The document discusses the history and development of international law and organizations as alternatives to war. It covers topics such as the just war doctrine established by Grotius, the League of Nations, the UN, and various treaties and protocols established over the 20th century to regulate war and promote peace, such as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. It also examines the sources and enforcement of international law, as well as norms, human rights, and international courts like the International Criminal Court.

1. Chapter 10: International Law and Organization as Alternative Paths to Peace

2. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Annual Frequency of New International Crises Since World War I 2

3. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning International Law The set of rules and obligations that states recognize as binding on each other. Trade (WTO) The environment (Kyoto Protocol) The conduct of war 3

4. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning History of International Law Grotius’ Just War There must be just cause for going to war War must be declared by legitimate authorities The means used in war must not be inhumane The means used in war must be proportional to the ends obtained Jus ad bellum: The justice of a war Jus in bello: Justice in a war 4

5. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Amending the Just War Doctrine How to deal with weapons of mass destruction? War on terrorism Bush Doctrine Revolution in military affairs Doctrine of military necessity 5

6. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Legal Prohibition Against Initiating Wars, 1815-2008 6

7. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning The Changing Status of the Nonintervention Norm in International Law Since 1820 7

8. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning International Law in the Twentieth Century League of Nations The Kellogg–Briand Treaty of 1928 The 1925 Geneva Protocol Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty GATT WTO 8

9. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Sources of International Law International conventions International custom The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations 9

10. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Enforcement of International Law The International Court of Justice (ICJ) Enforcement by specific treaty organizations (i.e., WTO Dispute Settlement Body) Self-enforcing 10

11. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning International Norms Ethical principles about how actors should behave Mutual expectations about how actors will behave in certain situations Social identities, indicating which actors are considered to be legitimate 11

12. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Four Paths by which Norms Spread 12

13. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Normative Disagreement Death Penalty The U.S.–Iraq War The Bush Doctrine Terrorists? 13

14. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Human Rights International Criminal Court Genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes 14

15. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning Web Links Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs The International Court of Justice Fletcher-Ginn Multilaterals Project United Nations Peacekeeping Operations 15