vitamin B-12 all biochemistry, diagnosis treatment

1. Presentation on Vitamin B12
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2. Chemical structure
Cobalamin/Formul
a
C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P

3. Functions in the body
a. Vitamin B-12 is crucial to the normal function of the brain and
the nervous system
b. involved in the formation of red blood cells and helps to create
and regulate DNA.
c. metabolism of every cell in the body depends on vitamin B-12
d. it plays a part in the synthesis of fatty acids and energy
production
e. Vitamin B-12 enables the release of energy by helping the
human body absorb folic acid

4. Food sources (animal, vegetable,
bacteria, fortified foods)
Vitamin B-12 can be found naturally in animal products, such as fish,
meat, eggs, and dairy products. It does not typically occur in plant foods
Good dietary sources of vitamin B-12 include:
pork,ham,poultry,lamb,,fish, especially haddock and tuna
dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt
some nutritional yeast products eggs
Some types of soya milk and breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin
B-12.

5. What happens to the vitamin during cooking and
storage
● vitamin B12 is partially degraded and loses its
biological activity during cooking and storage of
foods.
● the body's stores of this vitamin usually take about 3
to 5 years to exhaust.
● Water soluble vitamins are more prone to loss than
fat soluble so B12 is more prone

6. Vitamin digestion
● Digestion and absorption of vitamin B12 start from the stomach and
ended in the last part of the small intestine i.e., ileum.
● B12 is picked up by R-protein (aka cobalophilin, haptocorrin, and
transcobalamin 1) and transferred to the small intestine
● intrinsic factor secreted by stomach also travels to the small
intestine
● Unbound vitamin B12 supplements is not bounded to protein So
there is no need for the secretion of the enzyme so by passive
diffusion in the digestive tract

7. The manifestations of vitamin deficiency
● Hematological manifestations :- Symptoms of anemia
may include weakness, light-headedness, vertigo, and
tinnitus
● Neurological changes :- Numbness and tingling
sensation in hands and feet’s (paresthesia) Difficulty in
maintaining balance (ataxia)
● Other symptoms include,Constipation,Loss of
appetite,Weight loss

8. The possibility of toxic effects (hypervitaminosis)
● No Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been established for
B12, due to its low level of toxicity
● megadoses of the vitamin can lead to outbreaks of acne and
rosacea, a skin condition that causes redness and pus-filled
bumps on the face
● people with diabetic nephropathy (loss of kidney function due to
diabetes) experienced a more rapid decline in kidney function
when supplemented with high-dose B vitamins, including 1 mg
per day of B12.

9. Daily requirements
In the U.S., the National Institutes of Health
(NIH) recommend that teens and adults over
the age of 14 years should consume 2.4
micrograms (mcg) of vitamin B-12 a day.
Pregnant women should be sure to consume
2.6 mcg, and lactating women 2.8 mcg.