopmentHuman needs: Basic physical, social, and political requirements needed for survival and securityHuman development index (HDI)Combines life expectancy, literacy, income, and years of educationBetter measure than per capita GNPRanges from 0 to 16

7. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningMeasuring Human DevelopmentWhat is Quality of Life?7

8. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Map of Human Development

9. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningPreconditions of Human DevelopmentPolitical freedomDemocracyCivil liberties and civil rightsNational economic growth“The richer the country, the freer”Human development highest in global northPurchasing power parity (PPP): an index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity (when what can be purchased is the same) is achieved. The index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency 9

10. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningStatus of Women (1 of 2)Gender inequalities: womenLower living standardsLower payLower-level jobs15% of parliamentary seatsLess access to health care; Girls die more oftenMost egregious in global southExacerbated by religion and culture10

11. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningStatus of Women (2 of 2)Gender Empowerment Measure: Women’s relative economic income, high-paying positions, access to professional and parliamentary positionsUN conferences have increasingly dealt with gender issues11

12. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Global Refugee Crisis (1 of 2)Refugees: People who flee for safety to another country because of a well-founded fear of persecution; Average 21 million peopleInternally displaced people:People involuntarily uprooted from their homes, but still in their own countries12

13. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Global Refugee Crisis (2 of 2)Failed statesBrain drain: The exodus of the most educated people from their homeland to a more prosperous foreign country where the opportunities for high incomes are betterDeprives their homeland of their ability to contribute to its economic development 13

14. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Chronic World Refugee Crisis14

15. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThreats to Human SecurityEthnocentrismXenophobiaEthnonationalismEthnic cleansingIrredentism“Clash of civilizations”15

16. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningThe Fourth WorldFourth world: Native national groups (indigenous peoples) seeking greater rights, autonomy or independence from governing statesOften persecuted: lands taken, livelihoods and cultures threatened130 million slaughtered between 1900 and 1987 by state-sponsored genocide16

17. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningEthnic CleansingDefinition: Attempted extermination of a minority group by a stateNazi Germany and Jews and gypsiesUnited States and Native AmericansTurkey and ArmeniansYugoslavia and MoslemsRwanda and Tutsi and HutusSaddam Hussein and Kurds17

18. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningProtecting Human Rights (1 of 2)UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsInternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsFive basic categories of rightsRights of the personRights associated with the rule of lawPolitical rightsEconomic and social rights.Rights of communities. 18

19. Copyright 2010 Cengage LearningProtecting Human Rights (2 of 2)Noncombatant immunityInternational regimes with enforcement powersRevising international lawProsecution of war criminals: Milosevic Humanitarian intervention19