Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
Primary methods of producing vitamin B12 include microbial fermentation using naturally occurring bacteria such as *Propionibacterium* and *Pseudomonas*. Usually used in industrial manufacturing, genetically modified strains of these bacteria increase output. The procedure begins with fermenting a medium high in nutrients, then uses centrifugation, filtration, and chromatography to extract and purify vitamin B12. The finished product is next formulated into meals that have been fortified and dietary supplements. Because vitamin B12 is so important to human health—in particular, to DNA synthesis, red blood cell generation, and brain function—efficient production of the vitamin is essential.
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
Primary methods of producing vitamin B12 include microbial fermentation using naturally occurring bacteria such as *Propionibacterium* and *Pseudomonas*. Usually used in industrial manufacturing, genetically modified strains of these bacteria increase output. The procedure begins with fermenting a medium high in nutrients, then uses centrifugation, filtration, and chromatography to extract and purify vitamin B12. The finished product is next formulated into meals that have been fortified and dietary supplements. Because vitamin B12 is so important to human health—in particular, to DNA synthesis, red blood cell generation, and brain function—efficient production of the vitamin is essential.
Primary Metabolite- Vitamin B12 Structure and Sources, General Biosynthesis of Vitamin B12, Fermentation production by Propionibacteria and Pseudomonas, Isolation of Vitamin B12, Fermentation using other substrates, Production of Vitamin B12 derivatives, Antagonists of Vitamin B12
The following presentation is only for quick reference. I would advise you to read the theoretical aspects of the respective topic and then use this presentation for your last minute revision. I hope it helps you..!!
Mayur D. Chauhan
this presentation is about vitamin b12 and ferous fumerate.
VITAMIN B12;
Water soluble vitamins.
Not synthesized by body
Essential vitamin
Discovered in 1948
Used for pernicious anemia
Absorbed well from distal part of ileum.
Biologically active organic compound.
Basic in nature
Complex molecule
Cobalt as part of structure
Crystalline red needle
SYNTHESIS;
Cyanocobalamin is commercially prepared by bacterial fermentation.
The bacteria involved is streptomyces griseus.
the vitamin is precipitated from aqueous solution saturated with sulphate and 1- butanol.
Purification is achieved by chromatography.
Recrystallization is also applied for purification.
FERROUS FUMERATE ( C4H2FeO4)
Ferrous fumarate contains not less than 93.0 per cent and not more than the equivalent of 101.0 per cent of iron(II) (E)-butenedioate , calculated with reference to the dried substance. (EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA)
Radish orange to radish brown color
Hardly soluble in water
Very slightly soluble in alcohol
M.P is 280 degree centigrade
Granular form
Stable even at 200 degree centigrade
Odorless powder
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered and malfunctioning
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Vitamins are organic compounds that perform specific biological functions for
normal maintenance and optimal growth of an organism. These vitamins
cannot be synthesized by the higher organisms, including man, and therefore
they have to be supplied in small amounts in the diet.
Microorganisms are capable of synthesizing the vitamins. In fact, the bacteria
in the gut of humans can produce some of the vitamins, which if appropriately
absorbed can partially meet the body’s requirements. It is an accepted fact that
after administration of strong antibiotics to humans (which kill bacteria in gut),
additional consumption of vitamins is recommended.
3. Microorganisms can be successfully used for the commercial
production of many of the vitamins e.g. thiamine, riboflavin,
pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B12,
ascorbic acid, β-carotene (provitamin A), ergosterol
(provitamin D). However, from economic point of view, it is
feasible to produce vitamin B12, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and
β-carotene by microorganisms.
5. The disease, pernicious anemia, characterized by low levels of
hemoglobin, decreased number of erythrocytes and
neurological manifestations, has been known for several
decades. It was in 1926 some workers reported the liver
extracts could cure pernicious anemia. The active principle was
later identified as vitamin B12, a water-soluble B-complex
vitamin.
6. OCCURENCE
Vitamin B12 is present in animal tissue at a very low concentration
(e.g. 1 ppm in the liver). It occurs mostly in the coenzyme forms-
methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Isolation of vitamin
B12 from animal tissues is very expensive and tedious.
7. CHEMISTRY
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin with complex
structure. The empirical formula of cyanocobalamin is C63H90N14O14PCO. The
structure of vitamin B12 consists of a corrin ring with a central cobalt atom. The
corrin ring is almost similar to the tetrapyrrole ring structure found in other
porphyrin compounds e.g. heme (with Fe) and chlorophyll (with Mg).
The corrin ring has four pyrrole units. Cobalt present at the centre of the corrin
ring is bonded to the four pyrrole nitrogens. Cobalt also binds to
dimethylbenzimidazole and aminoisopropanol. Thus, cobalt atom present in
vitamin B12 is in a combination state of six.
8. BIOSYNTHESIS
Vitamin B12 is exclusively synthesized in nature by
microorganisms. The biosynthesis of B12 is comparable with
that of chlorophyll and hemoglobin. Many of the reactions in
the synthesis of vitamin B12 are not yet fully understood.
11. Vitamin B12 is commercially produced by fermentation. It was first
obtained as a byproduct of Streptomyces fermentation in the
production of certain antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol,
or neomycin). But the yield was very low. And at present, vitamin
B12 is entirely produced by fermentation. It is established that the
world’s annual production of vitamin b is around 15,000 kg.
12. High concentrations of vitamin B12 are detected in sewage-sludge
solids. This is produced by microorganisms. Recovery of vitamin
B12 from sewage-sludge was carried out in some parts of United
States.
Unlike most other vitamins, the chemical synthesis of vitamin B12
is not practicable, since about 20 complicated reaction steps
needed to be carried out. Fermentation of vitamin B12 is the
only choice.
15. Several microorganisms can be employed for the production of
vitamin B12, with varying yields. Glucose is the most commonly
used carbon source. The most commonly used microorganisms
are – Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Pseudomonas
denitrificans, Bacillus megaterium and Streptomyces olivaceus.
16.
17. Genetically engineered strains for vitamin B12 production: By
employing modern techniques of genetic engineering, vitamin B12
production can be enhanced. A protoplast fusion technique between
Protaminobacter rubber and Rhodopseudomonas spheroids resulted
in a hybrid strain called Rhodopseudomonas protamicus. This new
strain can produce as high as 135 mg/l of vitamin B12 utilizing
carbon source.
19. Propionibacterium freudenreichii and P.shermanii, and their
mutant strains are commonly used for vitamin B12 production. The
process is carried out by adding cobalt in two phases.
Anerobic phase: This is a preliminary phase that may take 2-4
days. In the anaerobic phase 5’-deoxyadenosylcobinamide is
predominantly produced.
Aerobic phase: In this phase, 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole is
produced from riboflavin which gets incorporated to finally from
coenzyme of vitamin B12 namely 5’-deoxyadenosylcobalamin.
20.
21. In recent years, some fermentation technologists have
successfully clubbed both an anaerobic and aerobic phases to
carry out the operation continuously in two reaction tanks.
The bulk production of vitamin B12 is mostly done by
submerged bacterial fermentation with beet molasses medium
supplemented with cobalt chloride. The specific details of the
process are kept as a guarded secret by the companies.
22. Recovery of vitamin B12
The cobalamins produced by fermentation are mostly bound to the
cells. They can be solubilized by heat treatment at 80-120 C for
about 30 minutes at pH 6.5-8.5. The solids and mycelium are
filtered or centrifuged and the fermentation broth collected. The
cobalamins can be converted to more stable cyanocobalamins. The
vitamin B12 is around 80% purity and can be directly used as a feed
additive. However, for medical use (particularly for treatment of
pernicious anemia), vitamin B12 should be further purified (95-98%
purity).
24. Pseudomonas denitrificans is also used for large scale production of
vitamin B12 in a cost-effective manner. Starting with a low yield (0.6
mg/l) two decades ago, several improvements have been made in the
strains of P.denitrificans for a tremendous improvement in the yield
(60 mg/l).
Addition of cobalt and 5,6-dimethyl benzimidazole to the medium is
essential. The yield of vitamin B12 increases when the medium is
supplemented with betaine (usual source being sugar beet molasses).
26. Glucose is the most commonly used carbon source for large
scale manufacture of vitamin B12. Other carbon sources like
alcohols (methanol, ethanol, isoproponal) and hydrocarbons
(alkanes, decane, hexadecane) with varying yields can also be
used.
A yield of 42 mg/l of vitamin B12 was reported using methanol
as the carbon source by the microorganism Methanosarcina
barkeri, in fed-batch culture system.
