Abt meter, Availability Tariff Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis.
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
NPTI 15th batch Indian electricity grid code (IEGC)Ravi Pohani
from state to regional to national grid and now towards area grid again for better controllability of power flow.
it encompasses operation code, metering code, dispatch code, etc.
What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?
Adverse effects of fossil fuel burning and internal combustion engine vehicles have alarmed nations worldwide. Governments are taking steps to promote the use of Electric Vehicles due to less carbon emissions and to pacify the environmental issues. The added load of Electric Vehicles poses a threat to the existing grid which leads to instability of the grid. The problem of demand supply mismatching can be solved by integrating the renewable energy sources with Electric vehicle charging station resulting in bi-directional flow of power. Vehicle to Grid technology helps the utility with active and reactive power support by feeding power from battery pack to grid and vice versa. Vehicle to Grid describes a system in which electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid, fuel cells electric vehicles are connected to the power grid to provide high power, spinning reserves, regulation services etc. The perspective of this study is to evolve a smart charging schedule based on the load on grid, time of use of the EV and other factors in order to minimize cost of charging for electric utilities and EVs as well as promote profits to EV owners.
NPTI 15th batch Indian electricity grid code (IEGC)Ravi Pohani
from state to regional to national grid and now towards area grid again for better controllability of power flow.
it encompasses operation code, metering code, dispatch code, etc.
What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?What are Ancillary Services In Power System ?
Electrical substation (one and half breaker scheme)Sourabh sharma
Double Bus One and Half Breaker Scheme is mostly adopted in high voltage electrical substations (220 KV or 400KV, 700 KV). Due to many advantages of this arrangement like high selectivity, reliability and less cost as compare to other bus arrangements for power stations or switch yards
Introduction
The Indian Power System is a conglomeration of a number of agencies.
Power system means all aspects of generation, transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity and includes one or more of the
following, namely:-
(a) generating stations;
(b) transmission or main transmission lines;
(c) sub-stations;
(d) tie-lines;
(e) load despatch activities;
(f) mains or distribution mains;
(g) electric supply-lines;
(h) overhead lines;
(i) service lines;
(j) works;
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) is a regulation made by the
Central Commission in exercise of powers under clause (h) of subsection
(1) of Section 79 read with clause (g) of sub-section (2) of
Section 178 of the Act. The IEGC also lays down the rules, guidelines
and standards to be followed by various persons and participants in the
system to plan, develop, maintain and operate the power system, in the
most secure, reliable, economic and efficient manner, while facilitating
healthy competition in the generation and supply of electricity.
1.2 Objective
The IEGC brings together a single set of technical and commercial
rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or using the inter-
State transmission system (ISTS) and provides the following:
• Documentation of the principles and procedures which define the
relationship between the various Users of the inter-State
transmission system (ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre, as
well as the Regional and State Load Despatch Centres
• Facilitation of the optimal operation of the grid, facilitation of
coordinated and optimal maintenance planning of the grid and
facilitation of development and planning of economic and reliable
National / Regional Grid
• Facilitation for development of power markets by defining a
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
This is all about West Central Railway Kota Rajasthan, In the stream of the Electrical And Engineering and this summer training report cover all topic like...
1-: SUB-STATION
2-: EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTION OF SUB-STATION...
3-: GENERATOR
Electrical substation (one and half breaker scheme)Sourabh sharma
Double Bus One and Half Breaker Scheme is mostly adopted in high voltage electrical substations (220 KV or 400KV, 700 KV). Due to many advantages of this arrangement like high selectivity, reliability and less cost as compare to other bus arrangements for power stations or switch yards
Introduction
The Indian Power System is a conglomeration of a number of agencies.
Power system means all aspects of generation, transmission,
distribution and supply of electricity and includes one or more of the
following, namely:-
(a) generating stations;
(b) transmission or main transmission lines;
(c) sub-stations;
(d) tie-lines;
(e) load despatch activities;
(f) mains or distribution mains;
(g) electric supply-lines;
(h) overhead lines;
(i) service lines;
(j) works;
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) is a regulation made by the
Central Commission in exercise of powers under clause (h) of subsection
(1) of Section 79 read with clause (g) of sub-section (2) of
Section 178 of the Act. The IEGC also lays down the rules, guidelines
and standards to be followed by various persons and participants in the
system to plan, develop, maintain and operate the power system, in the
most secure, reliable, economic and efficient manner, while facilitating
healthy competition in the generation and supply of electricity.
1.2 Objective
The IEGC brings together a single set of technical and commercial
rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or using the inter-
State transmission system (ISTS) and provides the following:
• Documentation of the principles and procedures which define the
relationship between the various Users of the inter-State
transmission system (ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre, as
well as the Regional and State Load Despatch Centres
• Facilitation of the optimal operation of the grid, facilitation of
coordinated and optimal maintenance planning of the grid and
facilitation of development and planning of economic and reliable
National / Regional Grid
• Facilitation for development of power markets by defining a
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
Railway Electrification -
Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors; however, the cost of railway electrification means that usually only heavily-used lines can be electrified.
the power for electric locomotives can come from clean and/or renewable sources, including geothermalpower, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines.
Electric locomotives benefit from the high efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows kinetic energy to be recovered during braking to put some power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
Thank you.
This is all about West Central Railway Kota Rajasthan, In the stream of the Electrical And Engineering and this summer training report cover all topic like...
1-: SUB-STATION
2-: EQUIPMENT FOR PROTECTION OF SUB-STATION...
3-: GENERATOR
Deviation Settlement Mechanism for Improving Grid Frequency Regime in India.pptxSUBRATAMUKHOPADHYAY9
The article is concerning indirectly enabling proper maintenance of frequency within a narrow band during operation of power grid through commercial means.
Gensol has carried out state-wise comparative analysis for forecasting, scheduling and deviation settlement mechanism (DSM) of Solar & Wind projects. There has been huge requirement to facilitate large-scale RE integration with grid while maintaining grid stability and security as envisaged under the Grid Code.Following points are highlighted in this presentation:
1) Responsibility & Requirements
2) Available Capacity & Tolerance Band
3) Deviation Settlement Mechanism (DSM)
4) Metering, Energy & Deviation Accounting etc (Click here)
Expert group constituted by CERC proposes draft IEGC 2020Amitava Nag
The draft IEGC 2020 proposes further measures to strengthen grid security and resilience and renewable integration. The planning code has been thoroughly overhauled including generation resource planning (flexibility, ramping and minimum turndown level).
The art of determining the cost of producing electrical energy per unit (i.e., one kWh), known as the economics of power generation. The economics of power generation has assumed a great importance in this fast developing Economics of Power Generation
The purpose of this paper is to explain power factor and the methods that electric utilities use to impose a charge or “power factor penalty” on the bills of large industrial customers to compensate the utility for the incremental costs associated with providing the increased current, supplying the additional losses, and otherwise covering the costs associated with the effects of poor power factor on the electric system.
The utility landscape is dynamic. Some pundits claim that traditional utility regulation is becoming obsolete. Others are calling for a complete overhaul of utility ratemaking as we know it; distributed energy resources, technology advancements and societal trends are changing the way utilities function. In such turbulent times, how can utilities manage their financials through rate structures? How can utilities bridge the span between the rate and regulatory frameworks of yesterday and tomorrow? One way to do so is to revisit the design of rate offerings available to all utility customers and to residential customers in particular.
Profile on the production retreaded tyreJay Ranvir
PROFILE ON THE PRODUCTION OF RETREADED TYRES The envisaged plant may uses different curing methods depending on the tyre and the thread pattern needed. Tyres with pre-cured thread rubber are placed into an autoclave and vulcanized using time, temperature and pressure to bond the thread to the casing.
Retreading of damaged tyre is done
by conventional hot matrix curing in
most cases. But recently a new
technology has been developed called
“Precured Tread Rubber Retreading
Process” which is commonly known as
“Cold Process Retreading”. In this
process, the Precured Tread Rubber
already has a tread pattern on it
eliminating the need for a tread matrix
at vulcanizing stage. Tread Rubber is
precured along with other raw materials
and manufactured in the factory under
controlled conditions and given a well
researched pattern ensuring that the
transporter gets a reliable perfectly finish
product. Retreading Tyre by precured
method gives 50% more mileage than the
tyre retreaded by conventional process.
Response to msedcl demands the cumulative capacity to be allowed at a particular distribution transformer shall not exceed 15% of the
peak capacity of the distribution transformer instead of present 40% and maximum capacity limit of 50%
of consumer’s sanctioned load/contract demand for individual roof top installation need to be added in the
Principal Regulations.’
2. ‘MSEDCL further suggests that the electricity generated from a solar rooftop system shall be capped
cumulatively at 90% of the electricity consumption by the eligible consumer at the end of the relevant billing
period.’
3. ‘MSEDCL humbly requests Hon’ble Commission to allow MSEDCL to levy wheeling charges on rooftop
energy consumption.’
Practice directions rts net metering regulations 2015Jay Ranvir
CONNECTIVITY FOR ‘CHANGE-OVER’ CONSUMERS
PRACTICE DIRECTIONS Meter reading, energy accounting and settlement with the Consumer shall be
undertaken by the Supply Licensee as per the terms of the Regulations. The Supply
Licensee shall pay the Wheeling Charges, as approved by the Commission for a
particular financial year and corresponding to the unadjusted net credited Units of
electricity at the end of that year, to the Wires Licensee. Such payment will be taken
into account by the Commission while determining the respective Aggregate Revenue
Requirements.
Notified f &s regulations 2018,Deviation Settlement for Intra-State Transactions
7.1 The sale of power within Maharashtra by Solar and Wind Energy Generators connected to the
Intra-State Transmission Network shall be settled by the Procurers on the basis of their actual
generation, whereas the Deviation Settlement shall be undertaken as specified in these
Regulations Solar or Wind Energy Generator who deviates from its given Schedule shall be liable to pay a
Deviation Charge under the provisions of these Regulations.
7.2 In respect of sale or self-consumption of power within Maharashtra, if the actual injected
generation of a stand-alone Generator or the aggregate of such generation at a Pooling SubStation,
as the case may be, differs from the scheduled generation, the Deviation Charge for the
excess or shortfall shall be payable by the QCA to the Pool Account, through the SLDC
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Unleash Your Inner Demon with the "Let's Summon Demons" T-Shirt. Calling all fans of dark humor and edgy fashion! The "Let's Summon Demons" t-shirt is a unique way to express yourself and turn heads.
https://dribbble.com/shots/24253051-Let-s-Summon-Demons-Shirt
2. The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the
Indian context, stands for a rational tariff
structure for power supply from generating
stations, on a contracted basis.
The power plants have fixed and variable costs:
I. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan,
return on equity, depreciation, O&M expenses,
insurance, taxes and interest on working capital.
II. The variable cost comprises of the fuel cost,
i.e., coal and oil in case of thermal plants and
nuclear fuel in case of nuclear plants. In the
Availability Tariff mechanism,
3. The fixed and variable cost components are treated
separately. The payment of fixed cost to the generating
company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its
capability to deliver MWs on a day-by-day basis. The total
amount payable to the generating company over a year
towards the fixed cost depends on the average availability
(MW delivering capability) of the plant over the year. In case
the average actually achieved over the year is higher than the
specified norm for plant availability, the generating company
gets a higher payment. In case the average availability
achieved is lower, the payment is also lower. Hence the name
‘Availability Tariff’. This is the first component of Availability
Tariff, and is termed ‘capacity charge’.
4. The second component of Availability Tariff is the ‘energy charge’, which
comprises of the variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for
generating energy as per the given schedule for the day. It may
specifically be noted that energy charge (at the specified plant-specific
rate) is not based on actual generation and plant output, but on
scheduled generation. In case there are deviations from the schedule (e.g.,
if a power plant delivers 600 MW while it was scheduled to supply only
500 MW), the energy charge payment would still be for the scheduled
generation (500 MW), and the excess generation (100 MW) would get paid
for at a rate dependent on the system conditions prevailing at the time. If
the grid has surplus power at the time and frequency is above 50.0 cycles,
the rate would be lower. If the excess generation takes place at the time
of generation shortage in the system (in which condition the frequency
would be below 50.0 cycles), the payment for extra generation would be
at a higher rate. To recapitulate, the Indian version of Availability Tariff
comprises of three components: (a) capacity charge, towards
reimbursement of the fixed cost of the plant, linked to the plant's
declared capacity to supply MWs, (b) energy charge, to reimburse the fuel
cost for scheduled generation, and (c) a payment for deviations from
schedule, at a rate dependent on system conditions. The last component
would be negative (indicating a payment by the generator for the
deviation) in case the power plant is delivering less power than scheduled.
5. Prior to the introduction of Availability Tariff, the regional grids
had been operating in a very undisciplined and haphazard
manner. There were large deviations in frequency from the rated
frequency of 50.0 cycles per second (Hz). Low frequency
situations result when the total generation available in the grid
is less than the total consumer load. These can be curtailed by
enhancing generation and/or curtailing consumer load. High
frequency is a result of insufficient backing down of generation
when the total consumer load has fallen during off-peak hours.
The earlier tariff mechanisms did not provide any incentive for
either backing down generation during off-peak hours or for
reducing consumer load / enhancing generation during peak-
load hours. In fact, it was profitable to go on generating at a
high level even when the consumer demand had come down. In
other words, the earlier tariff mechanisms encouraged grid
indiscipline.
6. The Availability Tariff directly addresses these issues.
Firstly, by giving incentives for enhancing output capability
of power plants, it enables more consumer load to be met
during peak load hours. Secondly, backing down during off-
peak hours no longer results in financial loss to generating
stations, and the earlier incentive for not backing down is
neutralized. Thirdly, the shares of beneficiaries in the
Central generating stations acquire a meaning, which was
previously missing. The beneficiaries now have well-defined
entitlements, and are able to draw power up to the specified
limits at normal rates of the respective power plants. In case
of over-drawal, they have to pay at a higher rate during peak
load hours, which discourages them from over-drawing
further. This payment then goes to beneficiaries who
received less energy than was scheduled, and acts as an
incentive/compensation for them.
7. The mechanism has dramatically streamlined the operation of regional grids
in India. Firstly, through the system and procedure in place, constituents’
schedules get determined as per their shares in Central stations, and they
clearly know the implications of deviating from these schedules. Any
constituent which helps others by under-drawal from the regional grid in a
deficit situation, gets compensated at a good price for the quantum of energy
under-drawn. Secondly, the grid parameters, i.e., frequency and voltage,
have improved, and equipment damage correspondingly reduced. During
peak load hours, the frequency can be improved only by reducing drawls,
and necessary incentives are provided in the mechanism for the same. High
frequency situation on the other hand, is being checked by encouraging
reduction in generation during off-peak hours. Thirdly, because of clear
separation between fixed and variable charges, generation according to
merit-order is encouraged and pithead stations do not have to back down
normally. The overall generation cost accordingly comes down. Fourthly, a
mechanism is established for harnessing captive and co-generation and for
bilateral trading between the constituents. Lastly, Availability Tariff, by
rewarding plant availability, enables more consumer load to be catered at
any point of time.
8. The Central generating stations in different regions of the country have
various States of the Region as their specified beneficiaries or bulk
consumers. The latter have shares in these plants calculated according
to Gadgil formula, and duly notified by the Ministry of Power. The
beneficiaries have to pay the capacity charge for these plants in
proportion to their share in the respective plants. This payment is
dependent on the declared output capability of the plant for the day and
the beneficiary's percentage share in that plant, and not on power /
energy intended to be drawn or actually drawn by the beneficiary from
the Central station.
The energy charge to be paid by a beneficiary to a Central station for a
particular day would be the fuel cost for the energy scheduled to be
supplied from the power plant to the beneficiary during the day. In
addition, if a beneficiary draws more power from the regional grid than
what is totally scheduled to be supplied to him from the various Central
generating stations at a particular time, he has to pay for the excess
drawal at a rate dependent on the system conditions, the rate being
lower if the frequency is high, and being higher if the frequency is low.
9. The process starts with the Central generating stations in the region
declaring their expected output capability for the next day to the
Regional Load Dispatch Centre (RLDC). The RLDC breaks up and
tabulates these output capability declarations as per the beneficiaries'
plant-wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load Dispatch
Centres (SLDCs). The latter then carry out an exercise to see how best
they can meet the load of their consumers over the day, from their own
generating stations, along with their entitlement in the Central stations.
They also take into account the irrigation release requirements and load
curtailment etc. that they propose in their respective areas. The SLDCs
then convey to the RLDC their schedule of power drawal from the
Central stations (limited to their entitlement for the day). The RLDC
aggregates these requisitions and determines the dispatch schedules for
the Central generating stations and the drawal schedules for the
beneficiaries duly incorporating any bilateral agreements and adjusting
for transmission losses. These schedules are then issued by the RLDC
to all concerned and become the operational as well as commercial
datum. However, in case of contingencies, Central stations can
prospectively revise the output capability declaration, beneficiaries can
prospectively revise requisitions, and the schedules are correspondingly
revised by RLDC.
10. While the schedules so finalized become the operational datum,
and the regional constituents are expected to regulate their
generation and consumer load in a way that the actual
generation and drawls generally follow these schedules,
deviations are allowed as long as they do not endanger the
system security. The schedules are also used for determination
of the amounts payable as energy charges, as described earlier.
Deviations from schedules are determined in 15-minute time
blocks through special metering, and these deviations are priced
depending on frequency. As long as the actual
generation/drawal is equal to the given schedule, payment on
account of the third component of Availability Tariff is zero. In
case of under-drawal, a beneficiary is paid back to that extent
according to the frequency dependent rate specified for
deviations from schedule.
11. Prior to the introduction of Availability Tariff, the regional grids
had been operating in a very undisciplined and haphazard
manner. There were large deviations in frequency from the rated
frequency of 50.0 cycles per second (Hz). Low frequency
situations result when the total generation available in the grid is
less than the total consumer load. These can be curtailed by
enhancing generation and/or curtailing consumer load. High
frequency is a result of insufficient backing down of generation
when the total consumer load has fallen during off-peak hours.
The earlier tariff mechanisms did not provide any incentive for
either backing down generation during off-peak hours or for
reducing consumer load / enhancing generation during peak-
load hours. In fact, it was profitable to go on generating at a
high level even when the consumer demand had come down. In
other words, the earlier tariff mechanisms encouraged grid
indiscipline.
12. The Availability Tariff directly addresses these issues.
Firstly, by giving incentives for enhancing output
capability of power plants, it enables more consumer
load to be met during peak load hours. Secondly,
backing down during off-peak hours no longer results
in financial loss to generating stations, and the earlier
incentive for not backing down is neutralized. Thirdly,
the shares of beneficiaries in the Central generating
stations acquire a meaning, which was previously
missing. The beneficiaries now have well-defined
entitlements, and are able to draw power up to the
specified limits at normal rates of the respective power
plants. In case of over-drawal, they have to pay at a
higher rate during peak load hours, which
discourages them from over-drawing further. This
payment then goes to beneficiaries who received less
energy than was scheduled, and acts as an
incentive/compensation for them.
13. The mechanism has dramatically streamlined the operation of regional
grids in India. Firstly, through the system and procedure in place,
constituents’ schedules get determined as per their shares in Central
stations, and they clearly know the implications of deviating from these
schedules. Any constituent which helps others by under-drawal from the
regional grid in a deficit situation, gets compensated at a good price for
the quantum of energy under-drawn. Secondly, the grid parameters, i.e.,
frequency and voltage, have improved, and equipment damage
correspondingly reduced. During peak load hours, the frequency can be
improved only by reducing drawls, and necessary incentives are
provided in the mechanism for the same. High frequency situation on
the other hand, is being checked by encouraging reduction in generation
during off-peak hours. Thirdly, because of clear separation between
fixed and variable charges, generation according to merit-order is
encouraged and pithead stations do not have to back down normally.
The overall generation cost accordingly comes down. Fourthly, a
mechanism is established for harnessing captive and co-generation and
for bilateral trading between the constituents. Lastly, Availability Tariff,
by rewarding plant availability, enables more consumer load to be
catered at any point of time.
14. Thanking You
Jay Ranvir
Chemtrols Solar Private Limited
Amar Hill Sakhi Vihar Road
Powai mUmbai -400 072
Jay.ranvir@chemtrolssolar.com
ranvircboi@gmail.com
M 9594998390