This document provides guidelines for designing an earth mat for a metro station. It discusses standards for earth mat design, the design procedure, and provides an example of a design for the Joka Station. The key steps in design include determining the fault current, selecting conductor size, and using software to model symmetrical or asymmetrical mat layouts based on space availability and soil properties. The example shows the proposed mat layout for Joka Station, simulation results verifying touch and step potentials are below safety limits, and demonstrating the effectiveness of the design.
IMPACT OF CERC'S SHARING OF TRANSMISSION CHARGES AND LOSSES REGULATIONS Amitava Nag
WBSEDCL may have to bear approximately Rs. 6.48 Cr. + Rs. 1.4 Cr. = Rs. 7.88 Cr. extra charge per month when the enacted sharing regulations 2020 of CERC will be implemented. Since this new regulations have violated Article 14 and Article 303(1) of the Constitution of India, WBSEDCL therefore could file a writ petition at Calcutta High Court as per Article 226 of the Constitution of India for a stay of the notified regulations and justified modification of that statute to stop cross subsidy among States and to reinstate “beneficiary-pays” principle.
More and more, as utilities face decreasing margin between system load and system capacity, they are in need of innovative smart grid solutions that can help them effectively disperse and store energy and manage load to meet resource requirements. Many are incorporating Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to help fill the gap while, at the same time, meet requirements for reduced emissions and energy independence; these utilities will require the capability to accurately forecast and control DER contribution to the network, to assure security and grid reliability.
Advanced smart grid software designed to support DER management and optimize grid operations and planning works with a real-time network model, based on an accurate geodatabase and incorporating data from operational systems such as a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and outage management system (OMS). Along with real-time visualization and monitoring of network status, this Advanced Distribution Management System – ADMS – provides a host of analytical tools that recommend the most optimal device operations, or optionally automate device operations, to maximize network efficiency and reliability. For example, the utility can apply Volt/VAR control to reduce feeder voltage automatically with no effect on the consumer. Detailed load profiling and load forecasting based on integrated weather feeds yield network load forecasting for effective renewables integration. Network simulation helps forecast medium-term and long-term load and supports effective development and planning.
ADMS functionality and tools are demonstrating that utilities can effectively manage demand without building large-scale generation.
This thesis describes a new methodology for modeling and designing numerical relays. The methodology uses a Visual C++ program to generate FORTRAN code representing the functional blocks of a relay from user specifications. This code is incorporated into a PSCAD/EMTDC case using a component resource. Protection system studies are then performed with the modeled relays, including adjustment of distance and differential relays, and investigation of relay performance under different conditions. Tests show the numerical relay models respond as expected.
The document discusses site selection criteria for hydel power plants. It lists several important factors to consider: availability of water throughout the year, water storage capabilities either for yearly use or during dry periods, sufficient water head to generate requisite power, accessibility via rail and road, proximity to load centers to minimize transmission costs, suitable land that is rocky and earthquake-free, and minimal water pollution and sedimentation. It concludes by noting these criteria must be compared when selecting between hydel and other types of power plants.
Hydroelectric power plant classification of hydroelectric power plant , Different types of Hydroelectric power power plant in India factor considered in selection of hydroelectric power plant
INTRODUCTION
NAME JUSTIFICATION
MAIN PARTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
An Underwater windmill like a device that extracts power from the tides. Renewable energy technologies are becoming an increasingly favourable alternative to conventional energy sources to assuage fossil fuel related issues. Tidal energy offers a vast and reliable energy source.
This technology is similar to wind energy technology, with the rotor blades driven not by wind power but by tidal currents.
The gravitational pull of the moon produces a swift tidal current, which spins the long blades of the turbine . Which in turn produces electricity via different parts of underwater windmill
This document provides guidelines for designing an earth mat for a metro station. It discusses standards for earth mat design, the design procedure, and provides an example of a design for the Joka Station. The key steps in design include determining the fault current, selecting conductor size, and using software to model symmetrical or asymmetrical mat layouts based on space availability and soil properties. The example shows the proposed mat layout for Joka Station, simulation results verifying touch and step potentials are below safety limits, and demonstrating the effectiveness of the design.
IMPACT OF CERC'S SHARING OF TRANSMISSION CHARGES AND LOSSES REGULATIONS Amitava Nag
WBSEDCL may have to bear approximately Rs. 6.48 Cr. + Rs. 1.4 Cr. = Rs. 7.88 Cr. extra charge per month when the enacted sharing regulations 2020 of CERC will be implemented. Since this new regulations have violated Article 14 and Article 303(1) of the Constitution of India, WBSEDCL therefore could file a writ petition at Calcutta High Court as per Article 226 of the Constitution of India for a stay of the notified regulations and justified modification of that statute to stop cross subsidy among States and to reinstate “beneficiary-pays” principle.
More and more, as utilities face decreasing margin between system load and system capacity, they are in need of innovative smart grid solutions that can help them effectively disperse and store energy and manage load to meet resource requirements. Many are incorporating Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to help fill the gap while, at the same time, meet requirements for reduced emissions and energy independence; these utilities will require the capability to accurately forecast and control DER contribution to the network, to assure security and grid reliability.
Advanced smart grid software designed to support DER management and optimize grid operations and planning works with a real-time network model, based on an accurate geodatabase and incorporating data from operational systems such as a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and outage management system (OMS). Along with real-time visualization and monitoring of network status, this Advanced Distribution Management System – ADMS – provides a host of analytical tools that recommend the most optimal device operations, or optionally automate device operations, to maximize network efficiency and reliability. For example, the utility can apply Volt/VAR control to reduce feeder voltage automatically with no effect on the consumer. Detailed load profiling and load forecasting based on integrated weather feeds yield network load forecasting for effective renewables integration. Network simulation helps forecast medium-term and long-term load and supports effective development and planning.
ADMS functionality and tools are demonstrating that utilities can effectively manage demand without building large-scale generation.
This thesis describes a new methodology for modeling and designing numerical relays. The methodology uses a Visual C++ program to generate FORTRAN code representing the functional blocks of a relay from user specifications. This code is incorporated into a PSCAD/EMTDC case using a component resource. Protection system studies are then performed with the modeled relays, including adjustment of distance and differential relays, and investigation of relay performance under different conditions. Tests show the numerical relay models respond as expected.
The document discusses site selection criteria for hydel power plants. It lists several important factors to consider: availability of water throughout the year, water storage capabilities either for yearly use or during dry periods, sufficient water head to generate requisite power, accessibility via rail and road, proximity to load centers to minimize transmission costs, suitable land that is rocky and earthquake-free, and minimal water pollution and sedimentation. It concludes by noting these criteria must be compared when selecting between hydel and other types of power plants.
Hydroelectric power plant classification of hydroelectric power plant , Different types of Hydroelectric power power plant in India factor considered in selection of hydroelectric power plant
INTRODUCTION
NAME JUSTIFICATION
MAIN PARTS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
An Underwater windmill like a device that extracts power from the tides. Renewable energy technologies are becoming an increasingly favourable alternative to conventional energy sources to assuage fossil fuel related issues. Tidal energy offers a vast and reliable energy source.
This technology is similar to wind energy technology, with the rotor blades driven not by wind power but by tidal currents.
The gravitational pull of the moon produces a swift tidal current, which spins the long blades of the turbine . Which in turn produces electricity via different parts of underwater windmill
This document outlines 3 schemes for interconnecting micro scale renewable energy power generating facilities to the low voltage consumer feeders of Sri Lanka's national grid. Scheme 1 allows net metering where exported energy is credited against imported energy. Scheme 2 adds an export tariff for net exported energy. Scheme 3 involves direct export of all generated energy through a dedicated meter, with the producer paid for exports. The document provides details on technical requirements, application processes, metering, safety features, and the rights and obligations of producers and the grid operator.
hydro power plant seminor
,hydro power plant ,reneawble sources ,hydro electical power plant ,classifications of hydro electical power plant ,construction and working of hydro electical power ,advantages and disadvantages of hydro electical power plant
Hydropower projects in Nepal_Country ReportHari Shrestha
Hydropower Projects in Nepal: Status, Issues and Solutions document summarizes Nepal's hydropower potential and development status. Nepal has over 83,000 MW of hydropower potential but has only developed 851 MW so far. Key issues facing hydropower development include difficult financing, lack of coordination between agencies, transmission infrastructure challenges, and managing community expectations. The government is working to address these issues through policies supporting private investment and measures to increase local community benefits and participation in projects.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
India is emerging as global hub for auto component sourcing
Relative to competitors, India is geographically closer to key automotive markets like the Middle East and Europe. Tese are the major advantages for India to grow in automotive industry.
Power System Operational Resilience – What it means and where we standPower System Operation
Electric power system industry is becoming increasingly
aware of the potential adverse impact of extreme events
and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the power
system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency
(HILF) events and increased frequency of system
disturbances caused by natural phenomena (hurricanes,
earthquakes, etc.) results in a shift of focus of the energy
industry from purely developing preventive measures,
towards providing and enhancing resilience of the power
system following these major disturbances.
In power system operations, resilience generally means
the ability to respond quickly and to recover from
a disruption. To enhance system resilience, various
strategies from the provision of sophisticated operation
and control capabilities to preparing for the effective and
prudent operations can be considered.
School project on sustainable development for the bilingual section of Technology at the IES Praia Barraña school in Boiro, Galicia, Spain. March, 2016.
This document contains information about various shower systems and components from a manufacturer. It includes 18 shower system configurations that pair different shower heads, body jets, hand showers, sliding rails, and outlet components. It also describes 20 smart composition packages that combine shower heads, arms, shutoffs, and other components. The document contains product codes and images for each item.
This document classifies hydro power plants according to several factors:
- Head availability: high, medium, low
- Capacity: large, medium, small, mini, micro
- Facility type: run-of-river without pondage, run-of-river with pondage, storage type, pumped storage, in-stream
- Purpose: single purpose for power generation, multi-purpose for power and other uses like irrigation
- Hydrological relationship: single stage or cascade system
This document discusses underwater windmills, also known as tidal stream turbines, which harness the kinetic energy of moving underwater currents in a similar way that wind turbines use moving air. It provides background on the history and development of tidal stream turbines, including the first prototypes launched in the 1990s and 2000s in Scotland, England, and other locations. The document also describes the different types of underwater wind turbines, including horizontal axis and vertical axis designs, and discusses India's tidal energy potential, focused on locations in Gujarat and West Bengal. Initial tidal power project attempts and reports from the 1980s-2000s are also summarized.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
After a blackout
If a blackout (a near total loss of generation and load) takes place, efforts have to be taken to bring back the
system to a normal state at the earliest. It may surprise you to know that this (black starting!) is not an easy
task. We shall see why in this lecture.
Once a generator is tripped, restarting it requires a significant amount of power. Power is required for 2 types of
activities:
a) Survival Power: For emergency lighting, battery chargers etc. Usually the requirement is 0.3% of the
generator capacity.
b)
Startup Power: For starting power plant auxiliaries (pumps etc.) Interestingly, nuclear and thermal units
require approximately 8 % of the unit capacity for auxiliaries alone! Therefore, a 500 MW generator
requires approximately 40 MW for running its auxiliaries.
Hydro and Gas units, on the other hand, require only about 0.5-2% of unit capacity for auxiliaries and can be
started usually from in-house DG sets.
The major steps required for restoration are:
a) Islands which have survived need to be stabilised for frequency and need to be used for starting other
units
b) Hydro/Gas units which require less startup power need to be started using in-house DG sets.
c) Larger thermal units need to be fed "startup power" from: 1) Islands which have survived 2)
Blackstarted generators 3) Other synchronous grids (temporarily)
d) Started units are synchronised with one another.
e) Loads and Generation have to be matched as much as possible to avoid large frequency variations.
Governors have a major role in stabilizing frequency in an island.
RF MEMS have potential for energy harvesting by converting electromagnetic energy into electrical charge. The proposed RF MEMS design aims to be scalable and easily integrated in microsystems, unlike existing MEMS energy harvesters that have low efficiency, scaling issues, and high costs. RF MEMS can be fabricated using processes like co-planar waveguide deposition, lithography, aluminum deposition and patterning, and sacrificial layer removal. When activated, the RF MEMS structure can store up to 35 pC of charge per cycle that is generated from the membrane's overlap with the signal isolation layer. However, reliability issues from electrostatic discharge still need to be addressed for practical applications in wireless sensors.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
The Neelum Jehlum Hydropower Project is located in Pakistan and involves constructing a 160m long, 60m high composite dam on the Neelum River. This will divert water through a 48km headrace tunnel to a power station with 4 units capable of producing 969MW of electricity. The project aims to generate over 5 billion units of electricity annually and has an estimated cost of 274.882 billion Pakistani rupees. It involves various construction elements like intake structures, tunnels, surge chambers, and penstocks to harness the 420m hydraulic head for hydroelectric power generation.
input output characteristics of thermal plantmathamramesh
This document discusses key characteristics of thermal power plants, including:
1. Input-output characteristics, which is a fundamental curve that plots the plant's fuel input in Btu/hour versus power output in MW.
2. Heat rate characteristics, which is the ratio of fuel input to energy output measured in Btu/KWh, and is the slope of the input-output curve. A lower heat rate means higher fuel efficiency.
3. Incremental fuel rate and cost curves, where incremental fuel rate is the change in fuel input divided by the change in output, and incremental cost is the product of incremental fuel rate and fuel cost per unit.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
This document outlines 3 schemes for interconnecting micro scale renewable energy power generating facilities to the low voltage consumer feeders of Sri Lanka's national grid. Scheme 1 allows net metering where exported energy is credited against imported energy. Scheme 2 adds an export tariff for net exported energy. Scheme 3 involves direct export of all generated energy through a dedicated meter, with the producer paid for exports. The document provides details on technical requirements, application processes, metering, safety features, and the rights and obligations of producers and the grid operator.
hydro power plant seminor
,hydro power plant ,reneawble sources ,hydro electical power plant ,classifications of hydro electical power plant ,construction and working of hydro electical power ,advantages and disadvantages of hydro electical power plant
Hydropower projects in Nepal_Country ReportHari Shrestha
Hydropower Projects in Nepal: Status, Issues and Solutions document summarizes Nepal's hydropower potential and development status. Nepal has over 83,000 MW of hydropower potential but has only developed 851 MW so far. Key issues facing hydropower development include difficult financing, lack of coordination between agencies, transmission infrastructure challenges, and managing community expectations. The government is working to address these issues through policies supporting private investment and measures to increase local community benefits and participation in projects.
Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
India is emerging as global hub for auto component sourcing
Relative to competitors, India is geographically closer to key automotive markets like the Middle East and Europe. Tese are the major advantages for India to grow in automotive industry.
Power System Operational Resilience – What it means and where we standPower System Operation
Electric power system industry is becoming increasingly
aware of the potential adverse impact of extreme events
and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the power
system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency
(HILF) events and increased frequency of system
disturbances caused by natural phenomena (hurricanes,
earthquakes, etc.) results in a shift of focus of the energy
industry from purely developing preventive measures,
towards providing and enhancing resilience of the power
system following these major disturbances.
In power system operations, resilience generally means
the ability to respond quickly and to recover from
a disruption. To enhance system resilience, various
strategies from the provision of sophisticated operation
and control capabilities to preparing for the effective and
prudent operations can be considered.
School project on sustainable development for the bilingual section of Technology at the IES Praia Barraña school in Boiro, Galicia, Spain. March, 2016.
This document contains information about various shower systems and components from a manufacturer. It includes 18 shower system configurations that pair different shower heads, body jets, hand showers, sliding rails, and outlet components. It also describes 20 smart composition packages that combine shower heads, arms, shutoffs, and other components. The document contains product codes and images for each item.
This document classifies hydro power plants according to several factors:
- Head availability: high, medium, low
- Capacity: large, medium, small, mini, micro
- Facility type: run-of-river without pondage, run-of-river with pondage, storage type, pumped storage, in-stream
- Purpose: single purpose for power generation, multi-purpose for power and other uses like irrigation
- Hydrological relationship: single stage or cascade system
This document discusses underwater windmills, also known as tidal stream turbines, which harness the kinetic energy of moving underwater currents in a similar way that wind turbines use moving air. It provides background on the history and development of tidal stream turbines, including the first prototypes launched in the 1990s and 2000s in Scotland, England, and other locations. The document also describes the different types of underwater wind turbines, including horizontal axis and vertical axis designs, and discusses India's tidal energy potential, focused on locations in Gujarat and West Bengal. Initial tidal power project attempts and reports from the 1980s-2000s are also summarized.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
After a blackout
If a blackout (a near total loss of generation and load) takes place, efforts have to be taken to bring back the
system to a normal state at the earliest. It may surprise you to know that this (black starting!) is not an easy
task. We shall see why in this lecture.
Once a generator is tripped, restarting it requires a significant amount of power. Power is required for 2 types of
activities:
a) Survival Power: For emergency lighting, battery chargers etc. Usually the requirement is 0.3% of the
generator capacity.
b)
Startup Power: For starting power plant auxiliaries (pumps etc.) Interestingly, nuclear and thermal units
require approximately 8 % of the unit capacity for auxiliaries alone! Therefore, a 500 MW generator
requires approximately 40 MW for running its auxiliaries.
Hydro and Gas units, on the other hand, require only about 0.5-2% of unit capacity for auxiliaries and can be
started usually from in-house DG sets.
The major steps required for restoration are:
a) Islands which have survived need to be stabilised for frequency and need to be used for starting other
units
b) Hydro/Gas units which require less startup power need to be started using in-house DG sets.
c) Larger thermal units need to be fed "startup power" from: 1) Islands which have survived 2)
Blackstarted generators 3) Other synchronous grids (temporarily)
d) Started units are synchronised with one another.
e) Loads and Generation have to be matched as much as possible to avoid large frequency variations.
Governors have a major role in stabilizing frequency in an island.
RF MEMS have potential for energy harvesting by converting electromagnetic energy into electrical charge. The proposed RF MEMS design aims to be scalable and easily integrated in microsystems, unlike existing MEMS energy harvesters that have low efficiency, scaling issues, and high costs. RF MEMS can be fabricated using processes like co-planar waveguide deposition, lithography, aluminum deposition and patterning, and sacrificial layer removal. When activated, the RF MEMS structure can store up to 35 pC of charge per cycle that is generated from the membrane's overlap with the signal isolation layer. However, reliability issues from electrostatic discharge still need to be addressed for practical applications in wireless sensors.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
The Neelum Jehlum Hydropower Project is located in Pakistan and involves constructing a 160m long, 60m high composite dam on the Neelum River. This will divert water through a 48km headrace tunnel to a power station with 4 units capable of producing 969MW of electricity. The project aims to generate over 5 billion units of electricity annually and has an estimated cost of 274.882 billion Pakistani rupees. It involves various construction elements like intake structures, tunnels, surge chambers, and penstocks to harness the 420m hydraulic head for hydroelectric power generation.
input output characteristics of thermal plantmathamramesh
This document discusses key characteristics of thermal power plants, including:
1. Input-output characteristics, which is a fundamental curve that plots the plant's fuel input in Btu/hour versus power output in MW.
2. Heat rate characteristics, which is the ratio of fuel input to energy output measured in Btu/KWh, and is the slope of the input-output curve. A lower heat rate means higher fuel efficiency.
3. Incremental fuel rate and cost curves, where incremental fuel rate is the change in fuel input divided by the change in output, and incremental cost is the product of incremental fuel rate and fuel cost per unit.
Introduction, Factors affecting system planning, present planning techniques, planning models, Sub-transmission and substation design. Sub-transmission networks configurations, Substation bus schemes, Distribution substations ratings, Service areas calculations, and Substation application curves, future trends in planning, systems approach, and Distribution automation.
Mitä kuuluu Suomen metsäkasvillisuudelle?, Maija Salemaa, Luke. Metsäpäivät virtuaalitapahtuma, 4.2.2021
Metsien elinvoimaisuuden turvaaminen sekametsien avulla, Saija Huuskonen, Luke.Metsäpäivät virtuaalitapahtuma, 4.2.2021
Aika: Keskiviikko 28.8. klo 13–16
Paikka: Kansallisarkiston auditorio, Rauhankatu 17, Helsinki.
Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön ja Luonnonvarakeskuksen (Luke) järjestämässä tilaisuudessa kuullaan Luken maankäyttösektorin ilmastotoimia edistävästä tutkimuksesta sekä aiheisiin liittyvistä pilottihankkeista.
Fenix - suonpohjille uusi elämä -hankkeen Toholammilla 23.10.2018 järjestämän Kunnostusojitus ja turvetuotannosta vapautuneen suonpohjan metsitys -tilaisuuden materiaalia.
Turvetuotannosta vapautuneen suonpohjan metsitys - Jyrki Hytönen, Luonnonvarakeskus
Fenix -hanketta toteuttaa Suomen metsäkeskus ja Luke.
Aika: Keskiviikko 28.8. klo 13–16
Paikka: Kansallisarkiston auditorio, Rauhankatu 17, Helsinki.
Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön ja Luonnonvarakeskuksen (Luke) järjestämässä tilaisuudessa kuullaan Luken maankäyttösektorin ilmastotoimia edistävästä tutkimuksesta sekä aiheisiin liittyvistä pilottihankkeista.
Mitä turpeen tilalle? -webinaari 10.2. klo 9–10.15.
Miltä turpeen tulevaisuus näyttää? Miten turvetta voidaan korvata uusilla materiaaliratkaisuilla? Millaisia markkinoita ja kehittämistä tarvitaan?
17.2.2020 Kokkolassa järjestetyn Puhutaan metsästä Etelä- ja Keski-Pohjanmaa tilaisuuden materiaalia.
Ratkaisut turvemaiden käytön hyväksyttävyyteen Keski-Pohjanmaan metsätalouden kohtalonkysymys? - Jyrki Hytönen, erikoistutkija, Luonnonvarakeskus
Tilaisuuden järjestivät yhteistyössä Suomen metsäkeskus ja Keski-Pohjanmaan liitto ja se oli osa alueellisen metsäohjelman 2021 - 2025 valmistelutyötä.
The document summarizes several presentations given at a seminar on forest and plant health held on November 11th, 2022 at the Natural Resources Institute Finland in Helsinki.
The first presentation summarized a 20-year study on the effects of restoration treatments including prescribed burning, dead wood creation, and retention trees on dead wood diversity and epixylic communities in boreal spruce forests. Preliminary findings showed long-term benefits of these treatments for maintaining dead wood and wood-inhabiting diversity.
The second presentation discussed a study on intraspecific growth variation in Norway spruce, finding that soil variation and genetic factors significantly influence functional trait variation, but specific soil agents causing environment-specific growth patterns require more research
This document summarizes a seminar on forest and plant health held on April 6th, 2022 at the Natural Resources Institute Finland in Helsinki. It includes summaries of several presentations:
1. Tord Snäll presented research on evaluating forest management scenarios and their impacts on biodiversity indicators and ecosystem services over 100 years. The green infrastructure scenario optimized environmental indicators while the economy scenario had the most negative impacts.
2. Juha Tuomola discussed research assessing the likelihood of pine wood nematode causing pine wilt disease or establishing in Finnish forests under current and future climate scenarios. Results found the climate is currently too cool and may only become suitable by 2080 under the worst-case climate scenario.
3.
Luken webinaarissa kerrotaan, mitkä ovat Ukrainan sodan akuutit vaikutukset Suomen ruokamarkkinoilla sekä metsäsektorilla ja miten sota vaikuttaa pitkällä aikavälillä vihreän siirtymän toteutumiseen.
This document summarizes a study analyzing 123 texts written by Finnish high school students aged 15-18 describing their visions of sustainable food systems in Finland in 2050. Through qualitative analysis, the students' visions were condensed into 6 alternative futures: 1) Slow change 2) Domestic and local production 3) Conscious consumer 4) Regulation 5) Technology 6) Dystopia. The visions highlighted big changes to diets and food sources, concerns about plastic packaging, and ensuring social and economic sustainability through eating together and valuing producers. The students proposed technological solutions and ideas to reduce packaging waste through better recycling, less packaging, new materials, and reuse.
The document summarizes research on how emotions play a role in strategic packaging decisions for sustainability. It discusses how packaging development requires balancing usability, saleability, environmental friendliness and production effectiveness. Managers face dilemmas in balancing these factors as sustainability targets change. The research examines how emotions like satisfaction, frustration, and worry influence how managers evaluate opportunities and make decisions. It proposes that understanding emotions can help managers commit to responsible packaging solutions and navigate uncertainties when sustainability goals are evolving.
This document discusses sustainability decisions for businesses. It notes that sustainability can provide competitive advantages like efficiency, reputation benefits, and avoiding future regulations. However, sustainability orientation does not always lead to improved firm performance and may require large trade-offs. Studies discussed found that willingness to switch to more sustainable materials depends on factors like a product or process's dependency on existing materials and environmental friendliness as a predictor of change. The document advocates making sustainability decisions by responding to and anticipating stakeholder needs and feelings, including others' perspectives, and considering one's responsibilities.
This document discusses sustainability transitions in food packaging from the perspective of companies. It defines sustainability transitions as long-term transformations to more sustainable production and consumption. For food packaging, this involves innovations that meet changing societal values around policy, media, consumer and supply chain demands. However, barriers like complexity, uncertainty and competition exist. Collaboration is seen as key to overcoming barriers by creating shared understanding and multi-party problem solving. Currently, companies collaborate through associations, but different roles in relation to change exist, from maintaining the status quo to facilitating change. Ongoing and upcoming facilitated dialogues and the PackageHeroes transition arena aim to further cross-system collaboration for deciding concrete transition pathways.
The document presents visions for sustainable food packaging in Finland by 2050. It describes workshops and interviews conducted with stakeholders to develop these visions. The visions are categorized based on their depth of change and breadth of involvement across different systems and actors. Example visions include a future with intelligent delivery systems and limited reusable packaging, as well as standardized packaging that improves recyclability. The document concludes that continued cooperation across food packaging systems and levels of government and industry is needed to realize these visions and transform the packaging system for sustainability by 2050.
This document discusses consumer cultures and food packaging from an ethnographic research perspective. It defines consumer culture and argues that qualitative research is needed to understand how identities are shaped by consumption and how consumption habits are molded by identities. The roles of food packaging in consumer choices and everyday lives are examined. The document also outlines the history of food packaging from industrialization to today's single-use plastic culture and takeaway trends. It reflects on stakeholders' differing views of responsibility in transitioning to sustainable packaging and consumers' challenges with sorting and recycling.
This document discusses several topics related to fibre-based packaging materials, forests, and sustainability:
1) The global market for paperboard packaging is expected to grow steadily reaching over $200 billion by 2026, driven by changing consumer preferences for more sustainable options. Growth is highest for stand-up pouches and liquid cartons.
2) As pulp use in paper decreases, surplus pulp could be allocated to increasing production of paperboards, food and beverage packaging, or new pulp-based products. However, price and EU policies will influence these allocation decisions.
3) Finnish forests can sustain current wood harvest levels through 2035 but increased harvesting risks failing to meet biodiversity and climate targets unless additional conservation measures
More from Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) / Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke) (20)
2. 2
Kauppapuutarhaliitto ry 2020
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Maailmanlaajuisesti kasvualustoja käytetään noin 55 miljoonaa m3/v
• 40 miljoonaa m3 on turvetta
• 5 miljoonaa m3 on kookoskuitua
• 1 miljoona m3 on kivivillaa
• Muita raaka-aineita ovat puukuitu, puun kuoriaines, perliitti ja vermikuliitti
Kasvualustojen käyttö
Kasvualustaliiketoiminta
• Liikevaihto on EU:ssa arviolta 1,3 miljardia €
• Suomen osuus noin 5%
• Arvioidaan että teollisesti valmistettujen
kasvualustojen globaali kysyntä nelinkertaistuu sekä
avomaa- että kasvihuoneviljelyssä nykyisestä vuoteen
2050 mennessä
3. 3
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvuturve tulee suolta
Kasvuturpeen käyttö Suomessa (Leinonen 2010)
• 27% Suomen maa-alasta on turvemaata = 9 milj. ha
• Turvemaasta 0,8% on turvetuotannossa ja siitä noin 0,2%
kasvuturvekäytössä
• Turpeen tuotantoala laskussa:
2013/71 600 ha => 2018/62 000 ha => 2020/”romahti”
• Arvio (Energiauutiset): Energiaturpeen kysyntä laskee 70%
(2019/20 => 2030)
• Suomessa tuotetaan kasvuturvetta noin 2 milj. m3/v ja
käytetään noin 1 milj. m3/v (kasvihuoneissa noin 0,2 milj. m3)
• Metsätaimitarhoilla käytetään vaaleaa rahkaturvetta arviolta
vajaa 20 000 m3/v
Kuva: Yle
4. 4
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Paineet turpeen käytön vähentämiseksi kasvavat
Ilmastovaikutuksia halutaan hillitä: Hiilipäästöt alas ja kierrätys ylös
Kuva: energiauutiset.fi
• EU Komissio on ehdottanut vuoden 2030 päästövähennystavoitteeksi
vähintään 55% vuoden 1990 tasosta
• EU:n Oikeudenmukaisen siirtymän rahasto (JTF) tukee
fossiilitaloudesta ja turpeen käytöstä luopumista
• Mm. Ison-Britannian hallitus sekä Irlannin kansallinen turveyhtiö Bord
na Móna pyrkivät lopettamaan kasvuturpeen käytön vuoteen 2030
mennessä (=> ”peat-free growing media”)
• Sanna Marinin hallituksen tavoite: Suomi hiilineutraali vuonna 2035 ja
hiilinegatiivinen pian sen jälkeen, mikä edellyttänee kivihiilen ja turpeen
käytöstä luopumista
• Hallitusohjelman mukaan turpeen energiakäyttö vähintään
puolitetaan vuoteen 2030 mennessä, mutta TEM:n turvetyöryhmän
selvityksen mukaan pudotus voi olla 75% v. 2025 mennessä (Yle
14.1.2021)
5. 5
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvuturpeen kohtalo Suomessa?
Kasvuturpeen käytön vähentäminen tai korvaaminen edessä?
• Turpeennostoa saatetaan Suomessa rajoittaa merkittävästi ympäristösyiden vuoksi
• 4-5 % maamme koko energiamäärästä tuotetaan energiaturpeella, josta aiheutuu 15 % kasvihuonepäästöistä
• Turve-energian vähentäminen heikentäisi myös kasvuturpeen noston teknistaloudellisia edellytyksiä
• Energiaturvesoita voidaan harvoin muuttaa kasvualustatuotantoon, joten on myös tarve uusien suoalueiden
käyttöönottoon (edellyttää ympäristölupaa) tai kasvuturpeen tuonnille Itä-Euroopasta
• Turve kasvaa noin 1 mm/v, joten Suomessa syntyy uutta turvetta yli 30 milj. m3/v, josta korjataan noin puolet
• Suomessa helposti saatavaa rahkaturvetta riittänee kasvualustaksi ainakin 100-200 vuodeksi
Kasvualustoihin joskus kierrätysmateriaalin lisäysvelvoite? (kuten Saksassa)
• Suomen jätelakia uudistetaan (voimaan 2021), koska EU:n tavoite on nostaa kierrätysaste 55 %:iin vuoteen
2025 mennessä ja edelleen 60 %:iin vuonna 2030 ja 65 %:iin vuonna 2035
• MMM valmistelee uutta lannoitelakia (Laki lannoitevalmistelain muuttamisesta 222/2020), joka tullee voimaan
16.7.2022 <= huomioi EU:n lannoitevalmisteasetuksen (EU 2019/1009)
• Suomen nykyisen lannoitevalmistelain (2006/539) mukaan kasvuturpeiksi luokitellaan kasvualustat, joiden
orgaanisen aineksen määrä on vähintään 50 % kuiva-ainetta
6. 6
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Uusia kasvualustoja metsätaimituotantoon?
Suomessa metsätaimet tuotetaan paakuissa
• Taimista alle 1 % on paljasjuurisia
• Metsätaimien paakkukasvualustat ovat lähes 100 % vaaleaa rahkaturvetta
• Viime vuosina metsäpuiden taimia on tuotettu Suomessa 142-177 milj. kpl/v
• Kuusen osuus on yli 65 %
Vaihtoehtoisten kasvualustojen vaatimukset (vertailutasona vaalea rahkaturve)
• Hyvä saatavuus, kotimainen, edullinen
• Kierrätettävä tai kompostoitava, alhainen hiilijalanjälki
• Kevyt, tasalaatuinen, rikkaruohoton, tautivapaa, hyvä veden- ja ravinteiden pidätyskyky
• pH alle 5-6
Kasvatuskokeita metsäpuiden taimilla
• Suonenjoen tutkimusasemalla testattu vuosien mittaan erilaisia kotimaisia puhtaita kasvualustoja ja
turveseoksia (mm. komposti, biohiili, ruokohelpi, puukuitu, rahkasammal)
• Seuraavana lyhyt yhteenveto eräiden kokeiden tuloksista
7. 7
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Komposti kasvuturpeen seosaineena
Koeasetelma
• Viherrakennuksessa käytettyä VAPO kompostia lisättiin 0–30 til.%
metsätaimiturpeen (Kekkilä White 420 F6W)
• Kokeissa seurattiin 1- ja 2-v. kuusen paakkutaimia taimitarhakasvatuksessa
Päätulokset
• Kompostiseoksissa ammonium-typen ja sulfaattien määrä sekä pH korkeampi.
Kasvatuksen aikana puristenesteen pH laski tasolle neljä ja jopa alle. Johtokyky
nousi tasolle 2 mS/cm. Myös nitraatti-typen määrä kasvoi
• Seoksien tiheys ja vedenpidätyskyky nousi niin, että kastelu on sovitettava niille
erikseen (ei turpeen mukaan)
• Komposti heikensi hieman siementen itävyyttä paakuissa, myös alkuvaiheen
taimikuolleisuus lisääntyi yli 20% kompostia sisältävillä turveseoksilla
• Elinvoimaisten taimien kasvu oli turvekompostiseoksissa kuitenkin verrattavissa
puhtaaseen turpeeseen, vaikka taimet kasvoivatkin turpeessa hieman pidemmiksi
• Taimikuolleisuutta (taimipolte) voidaan alentaa biofungisideillä (Mycostop)
8. 8
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvualustakoe: Biohiili kasvuturpeen seosaineena
Koeasetelma
• Biomassan hapettomassa kuumennuksessa syntynyt biohiili testattiin pelletteinä (lpm 4,8 mm):
43% biohiiltä (raaka-aineena maatalous- ja metsäbiojäte), 43% puujauhoa (Pinus strobus), 7% polylaktidia
(biohajoava polymeeri) ja 7% tärkkelystä kuivamassasta
• Kasvuturpeena käytettiin hienojakoista, lannoittamatonta kanadalaista turvetta (Sunshine grower grade
green, Sun Gro Horticulture Ltd.)
• Kasvualustat muodostettiin 25 til.% lisäyksin (0->100%) turpeeseen; ominaisuudet mitattiin laboratoriossa
9. 9
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvualustakoe: Biohiili kasvuturpeen seosaineena
Päätulokset
• Pellettiosuuden kasvaessa tiheys (paino) lisääntyi ja huokostila aleni
• Pelkkä turve kutistui 10 %, kun taas pelkkä pellettialusta turposi jopa 30 % tilavuudestaan,
kun säkkikuiva tuote kasteltiin
• Liukoinen kokonaistyppi oli puhtaassa turpeessa noin 3x suurempi kuin muissa seoksissa,
mutta puristenesteessä kokonaistyppi oli pienin turpeella; pelletin typpi oli lähes kokonaan
orgaanista typpeä
• Yleensä ottaen yli 50 % pellettiosuus kasvualustassa heikensi suotuisia ominaisuuksia; sekä
C/N suhde että kasvualustan tiheys kohosivat, kasvualustan turpoaminen lisääntyi sen
kostuessa ja vedenpidätyskyky aleni
10. 10
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Biohiili kasvuturpeen seosaineena
Koeasetelma
• Kolmea erityyppistä biohiiltä (1 jauhe; 2 pyrolysoitu havupuupelletti; 3 puun biohiilijauheen komposiittipelletti)
sekoitettiin korkeintaan 75 til.% (v/v) kasvuturpeeseen (Sunshine grower grade green, Sun Gro Horticulture Ltd.,
Vancouver, BC, Canada)
• Paakkukennoissa (Ray Leach SC-10 Super, 1,64 dl/paakku) kasvatettiin ponderosamäntyä (Pinus ponderosa)
Yhdysvalloissa (USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station)
• Eksponentiaalista lannoitusta ja punnitukseen perustuvaa kastelua käytettiin, jotta niistä johtuvat taimien
kasvuerot olisivat eri kasvualustoissa mahdollisimman vähäiset
11. 11
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Biohiili kasvuturpeen seosaineena
Päätulokset
• Biohiilen lisäys nosti kasvualustan pH:ta ja tiheyttä sekä vähensi
kationinvaihtokapasitettia ja ilmatilaa, mutta niillä ei ollut selvää
vaikutusta taimien kasvuun
• Taimien kasvu oli samanlaista eri typpilannoitustasoilla (Ntot 20
tai 80 mg per taimi), mikä viittaa siihen ettei biohiili vaikuttanut
kasvualustan ravinteisuuteen
• 25% biohiililijauheen sekä korkeintaan 50% biohiilipelletin
(pyrolysoitu havupuupelletti) lisäys turpeeseen yhdessä taimen
saaman 80 mg N/taimi typen kanssa sai aikaan yhtä hyvän kasvun
kuin kasvuturve
13. 13
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Ruokohelpi ja puukuitu
Päätulokset
• Turpeessa kasvaneet taimet kasvoivat selvästi parhaiten, mikä johtunee siitä että niissä
ei esiintynyt taimipoltetta eikä muita juurivaurioita
• Kasvualustojen fysikaaliset ominaisuudet (tiheys, huokostila, vedenpidätyskyky) ovat
suhteellisen samanlaiset. Maatuneemman ja hienojakoisemman ruokohelpikuitu
todennäköisesti helpottaisi paakkujen täyttöä ja parantaisi sen vedenpidätyskykyä
(Rm100:lla verrattavissa kasvuturpeeseen)
• Rh-kasvualustat vaativat vähintään 1 vrk:n kostuakseen => käytännössä kasvualustoihin
lisättävä kostutusainetta
• Myös puukuitu tiivistyy paakuissa kastumisen ja ajan myötä => tarve lisätä tiheyttä ja
vähentää painumista esim. esimaaduttamalla. Kennoston täyttövaiheessa vaatinee
kostuttamista ja lisätiivistämistä
• Typen alhainen taso (immobilisaatio) ja korkea pH vaativat säätöä peruslannoituksella.
Esimaadutus voisi lisätä Rh:n ja puukuidun kationinvaihtokapasiteettia. Taimipoltesienet
leviävät helposti ulkona, joten taimipolte tulee torjua Rh-alustoissa (esim. MycoStop)
14. 14
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Rahkasammal
Koeasetelma
• Kuusentaimia kasvatettiin sirkkataimista noin 3.5 kk
lasikasvihuoneessa keinovalossa. Taimia kasteltiin ja
lannoitettiin viikoittain
• Rahkasammal kerätty Kihniön Aitonevalta (20-30 cm
pintakerros) koneellisesti, jossa sammaleen vesipitoisuutta ja
hiukkaskokoa säädelty tietyissä rajoissa
•Vertailuna käytettiin Kekkilän metsätaimiturvetta (Kekkilä
White 420 F6W).
•Sammal peruslannoitettiin ennen kokeita
Kasvualusta Peruslannoite NPK N Ntot mitattu Kalkki
1 kg/m3 % % % 1.8 kg/m3
Sammal Kekkilä Puutarhalannoite 12-5-14 12% 1.2 Dolomiitti
Turve Peruslannoite 6 16-4-17 NO3 4%, NH4 5%, hidasliuk. 6.5% 1.3 Dolomiitti
Vasemmalla rahkasammalta ja oikealla metsätaimiturvetta,
petrimaljan halk. 8.8 cm
15. 15
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Kasvatuskoe: Rahkasammal
Päätulokset
• Itävyys oli korkea, rahkasammaleessa 97.2 % ja
turpeessa 100 % (n=72)
• Sammal oli karkeampaa, keveämpää ja vähemmän
vettäpidättävää kuin turve (ei seulottua)
• pH ja JK olivat sammaleessa hivenen korkeampia kuin
turpeessa (peruslannoite?)
• Kasvu oli sammaleessa kohtuullisen hyvä, mutta jäi
turvetta heikommaksi. Myös neulasväri oli hivenen
vaaleampi kuin turpeessa
• Rahkasammal tullee olemaan kasvuturpeen veroinen
sen tuotteistamisen myötä kun hiukkaskokoa,
rakennetta sekä perus- ja kasvatuslannoitusta säädetään
metsäpuiden taimikasvatusta varten
Kasvualusta Vesipit. Ilmatila Huokostila Tiheys pH JK
til.% til.% til.% g/cm3 mS/cm
Sammal 47.1 44.9 92.0 0.125 5.89 0.98
Turve 42.6 45.4 88.0 0.187 4.93 0.82
Kasvualusta Pituus Läpimitta Juuri/verso Kuolleisuus
mm mm %
Sammal 162 2.0 0.29 2.9
Turve 238 2.9 0.26 0.0
Taimien kasvutunnukset kasvatuskokeen lopussa
Keskimääräiset rakennetunnukset paakuissa taimikasvatuksen aikana sekä
puristenesteen pH ja johtokyky kokeen lopussa
16. 16
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen
Yhteenvetoa
• Vaalean rahkaturpeen korvaaminen kasvatusominaisuuksiltaan yhtä hyvällä
kasvualustalla on vaikeaa
• Kasvuturpeen käyttöä saatetaan kuitenkin ympäristösyistä rajoittaa, joten
siihen voidaan joutua lisäämään kierrätys-tai muita seosaaineita (komposti,
biohiili, ym.) ja ehkä jopa korvaamaan se muilla kasvualustoilla
• Rahkasammalkasvualusta (kerätty tai kasvatettu) lienee saatavuuden,
kasvatusominaisuuksien ja ympäristöystävällisyyden (on uusiutuva ja
kierrätettävä) vuoksi todennäköisin kasvuturpeen seosaine ja korvaaja
•Myös muita luonnonkuituja voidaan käyttää seoksena turpeessa tai ehkä
korvikkeenakin (puukuitu, ruokohelpi, komposti ym.), mutta niiden säätäminen
on paljon vaativampaa (hiukkaskoko, lannoitus, tuhojen torjunta ym.). Myös
tuontikuituja (mm. kookos- ja riisinkuorikuitu) voidaan käyttää, mutta ne ovat
kalliimpia ja niiden kuljetus aiheuttaa enemmän päästöjä
17. 17
Kiitos !
Lähteet:
• Dumroese, K.R., Heiskanen, J., Tervahauta, A. & Englund, K. 2011. Pelleted biochar: chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in
container nurseries. Biomass and Bioenergy 35: 2018–2027. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.053
• Dumroese, R.K.; Pinto, J.R.; Heiskanen, J.; Tervahauta, A.; McBurney, K.G.; Page-Dumroese, D.S.; Englund, K. 2018. Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for
Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of Pinus ponderosa Seedlings. Forests 9: 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050232
• Heiskanen, J. 2013. Effects of compost additive in sphagnum peat growing medium on Norway spruce container seedlings. New Forests 44: 101–118.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9304-6
• Heiskanen, J. 2014. Puun ja ruokohelpin kuitumassan soveltuvuus metsäpuiden taimien kasvualustoiksi. Kiteen Mato ja Multa Oy:n ja Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen
yhteisrahoitteisen tutkimuksen loppuraportti. 18 s. https://jukuri.luke.fi/handle/10024/518927
• Heiskanen, J. 2015. Rahkasammaleesta tulevaisuuden kasvualusta? Taimiuutiset 1/2015: 14-15. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2016051212316
• Latokartano, M. 2016. Saako rahkasammal mahdollisuuden? Leia 1/2016: 20-21. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe2016062122014
• Leinonen, A. 2010. (toim.). Turpeen tuotanto ja käyttö. Yhteenveto selvityksistä. VTT Tiedotteita – Research Notes 2550. 104 s.
https://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2010/T2550.pdf
• Silvan, N., Sarkkola, S., Laiho, R. 2019. Rahkasammalbiomassa ja sen korjuuseen soveltuvat suot Suomessa. Suo 2-3: 41-53.
https://www.suo.fi/pdf/article10319.pdf
• Tahvonen, R. 2014. Sammalesta kasvualusta ja kitusuot sammalen tuotantoon. Suo 65: 23-26.
https://www.suoseura.fi/Alkuperainen/suo/pdf/Suo65_Pessi_sem.pdf
• energiauutiset.fi
• kauppapuutarhaliitto.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Kasvuturve-laatuohje.pdf
• turveinfo.fi
• www.bioenergia.fi
• www.kasvualusta.org
Metsätaimitarhapäivä Webinaari 20.1.2021 Juha Heiskanen