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Seminar on Forest and Plant Health_Abstracts.pdf

This document summarizes a seminar on forest and plant health held on April 6th, 2022 at the Natural Resources Institute Finland in Helsinki. It includes summaries of several presentations: 1. Tord Snäll presented research on evaluating forest management scenarios and their impacts on biodiversity indicators and ecosystem services over 100 years. The green infrastructure scenario optimized environmental indicators while the economy scenario had the most negative impacts. 2. Juha Tuomola discussed research assessing the likelihood of pine wood nematode causing pine wilt disease or establishing in Finnish forests under current and future climate scenarios. Results found the climate is currently too cool and may only become suitable by 2080 under the worst-case climate scenario. 3.

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Seminar on Forest and Plant Health April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Viikki, Helsinki Strawberry plant with healthy leaves. Mild powdery mildew symptoms with upward curling of leaflet margins and sporulation. Photos: Tuuli Haikonen
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Future biodiversity and ecosystem services levels given scenarios of future land-use Tord Snäll Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Email: Tord.Snall@slu.se Global policy for future ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation is ultimately implemented at landscape and local scales. In parallel, green infrastructure planning needs to account for socioeconomic dynamics at national and global scales. Progress towards policy goals must, in turn, be evaluated at the landscape scale. Moreover, to reach the Paris Agreement, societies need to increase the global terrestrial carbon sink. There are many climate change mitigation solutions (CCMS) for forests, including focusing on developing the bioenergy, bioeconomy or protection. Bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions use climate-smart, intensive management to generate high quantities of bioenergy and bioproducts. Protection of (semi-)natural forests is a major component of ‘natural climate solution’ (NCS), since they store carbon in standing biomass and soil. I will present some of our work on investigating how ecosystem services and biodiversity may respond to these external drivers and strategies. This includes evaluating three management scenarios for a 100,000 hectare boreal forest landscape in the coming 100 years in terms of their effects on the future habitat suitability/occupancy of four bird species, six wood-decaying fungi and one lichen, most of them red-listed. Moreover, I will present joint impacts of CCMS and different climate scenarios on future wood ES, non-wood ES, and regulating ES for Sweden for 2020-2100. The landscape-scale scenarios optimize financial returns and account for downscaled projected global demand of wood given a middle-of-the road Shared Socioeconomic Pathway. We contrast a reference scenario meeting the wood demand against an economy scenario with no upper harvest limit, and a green infrastructure scenario optimizing the levels of environmental indicators. In the green infrastructure scenario, the species increased the most, followed by the reference scenario, and the economy scenario. All bird species increased in the green infrastructure scenario, while in the other scenarios, future developments varied. Most fungi increased in the production forest of the green infrastructure scenario but decreased in the economy scenario. In all scenarios, the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria increased, owing to host tree retention. If time allows I will also go into our more detailed work on investigating the mechanisms underlying the observed and simulated fungal and lichen colonization-extinction dynamics. I will also show that in the long run, fulfilling the increased wood demand through bioenergy
and bioeconomy solutions will decrease future ES multifunctionality, but the increased tree growth induced by rising greenhouse gas concentrations may partially offset these negative effects. Adopting bioenergy and bioeconomy solutions will have a greater negative impact on ES supply than adopting NCS. NCS can be considered an adaptation measure to offset negative climate change effects on the future supplies of non-wood ES. Therefore, CCMS, with increasing wood demand, will reduce forest ES multifunctionality but NCS has the potential to cushion this negative impact, increasing the capacity of the forest to supply multiple ES in synergy. Further information Belinchón R, Harrison PJ, Mair L, Várkonyi G, Snäll T (2017). Local epiphyte establishment and future metapopulation dynamics in landscapes with different spatiotemporal properties. Ecology 98: 741–750. Henckel L, Bradter U, Jönsson M, Isaac NJB, Snäll T (2020). Assessing the usefulness of Citizen Science Data for habitat suitability modelling: opportunistic reporting versus sampling based on a systematic protocol. Diversity and Distributions 26: 1276–1290.1 Eggers J, Räty M, Öhman K, Snäll T (2020). How well do stakeholder-defined forest management scenarios balance economic and ecological forest values? Forests 11: 86. Mazziotta et al. In preparation. Increased future synergies and alleviated trade-offs between forest ecosystem services under climate change mitigation solutions with more natural climate solutions. Moor H, Eggers J, Fabritius H, Forsell N, Henckel L, Bradter U, Mazziotta A, Nordén J, Snäll T (2022). Rebuilding green infrastructure in boreal production forest given future global wood demand. Journal of Applied Ecology in press. Moor H, Nordén J, Penttilä J, Siitonen J, Snäll T (2021). Long-term effects of colonization- extinction dynamics of generalist versus specialist wood-decaying fungi. Journal of Ecology 109: 491–503. 1 The publisher Wiley has informed us that this is a ‘Top Cited Article 2020-2021’ in Diversity and Distributions.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Could pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) cause pine wilt disease or even establish inside healthy trees in Finland now – or ever? Juha Tuomola1 , Hannah Gruffudd2 , Kimmo Ruosteenoja3 and Salla Hannunen1 1 Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki 2 Forest Research Agency, Environment Centre Wales, Ffordd Deiniol, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK 3 Weather and Climate Change Impact Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland Email: Juha.Tuomola@ruokavirasto.fi Pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) that can, in suitable conditions, lead to mass mortality of susceptible trees. In the EU, PWN is a quarantine pest for which all member states must conduct annual surveys and take eradication measures if the pest is detected. To support PWN risk management, we assessed the likelihoods of PWD and PWN establishment inside susceptible healthy trees in Finnish present and future climate. The former assessment was done using the mean summer temperature concept (MST) presented by Gruffudd et al. (2016). For the latter assessment we defined easily usable annual growing degree day (SDD) intervals for predicting the likelihood of PWN extinction and establishment inside healthy trees. The intervals were defined using previously published results on modelling of PWN population dynamics in Germany (Gruffudd et al. 2019). Both assessments were done using 10 × 10 km resolution climate data from 2000–2019 and climate change projections for 2030–2080 prepared specifically for Finland under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Our results suggest that the present Finnish climate is far too cool for PWD in healthy trees and for the long-term establishment of PWN populations inside healthy trees. Furthermore, our results indicate that the climate in Finland is likely to become suitable for PWD and PWN establishment inside healthy trees by 2080 only if the worst-case RCP scenario (RCP8.5) is realized. Consequently, our results imply that PWN might not deserve top priority in Finland when allocating the limited resources for phytosanitary activities.
Further information Gruffudd HR, Jenkins TAR, Evans HF (2016). Using an Evapo-Transpiration Model (ETpN) to predict the risk and expression of symptoms of Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) across Europe. Biological Invasions 18: 2823–2840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1173-7 Gruffudd HR, Schröder T, Jenkins TAR, Evans HF (2019). Modelling Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) for Current and Future Climate Scenarios as Part of a Pest Risk Analysis for Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle in Germany. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 126: 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348- 018-0197-x Tuomola J, Gruffudd H, Ruosteenoja K, Hannunen S (2021). Could Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) Cause Pine Wilt Disease or Even Establish inside Healthy Trees in Finland Now—Or Ever? Forests 12(12): 1679. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121679
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Survey programmes and contingency plans for forest pests Liisa Vihervuori Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki Email: Liisa.Vihervuori@ruokavirasto.fi In the European Union, Survey programmes for forest pests started in 2015. In Finland, 2016. Their aim is to prohibit spreading of quarantine pests to EU. Multiannual survey programmes and annual surveys of each priority pest shall be carried out. Priority pests include several forest (tree) pests: Agrilus anxius and A. planipennis, Anoplophora glabripennis and chinensis, Bursaphelencus xylophilus and Dendrolimus sibiricus. Each member state shall draw up and keep up to date a contingency plan for each priority pest capable of entering and becoming established in its territory. The non-annual surveyed forest pests include quarantine species, for example: Polygraphus proximus, Monochamus spp. (as vector for B. xylophilus), non-European Pissodes and Atropellis pinicola and A. piniphila. Recently, A. planipennis has been found in Moscow and in St. Petersburg. After the two separate outbreak spots in St. Petersburg were found in 2020, we started intensive survey in southern Finland. About 20 traps were installed to host trees (Fraxinus sp., Juglans sp. and Pterocarya sp.) in risky sites such as parks and seaport areas. If an official positive finding will be found less than 100 kilometres from the EU border, official procedures including moving ban of host plants and wood will begin in this buffer area.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Two types of resistance against a major wheat disease Septoria Tritici Blotch Petteri Karisto Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Tietotie 4, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland Email: petteri.karisto@luke.fi Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by fungus Zymoseptoria tritici is a major disease of wheat in Europe. Breeding for quantitative resistance promises to lead to more durable disease control but is limited by difficulties in measuring quantitative differences between cultivars in a reproducible manner. We used automated image analysis on a collection of 21 420 leaves from 335 elite European winter wheat cultivars naturally infected by a diverse local population of Z. tritici. We obtained precise, objective and reproducible quantitative measures of conditional STB intensity that allowed us to separate resistance affecting host damage from resistance affecting pathogen reproduction. The cultivar rankings differed between the two measures, indicating that the two types of resistance should be considered separately in breeding programs. The different forms of resistance are under separate genetic control, enabling them to be recombined to form new cultivars that are highly resistant to STB. We showed that measures of pathogen reproduction early in the season were the best predictors of host damage late in the season, illustrating the importance of breeding for resistance against pathogen reproduction in order to suppress epidemics and minimize yield losses caused by STB. These data can already be used by breeding programs to choose wheat cultivars that are broadly resistant to naturally diverse Z. tritici populations according to the different classes of resistance. Further information Karisto P, Hund A, Yu K, Anderegg J, Walter A, Mascher F, McDonald BA, Mikaberidze A (2018). Ranking quantitative resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch in elite wheat cultivars using automated image analysis. Phytopathology 108: 568–581. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-17-0163-R Yates S, Mikaberidze A, Krattinger SG, Abrouk M, Hund A, Yu K, Studer B, Fouche S, Meile L, Pereira D, Karisto P, McDonald BA (2019). Precision phenotyping reveals novel loci for quantitative resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch. Plant Phenomics: 3285904. https://doi.org/10.34133/2019/3285904
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Disease resistances from strawberry pre-breeding materials: case powdery mildew Tuuli Haikonen1 , Attiq Rehman1 , Marja Rantanen2 and Saila Karhu3 1 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Toivonlinnantie 518, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland 2 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland 3 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, FI-20520, Turku, Finland Email: tuuli.haikonen@luke.fi Production of our most important berry crop, garden strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), is challenged by stresses brought by climate change. At the same time, political and societal awareness of environmental footprint of food production increases. New non-chemical means of crop protection are better effective in such cultivars that have resistances to pests or pathogens. One of the economically most important diseases of strawberry, the leaf and fruit disease powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera aphanis) thrives in relatively dry conditions with short leaf wetness duration. Many of our main cultivars are susceptible and regular applications of pesticides are already required. Improving resistance in strawberry in traditional breeding is difficult due to complex genetics and low variation of the trait. Hence, finding resistances from new sources and developing genome-informed selection tools will improve substantially breeding efforts for this trait. In this work we have inspected resistances to powdery mildew and to other fungal leaf diseases in a unique pre-breeding material. A population of re-constructed garden strawberry was created by hybridization of selected accessions of its wild ancestor species, F. chiloensis and F. virginiana, to introduce high underutilized diversity, prominent vigour, disease resistances and resilience. The population with over 300 individuals has been SNP genotyped using a strawberry 50K SNP array and established a replicated field trial from clonally propagated materials. The severity of powdery mildew symptoms was recorded using Simpson’s scale with time series observations during two growing seasons. Statistical analyses and genome-wide association study were applied to discover genomic regions associated with resistances. Our final aim is to accelerate strawberry breeding by informed selection of optimal alleles required for healthy productive crop.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Intercropping, a potential countermove against ecosystem service degradation in agricultural landscapes Ari Järvinen Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland Email: ext.ari.jarvinen@luke.fi The study explored cropping system diversification impacts on natural biological control and pollination. The aim was to improve cropping system’s ecological sustainability and to reduce reliance on external chemical inputs. Two-year field experiment was conducted to study strip intercropping of two mass-flowering crops: spring turnip rape and faba bean. Selected crops indicated complementary nutrient use and ability to offer wide range of supplementary resources for beneficial arthropods. More pest- prone turnip rape is a superb nectar source, while earlier faba bean facilitates nitrogen economy and provides extrafloral nectar, for example. The experimental setup consisted of three parallel 100 × 50 m treatments in five separate fields. The treatments were pure stands of spring turnip rape and faba bean and intercropping of both crop species in 5 meters wide strips. Beneficial insects were sampled with transect walks, pan traps, and pit traps. The data was analysed with generalized linear mixed models in R. Arthropod abundance, species richness, species diversity, and sample similarity were assessed. Strip intercropping resulted in a characteristic pollinator assemblage and retained common specialist pollinators of both crops. Pollinator abundance and species diversity increased with the mass flowering progress. Unexpectedly, turnip rape monoculture attracted the most diverse pollinator pool. The total abundance and species diversity of arthropod predators were not significantly affected by intercropping. The pest abundance followed host proportion, however, which improved predator to prey ratio of intercropping treatment. The abundance of both predators and pests decreased with sampling progress. This study is a part of the project “Crop diversification and intercropping for ecological intensification: maximizing natural biological control and pollination (LUMOTTU)” funded by Finnish Cultural Foundation.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki New observations on the viruses HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1 in Heterobasidion annosum host strains Elina Roininen, Tuula Piri, Eeva Vainio and Jarkko Hantula Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland Email: ext.elina.roininen@luke.fi Transmission experiments with the partitiviruses HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1 and Heterobasidion ourmia-like-virus from different donors to altogether 15 Finnish Heterobasidion annosum strains were conducted. Virus combination of donors and genotypes of donor and recipient affected transmission frequency. Growth experiment on agar plates was done to test phenotypic effects of HetPV15-pa1 and coinfection of HetPV13-an1 and HetPV15-pa1. The growth of three H. annosum genotypes was accelerated by viruses, and three genotypes showed no effects. Later, the growth of four H. annosum genotypes was tested in billets, and no differences were detected in the growth between virus infected and virus free strains. In an in vivo experiment, HetPV13-an1 increased the efficacy of Phlebiopsis gigantea in pine roots systems in restricting the growth of H. annosum. This suggests that the effects of these viruses might become visible only in natural conditions.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Bacteria biota of Heterobasidion fruiting body and associated decayed wood Wenzi Ren1 , Reijo Penttilä2 , Risto Kasanen1 , Fred O. Asiegbu1 1 Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 2 Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland Email: wenzi.ren@helsinki.fi The species Heterobasidion annosum and H. parviporum are causal agents of the most severe root and stem rot disease of conifer trees with estimated annual economic loss of 800 million euros in Europe. Despite extensive research on the genetics and infection biology, very little is however known of the microbiome inhabiting its fruiting body. An understanding of the fruiting body bacteria biota could provide insight on the crucial functional roles they play in the sporocarp growth, nutrition, development and other metabolic processes, such as adaption to the environment and even pathogenesis. In this study, using next generation sequencing of the 16S region, we investigated the bacteria biota of the Heterobasidion fruiting body and its adhering deadwood. There was a total of 7,462 OTUs found in both materials, and an average of 52.6% of bacteria biota in fruiting body were shared with the associated dead wood. The overall and unique OTUs had decreasing trend from decay classes one to three but increasing in decay class four. Fruiting body had the comparable OTU numbers at the beginning and the end of the decay, while wood had 50% less OTU numbers in the decay class four compared to decay class one. The bacteria genera Burkholderia, Sphingomonas, and Pseudommonas were more abundant in the fruiting body and the phylum Firmicutes was more dominant in wood tissue. FAPROTAX functional structure analysis revealed the differentiation between the two materials happened in the third decay class. Our results also showed that bacteria communities in both substrates experienced a process of a new community re-construction with progress of decay. The bacteria community was highly dynamic, the microbiota activeness, community stability, and functions changed with the decay process. The third decay class was an important turning point for community re-structuring, physical-chemical changes of fruiting body and wood probably had strong effects. Bacteria community in fruiting body attached to the living standing tree was suppressed compared to those associated with dead wood. Bacteria appear to spread from wood tissue of standing living tree to fruiting body, but after the tree is killed, bacteria moved from fruiting body to wood. Bacteria inhabiting fruiting body and wood has diverse functions, they could be beneficial, harmful or opportunistic, most likely environmental factors and community structure jointly influence the result. Future studies may wish to investigate if the fruiting body microbiome have the ability to enrich their host genome with complementary functional genes which could help to improve the utilization of nutrients that are lacking on the hosts and result to shift in the ecology and community assembly of the species.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki The dark septate endophyte suppresses conifer pathogen transcripts and promotes root growth of Norway spruce in a tripartite interaction Kai Wang, Zilan Wen, Fred O Asiegbu Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Email: kai.wang@helsinki.fi Plant associated microbes play multiple functional roles in host fitness. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) offer growth promotion and increased defence to forest trees. However, the impact of the interaction on DSE transcriptome and metabolites during tripartite interaction with host and pathogen is unknown. To reveal the tripartite interaction, seedlings of Norway spruce were infected with DSE Phialocephala sphaeroides, or with conifer root rot pathogen Heterobasidion parviporum, or with both. DSE showed lower but stable mapped transcripts in tripartite system, while H. parviporum transcripts reduced largely. From RNAseq analysis, DSE experienced a shift from cell growth to anti-stress and antagonistic responses, and it repressed H. parviporum to access certain carbohydrate nutrients. The expression of genes encoding plant growth promotion products were detected in both DSE and pathogen, which was further supported by production of tryptophan-dependent indolic compounds in DSE culture. DSE culture filtrate treatment exhibited enhanced Arabidopsis root hairs and spruce primary root elongation. Taken together, these results exhibited that the endophyte had strong repressive effect on pathogen H. parviporum in a tripartite interaction with host Norway spruce.
Seminar on Forest and Plant Health, April 6th , 2022 Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki Norway spruce inoculated with Heterobasidion parviporum: impact of different alleles in spruce root rot resistance locus (PaLAR3) Eeva Terhonen, Kashif Muhammad, Tuula Piri, Neea Hanström, Tuija Hytönen, Katri Leino, Jarkko Hantula Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland. Email: eeva.terhonen@luke.fi Locus PaLAR3 has suggested to be a root rot resistance marker for Norway spruce (Picea abies). PaLAR3 encodes leucoanthocyanidin reductase. Higher resistance in Norway spruce against Heterobasidion parviporum was noted to associate when the rare allele B was found in PaLAR3. In this study, we tested the spread of H. parviporum through root contacts in the field. The aim was to see if trees with B-allele in PaLAR3 gene can resist the infection. Altogether, 72 10-year-old trees were cut down and the stumps were inoculated with mixture (four strains) of H. parviporum. After three years the closest trees were cut down and the stumps collected. After incubation in room temperature for 10 days the stumps were microscoped and infection confirmed based on conidiospores. Forty percent (40%) of the trees were infected with H. parviporum. B-allele was found to be rare (AB-allele combination 29% and BB-allele combination 1%) There were no statistical backup found that certain allele could prevent the infection (AA, AB and BB equally infected). Similarly, the distance from inoculated stump or the diameter of the tree did not have impact for the infection to occur. Supporting results were found from necrosis experiment, where 3-year-old trees were infected with two different H. parviporum strains.