This document provides an overview of vitamin B12, including its history, chemistry, structure, properties, types, functions, and deficiency. Vitamin B12 was first discovered by George Whipple and further researched by George Richards Minot and William Murphy. It contains cobalt and has a corrin ring structure. Key types include cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and methylcobalamin. Vitamin B12 plays important roles in nerve function, blood formation, protein metabolism, and acting as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. Deficiency can cause fatigue, neurological problems, and other issues.
Cobalamin is also called vitamin b12.
Group of compounds called corrinoids (a group of cobalamin)- Coenzyme form: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12 in the human body- Humans can convert most of the other cobalamins into an active coenzyme form.
Once absorbed, cobalamin travels in the portal blood to the liver, and then to the rest ofthe body, bound to the transport protein, transcobalamin
Methionine synthase- converts homocysteine to methionine. Reduces blood homocysteine concentrations (reduces CVD).
Cobalamin is also called vitamin b12.
Group of compounds called corrinoids (a group of cobalamin)- Coenzyme form: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12 in the human body- Humans can convert most of the other cobalamins into an active coenzyme form.
Once absorbed, cobalamin travels in the portal blood to the liver, and then to the rest ofthe body, bound to the transport protein, transcobalamin
Methionine synthase- converts homocysteine to methionine. Reduces blood homocysteine concentrations (reduces CVD).
B12 metabolism..................................... and role of various proteins in b12 metabolism..... necessity of supplementation..........................................
Cobalamin (vitamin b12) – Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web Maryam Fida
Vitamin B12 is synthesized only by microorganisms and it is not present in plants
Animals obtain the vitamin preformed from their natural bacterial flora or by eating foods derived from other animals
Present in appreciable amounts in liver, red meat, fish, eggs , dairy products , and fortified cereals
Required in humans for two essential enzymatic reactions
Remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine
Isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA), which is produced during the degradation of some amino acids (isoleucine, valine, threonine and methionine ) and fatty acids (FAs ) with odd numbers of carbon atoms
DEFICIENCY
When cobalamin is deficient, Fatty Acids accumulate and become incorporated into cell membranes , including those of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in neurologic symptoms
The physiologic coenzyme forms of cobalamin are 5'- deoxyadenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin
Folic acid (as N5-methyl THF) is also required in the remethylation of Hcy. Therefore , deficiency of B12 or folate results in elevated Hcy levels.
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
Vitamin b2 riboflavin and its deficiency and some basics of vitaminsSIVAAKSHAYAP
Vitamins,history of vitamins,classification of vitamins,sources of vitamins,discovery of vitamin b2 riboflavin,uses of vitamin-b2,working of vitamin-b2 riboflavin,sources of vitamin-b2,deficiency of vitamin-b2 and RDA of vitamin-b2
this presentation is about Vitamin B6 which include structure , biochemical function , biochemical reaction, effect of deficiency of vitamin B6, Toxicity and function of Vitamin B6.
Vitamin A actually refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules called retinoids.
There are two types of vitamin A.
Vitamin A1 (retinol)
Vitamin A2 (3- dihydro retinol)
Contraindications, Adverse reactions and ocular nutritional supplementsArun Geetha Viswanathan
utritional supplements comprise a great deal of the products available over the counter in most pharmacies. Although most vitamin supplements are relatively harmless—except for the fat soluble ones A, D, E, and K—they are not the only supplements available to patients. Some of these other, non-vitamin supplements can actually be harmful to patients and often they have been proven to be ineffective. This doesn’t mean that patients will stop taking them though, which in turn leaves the potential for contraindications of nutritional supplements with prescription-based drugs wide open.
02 vitamin a
1. Vitamin A General biochemistry and types General functions Functions in the vision cycle Deficiency and diseases
2. Vitamin A Essential Non-caloric Required in very small amounts
3. Vitamins - Classified Based on Solubility Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K Water-Soluble Vitamins ascorbic acid (vitamin C) thiamin (vitamin B1) riboflavin (vitamin B2) niacin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biotin pantothenic acid folate cobalamin (vitamin B12)
4. Vitamin A (Preformed and Provitamin) Preformed: Three preformed compounds that are metabolically active and found in animal products retinol – alcohol form retinal or retinaldehyde – aldehyde form retinoic acid – acid form Provitamin: Carotenoids (β-carotene) and cryptoxanthin can yield retinoids when metabolized in the body These are from plant sources
B12 metabolism..................................... and role of various proteins in b12 metabolism..... necessity of supplementation..........................................
Cobalamin (vitamin b12) – Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews World Wide Web Maryam Fida
Vitamin B12 is synthesized only by microorganisms and it is not present in plants
Animals obtain the vitamin preformed from their natural bacterial flora or by eating foods derived from other animals
Present in appreciable amounts in liver, red meat, fish, eggs , dairy products , and fortified cereals
Required in humans for two essential enzymatic reactions
Remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine
Isomerization of methylmalonyl coenzyme A (CoA), which is produced during the degradation of some amino acids (isoleucine, valine, threonine and methionine ) and fatty acids (FAs ) with odd numbers of carbon atoms
DEFICIENCY
When cobalamin is deficient, Fatty Acids accumulate and become incorporated into cell membranes , including those of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in neurologic symptoms
The physiologic coenzyme forms of cobalamin are 5'- deoxyadenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin
Folic acid (as N5-methyl THF) is also required in the remethylation of Hcy. Therefore , deficiency of B12 or folate results in elevated Hcy levels.
Vitamin B12- Chemistry, functions and clinical significanceNamrata Chhabra
Vitamin B12- Chemical structure, Forms of B12, Sources, absorption, storage, transportation, metabolic role, deficiency, megaloblastic anemia and neurological changes, laboratory diagnosis and treatment
Vitamin b2 riboflavin and its deficiency and some basics of vitaminsSIVAAKSHAYAP
Vitamins,history of vitamins,classification of vitamins,sources of vitamins,discovery of vitamin b2 riboflavin,uses of vitamin-b2,working of vitamin-b2 riboflavin,sources of vitamin-b2,deficiency of vitamin-b2 and RDA of vitamin-b2
this presentation is about Vitamin B6 which include structure , biochemical function , biochemical reaction, effect of deficiency of vitamin B6, Toxicity and function of Vitamin B6.
Vitamin A actually refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules called retinoids.
There are two types of vitamin A.
Vitamin A1 (retinol)
Vitamin A2 (3- dihydro retinol)
Contraindications, Adverse reactions and ocular nutritional supplementsArun Geetha Viswanathan
utritional supplements comprise a great deal of the products available over the counter in most pharmacies. Although most vitamin supplements are relatively harmless—except for the fat soluble ones A, D, E, and K—they are not the only supplements available to patients. Some of these other, non-vitamin supplements can actually be harmful to patients and often they have been proven to be ineffective. This doesn’t mean that patients will stop taking them though, which in turn leaves the potential for contraindications of nutritional supplements with prescription-based drugs wide open.
02 vitamin a
1. Vitamin A General biochemistry and types General functions Functions in the vision cycle Deficiency and diseases
2. Vitamin A Essential Non-caloric Required in very small amounts
3. Vitamins - Classified Based on Solubility Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, and K Water-Soluble Vitamins ascorbic acid (vitamin C) thiamin (vitamin B1) riboflavin (vitamin B2) niacin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biotin pantothenic acid folate cobalamin (vitamin B12)
4. Vitamin A (Preformed and Provitamin) Preformed: Three preformed compounds that are metabolically active and found in animal products retinol – alcohol form retinal or retinaldehyde – aldehyde form retinoic acid – acid form Provitamin: Carotenoids (β-carotene) and cryptoxanthin can yield retinoids when metabolized in the body These are from plant sources
HERE PRESENTATING VITAMINS AS PER SYLLABUS OF MPHARM SUBJECT NATURAL PRODUCTS INCLUDING VITAMIN B2, B12, B3, ITS STRUCTURE ISOLATED FROM CONTENTS AND COMPLETE DETAIL ON IT IN A EASY WAY , THE MOST ASKED VITAMINS.
Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
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Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
Karan sathawane (2)
1. PRESENTATIONON :- Structure Function And Chemistry Of
Vitamin B12
PRESENTEDBY :- KARAN GOWARDHAN SATHAWANE
M.Sc.
SUBJECT :- Microbial Metabolites (MMT)
presentedto :- Head of dept:-
Dr.N.B. HIRULKAR
(2018 – 19)
2. List Of content :-
Introduction
History
Chemistry of B 12
Structure of B 12
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Types of vitamin B 12
Cyanocobalamin
Hydrocobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Function of vitamin B 12
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
3. Introduction:-
Vitamin B12, vitamin B 12 or vitamin B- 12, also called cobalamin, is water
- soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and
nervous system and formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.
4. History :-
George Whipple
B12 was first discovered by him.
George Richards Minot and William Murphy
They are also found that an entirely different liver substance
cured pernicious anemia in human which was B 12
5. Edwin Cohn :-
Chemist Edwin Cohn prepared a liver extract. The extract
was the first workable treatment for the disease. Whipple,
Minot, and Murphy shared in 1934 Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine.
6. Chemistry :-
Vitamin B12 is water soluble , heat stable and red color.
It contains 4.35 % cobalt by weight.
It contains 63 carbon, 14 nitrogen and one cobalt atom .
Four pyrrole rings co - ordinated with cobalt atom is called a
corrin ring.
7. Structure Of Vitamin B 12
The chemical structure of the molecule was determined by
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin and her term in 1956 based on
crystallographic data.
8. Physical Properties :-
Vitamin B 12 is very stable at high temperature just if pH is ranged from 4.5
to 5.0 while the strong acidic and highly alkaline environment loses its
vitamin activity.
This vitamin is rapidly degraded in the light and therefore it is necessary to
keep it in the dark. Vitamin B 12 is negatively affected by alcohol, sleeping
pills, estrogen etc.
Vitamin B 12 is well soluble in water , ethanol and methanol
B 12 are all deeply red colored crystals and water solutions, due to the color
of the cobalt- corrin complex.
9. Chemical properties :-
Under the term vitamin B 12 several compounds that are similar in chemical
structure are included. There are classified : Cyanocobalamin,
Oxycobalamin, Nitrocobalamin, Aquacobalamin, etc .
In the structure of the vitamin B 12 element cobalt is included. In the
isolation of vitamin B 12,we can get its cyanocobalamin, derived in which
structure enters cyanide group, linked to an atom of cobalt.
10. Types Of Vitamin B 12
1) Cyanocobalamin :-
Pure cyanocobalamin possesses the deep pink color associated with most
octahedral cobalt (II) complexes
It is used to treat pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency.
11. 2) Hydroxocobalamin :-
Hydroxocobalamin is sometime denoted by B12.
It has an avid affinity for cyanide ion and has been used
antidote to cyanide poisoning.
It is supplied typically in water solution for injection.
12. 3) Methylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin ( mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB12)is
acobalamin a form of vitamin B 12.
It differ from cyanocobalamin in that the cyanide is replace
by a methyl group.
Used in treatment of perpheral neuropathy.
13. Function :-
Act as an antidote for Cyanide poisoning :-
Cyanokit contains hydroxocabalamin, a form of vitamin B 12.
It is used as antidote to cyanide poisoning.
Hydroxocobalamin works by helping cells in the body convert
cyanide to a form that can be removed from the body through
urination.
14. Regulates the over – production of the allergen antibody IgE
in allergic individuals :
15. Responsible for reducing depression :-
Vitamin B 12 works together with a compound that
produces serotonin thus reducing the incidence of
depression.
Vitamin B 12 is also used in the treatment of Anemia
disease
16. Helps in healthy regulation of the Homocysteine control :
Elevated homocysteine is risk factor for heart disease and
many adversely affect the cardiovascular system, brain
function, neurotransmitter function and mood balance .
Helps to protect against cancers including breast, colon,
lung, and prostate cancer .
17. In the treatment of pernicious Anemia :-
Essential for healthy skin, hair and nails. Helps in cell
reproduction and constant renewal of the skin.
18. Responsible for reducing brain shrinkage :-
B12 vitamin dramatically lower homocysteine, risk factor
for brain shrinkage
19. Vitamin B 12 Deficiency :-
Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency include :-
Low energy / fatugue / muscles pain
Sexual problems / infertility
Depression / Anxiety
Mood disorder
Memory loss
Studies have also linked B 12 deficiency to :-
Alzheimer’s / Dementia
Autoimmune disease
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer
