This document summarizes the recent progress of using ammonium chloride as a catalyst in organic synthesis. It discusses various reactions where ammonium chloride has been used as a catalyst, including Claisen rearrangement, Ullmann coupling, thia-Michael addition, multi-component reactions to synthesize compounds such as dihydropyrimidinones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones, and dipeptides. Ammonium chloride allows these reactions to proceed under mild conditions in a selective and environmentally friendly manner. It is an inexpensive, commercially available catalyst that can catalyze reactions under neutral conditions.
Homogeneous catalysis involves reactants and catalysts existing in the same phase or state. Three examples of homogeneous catalysis are provided:
1) Hydroformylation reactions add carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alkenes to form aldehydes.
2) The Monsanto process synthesizes acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide using a rhodium catalyst.
3) Wilkinson's catalyst, a rhodium complex, facilitates the hydrogenation of alkenes to form alkanes.
Project_Ionic_Liquid_Master 1 of Chemistry and BiologyJing YI
This document summarizes the synthesis of new imidazolium salts intended for use as vectors for siRNA transfection. It describes the step-by-step synthesis of intermediates including 1-alkyl-3-[3,4-bis(dodecyloxy)benzyl]-4H-imidazolium chloride and its deprotected form. It also discusses the inhibition of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation by an imidazole-based thione synthesized from one of the intermediates. The synthesis routes achieved good yields for the intermediates and products, which were characterized by various analytical techniques. The document concludes by discussing the different potential applications of the synthesized compounds.
The document summarizes various reagents used in organic synthesis, including their properties and reactions. It discusses sodium amide/ammonia for Birch reduction and benzyne formation. It also covers 1,3-propanedithiol for umpolung reactions to form cyclic ketones. Various oxidizing agents are described for baeyer-villiger oxidation and epoxidation reactions, including peracids, osmium tetroxide, and potassium permanganate. The effects of solvent and migratory aptitude in these reactions are also highlighted. Further reagents discussed include diisobutylaluminum hydride, Simmons-Smith reagent for cyclopropanation, and organoboranes.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry topics including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and macromolecules. It defines key terms such as homologous series and discusses the physical properties and reactions of these organic compounds. For example, it explains that alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2 and that their melting and boiling points increase with chain length. It also summarizes how alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation to form carboxylic acids, and esterification reactions.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
Homogeneous catalysis involves reactants and catalysts existing in the same phase or state. Three examples of homogeneous catalysis are provided:
1) Hydroformylation reactions add carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alkenes to form aldehydes.
2) The Monsanto process synthesizes acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide using a rhodium catalyst.
3) Wilkinson's catalyst, a rhodium complex, facilitates the hydrogenation of alkenes to form alkanes.
Project_Ionic_Liquid_Master 1 of Chemistry and BiologyJing YI
This document summarizes the synthesis of new imidazolium salts intended for use as vectors for siRNA transfection. It describes the step-by-step synthesis of intermediates including 1-alkyl-3-[3,4-bis(dodecyloxy)benzyl]-4H-imidazolium chloride and its deprotected form. It also discusses the inhibition of lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation by an imidazole-based thione synthesized from one of the intermediates. The synthesis routes achieved good yields for the intermediates and products, which were characterized by various analytical techniques. The document concludes by discussing the different potential applications of the synthesized compounds.
The document summarizes various reagents used in organic synthesis, including their properties and reactions. It discusses sodium amide/ammonia for Birch reduction and benzyne formation. It also covers 1,3-propanedithiol for umpolung reactions to form cyclic ketones. Various oxidizing agents are described for baeyer-villiger oxidation and epoxidation reactions, including peracids, osmium tetroxide, and potassium permanganate. The effects of solvent and migratory aptitude in these reactions are also highlighted. Further reagents discussed include diisobutylaluminum hydride, Simmons-Smith reagent for cyclopropanation, and organoboranes.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry topics including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and macromolecules. It defines key terms such as homologous series and discusses the physical properties and reactions of these organic compounds. For example, it explains that alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2 and that their melting and boiling points increase with chain length. It also summarizes how alcohols can undergo combustion, oxidation to form carboxylic acids, and esterification reactions.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
1. Alkyl halides are formed by the replacement of hydrogen in hydrocarbons by halogen atoms. They undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
2. Alcohols like ethyl alcohol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, and cetostearyl alcohol have various industrial and medical uses such as solvents, preservatives, and emulsifiers.
3. Tests like Lucas test can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on the time taken to form an oily layer. Compounds like chlorobutanol are used as preservatives and antimicrobial agents.
The document summarizes research on sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) for hydrogen production. The key points are:
1) Preliminary investigations identified reaction pathways and kinetics for SRE on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. Thermodynamic modeling determined optimal steam-to-ethanol ratios to maximize hydrogen yield while minimizing carbon deposition.
2) Initial experiments on SE-SRE used Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and hydrotalcite sorbent, achieving high purity hydrogen. Further work developed Cu-based catalysts to prevent carbon deposition and hybrid catalyst-sorbent materials.
3) K-promoted hydrotalcite was synthesized and showed higher CO2 sorption
This document provides an overview of various chromium and other reagents used in organic synthesis reactions. It discusses chromium reagents like H2CrO4 that are used for oxidizing alcohols to aldehydes. Other oxidation reagents mentioned include pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, Dess-Martin periodinane, and tetrapropyl ammonium perruthenate. Reduction methods covered involve lithium aluminium hydride, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation using catalysts like Wilkinson's catalyst and Lindlar's catalyst. Epoxidation reactions mentioned include using peracids, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, sodium perborate, and osmium
This document summarizes a palladium-catalyzed method for fluorinating arylboronic acid derivatives. Key points:
- A Pd(II) complex is used as a precatalyst to catalyze the fluorination of various aryl trifluoroborates and other arylboron reagents.
- The reaction proceeds through a single-electron transfer pathway involving an isolated and characterized Pd(III) intermediate.
- A wide variety of functional groups are tolerated and the aryl fluoride products are obtained in good yields and purity.
- The reaction is operationally simple and scalable to the multigram level, providing a practical method for synthesizing aryl fluorides.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Applic...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes and their application on wool fabrics. Specifically, it details the synthesis of substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes from 2-amino-5-bromo benzoic acid that have high yields of 85%. It then discusses dyeing wool fabrics with these complexes and evaluating properties like exhaustion from the dye-bath, fixation of dye on the fabric, color yield, and light and washing fastness. The dye complexes showed excellent color yield and fastness properties. Antibacterial testing also showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
This document describes research into direct aldol reactions mediated by dimethylzinc. Three aromatic aldol products were synthesized and their NMR data reported. Racemic aldol products were produced using either dialkylzinc/dialcohol or magnesium bromide/DIPEA. Successful asymmetric and autocatalytic aldol reactions were also achieved using chiral catalysts. The products of some aldol reactions were found to facilitate their own formation and the reaction between other substrates, demonstrating autocatalytic properties. Further study of this autocatalytic process is warranted.
This document discusses several synthetic reagents and their applications. It introduces aluminum isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinamide, diazomethane, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, Wilkinson reagent, and Wittig reagent. For each reagent, it provides information on preparation, reaction mechanisms, and common uses. The document aims to describe important reagents used in organic synthesis and their roles in producing natural products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
This document provides information about several synthetic reagents and their applications:
- Aluminum isopropoxide is used in reductions and oxidations. Diazomethane methylates carboxylic acids and forms cyclopropanes from alkenes. Osmium tetroxide dihydroxylates alkenes and stains polymers. Triphenylphosphine is used in Mitsunobu, Appel, and Staudinger reactions. N-Bromosuccinimide brominates alkenes, allylic/benzylic positions, and carbonyls. Diazopropane and diethyl azodicarboxylate form cyclopropanes and assist Mitsunobu reactions.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
This document summarizes a study on the photo polymerization of butyl acrylate sensitized by fluoroscein sodium in an aqueous solution using β-cyclodextrin as a host molecule. The polymerization was carried out in a citrate-phosphate buffer and ascorbic acid medium with UV light irradiation. The effect of various parameters like monomer concentration, dye concentration, temperature, and time on the polymerization rate and conversion were examined. The polymerization rate and conversion were higher when butyl acrylate was complexed with β-cyclodextrin compared to the uncomplexed monomer. A mechanism involving dye excitation, radical formation through hydrogen abstraction, initiation, propagation and termination steps was proposed based on the
This document provides information about amination by reduction. It discusses various reduction methods used to synthesize amines including metal and acid reduction, metal hydrides, sulfides, and electrolysis. Metal and acid reduction, specifically the Bechamp method using iron and hydrochloric acid, is described in detail. An example process for the production of aniline via the reduction of nitrobenzene is outlined, including reaction details and equipment used. Amines produced by these reductive methods are important intermediates for chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry principles and green synthetic methods. It discusses the basic principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, safer solvents and reagents, use of renewable materials, and catalysts. Specific green reagents and catalysts are described such as dimethyl carbonate, polymer supported reagents, ionic liquids, and biocatalysts. Green synthetic techniques including microwave assisted synthesis, ultrasound assisted reactions, and solid state reactions are also summarized.
The document outlines various chemical tests that can be used to identify alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones based on their observable reactions. It describes tests such as the Lucas test, reactions with potassium dichromate, bromine water tests, and FeCl3 tests to identify alcohols and phenols. It also covers tests like the 2,4-DNPH test, Tollen's test, Fehling's test, and iodoform test that can be used to detect and distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Performance of Web Services on Smart Phone PlatformsIOSR Journals
This document discusses and compares the performance of Web Services on smart phone platforms using SOAP and REST. It begins with an introduction to Web Services and the problems with using SOAP on mobile devices due to its limitations in processing power, bandwidth usage, and flexibility. It then proposes using RESTful Web Services as an alternative as they avoid XML parsing and are based on the lightweight HTTP protocol. The document analyzes the performance of SOAP versus REST Web Services on a mobile device to determine which is more efficient for smart phones.
Efficient Fpe Algorithm For Encrypting Credit Card NumbersIOSR Journals
This document proposes an efficient format-preserving encryption (FPE) algorithm for encrypting credit card numbers. The algorithm uses AES-128 encryption and adds two additional steps to retain the plaintext format of 16 decimal digits. Specifically, it divides the 128-bit ciphertext into blocks, performs an XOR operation between blocks, and then converts the resulting hexadecimal values to decimal digits. This allows encryption without changing the database structure or queries. The proposed algorithm is faster and requires no additional storage compared to existing FPE techniques like prefix encryption, cycle walking, or Feistel networks. It provides an efficient way to encrypt sensitive numeric fields like credit cards while preserving functionality.
1. Alkyl halides are formed by the replacement of hydrogen in hydrocarbons by halogen atoms. They undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
2. Alcohols like ethyl alcohol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, and cetostearyl alcohol have various industrial and medical uses such as solvents, preservatives, and emulsifiers.
3. Tests like Lucas test can be used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on the time taken to form an oily layer. Compounds like chlorobutanol are used as preservatives and antimicrobial agents.
The document summarizes research on sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) for hydrogen production. The key points are:
1) Preliminary investigations identified reaction pathways and kinetics for SRE on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. Thermodynamic modeling determined optimal steam-to-ethanol ratios to maximize hydrogen yield while minimizing carbon deposition.
2) Initial experiments on SE-SRE used Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and hydrotalcite sorbent, achieving high purity hydrogen. Further work developed Cu-based catalysts to prevent carbon deposition and hybrid catalyst-sorbent materials.
3) K-promoted hydrotalcite was synthesized and showed higher CO2 sorption
This document provides an overview of various chromium and other reagents used in organic synthesis reactions. It discusses chromium reagents like H2CrO4 that are used for oxidizing alcohols to aldehydes. Other oxidation reagents mentioned include pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, Dess-Martin periodinane, and tetrapropyl ammonium perruthenate. Reduction methods covered involve lithium aluminium hydride, sodium borohydride, hydrogenation using catalysts like Wilkinson's catalyst and Lindlar's catalyst. Epoxidation reactions mentioned include using peracids, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, sodium perborate, and osmium
This document summarizes a palladium-catalyzed method for fluorinating arylboronic acid derivatives. Key points:
- A Pd(II) complex is used as a precatalyst to catalyze the fluorination of various aryl trifluoroborates and other arylboron reagents.
- The reaction proceeds through a single-electron transfer pathway involving an isolated and characterized Pd(III) intermediate.
- A wide variety of functional groups are tolerated and the aryl fluoride products are obtained in good yields and purity.
- The reaction is operationally simple and scalable to the multigram level, providing a practical method for synthesizing aryl fluorides.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Applic...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes and their application on wool fabrics. Specifically, it details the synthesis of substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes from 2-amino-5-bromo benzoic acid that have high yields of 85%. It then discusses dyeing wool fabrics with these complexes and evaluating properties like exhaustion from the dye-bath, fixation of dye on the fabric, color yield, and light and washing fastness. The dye complexes showed excellent color yield and fastness properties. Antibacterial testing also showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
This document describes research into direct aldol reactions mediated by dimethylzinc. Three aromatic aldol products were synthesized and their NMR data reported. Racemic aldol products were produced using either dialkylzinc/dialcohol or magnesium bromide/DIPEA. Successful asymmetric and autocatalytic aldol reactions were also achieved using chiral catalysts. The products of some aldol reactions were found to facilitate their own formation and the reaction between other substrates, demonstrating autocatalytic properties. Further study of this autocatalytic process is warranted.
This document discusses several synthetic reagents and their applications. It introduces aluminum isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinamide, diazomethane, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, Wilkinson reagent, and Wittig reagent. For each reagent, it provides information on preparation, reaction mechanisms, and common uses. The document aims to describe important reagents used in organic synthesis and their roles in producing natural products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
This document provides information about several synthetic reagents and their applications:
- Aluminum isopropoxide is used in reductions and oxidations. Diazomethane methylates carboxylic acids and forms cyclopropanes from alkenes. Osmium tetroxide dihydroxylates alkenes and stains polymers. Triphenylphosphine is used in Mitsunobu, Appel, and Staudinger reactions. N-Bromosuccinimide brominates alkenes, allylic/benzylic positions, and carbonyls. Diazopropane and diethyl azodicarboxylate form cyclopropanes and assist Mitsunobu reactions.
synthesis of hetero-cyclic drugs which act as anti-malarial drugs where you get all information about synthesis, preparation, properties, uses of drugs.
This document summarizes a study on the photo polymerization of butyl acrylate sensitized by fluoroscein sodium in an aqueous solution using β-cyclodextrin as a host molecule. The polymerization was carried out in a citrate-phosphate buffer and ascorbic acid medium with UV light irradiation. The effect of various parameters like monomer concentration, dye concentration, temperature, and time on the polymerization rate and conversion were examined. The polymerization rate and conversion were higher when butyl acrylate was complexed with β-cyclodextrin compared to the uncomplexed monomer. A mechanism involving dye excitation, radical formation through hydrogen abstraction, initiation, propagation and termination steps was proposed based on the
This document provides information about amination by reduction. It discusses various reduction methods used to synthesize amines including metal and acid reduction, metal hydrides, sulfides, and electrolysis. Metal and acid reduction, specifically the Bechamp method using iron and hydrochloric acid, is described in detail. An example process for the production of aniline via the reduction of nitrobenzene is outlined, including reaction details and equipment used. Amines produced by these reductive methods are important intermediates for chemicals, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products.
This document provides an overview of green chemistry principles and green synthetic methods. It discusses the basic principles of green chemistry including prevention of waste, safer solvents and reagents, use of renewable materials, and catalysts. Specific green reagents and catalysts are described such as dimethyl carbonate, polymer supported reagents, ionic liquids, and biocatalysts. Green synthetic techniques including microwave assisted synthesis, ultrasound assisted reactions, and solid state reactions are also summarized.
The document outlines various chemical tests that can be used to identify alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones based on their observable reactions. It describes tests such as the Lucas test, reactions with potassium dichromate, bromine water tests, and FeCl3 tests to identify alcohols and phenols. It also covers tests like the 2,4-DNPH test, Tollen's test, Fehling's test, and iodoform test that can be used to detect and distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Performance of Web Services on Smart Phone PlatformsIOSR Journals
This document discusses and compares the performance of Web Services on smart phone platforms using SOAP and REST. It begins with an introduction to Web Services and the problems with using SOAP on mobile devices due to its limitations in processing power, bandwidth usage, and flexibility. It then proposes using RESTful Web Services as an alternative as they avoid XML parsing and are based on the lightweight HTTP protocol. The document analyzes the performance of SOAP versus REST Web Services on a mobile device to determine which is more efficient for smart phones.
Efficient Fpe Algorithm For Encrypting Credit Card NumbersIOSR Journals
This document proposes an efficient format-preserving encryption (FPE) algorithm for encrypting credit card numbers. The algorithm uses AES-128 encryption and adds two additional steps to retain the plaintext format of 16 decimal digits. Specifically, it divides the 128-bit ciphertext into blocks, performs an XOR operation between blocks, and then converts the resulting hexadecimal values to decimal digits. This allows encryption without changing the database structure or queries. The proposed algorithm is faster and requires no additional storage compared to existing FPE techniques like prefix encryption, cycle walking, or Feistel networks. It provides an efficient way to encrypt sensitive numeric fields like credit cards while preserving functionality.
Low Leakage Low Ground Bounce Noise Power Gating Techniques for FPGAsIOSR Journals
This document analyzes and compares different power gating techniques to reduce leakage current and ground bounce noise in FPGAs. It discusses stacking power gating, diode-based stacking power gating, and diode-based staggered phase damping techniques applied to a benchmark 74182 carry look ahead adder circuit implemented as a lookup table (LUT) in FPGAs. Simulation results show that the diode-based staggered phase damping technique provides up to 99% reduction in ground bounce noise and 75% reduction in leakage current. Performance analysis of the LUT implemented on different FPGAs also shows the diode-based staggered phase damping technique to be most effective at reducing leakage current and ground bounce noise.
Effectual Routine for Trilateral Authentication in Ad-hoc Networks using Mult...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a protocol for trilateral authentication in ad-hoc networks using multicast conventions. It introduces a central authority that manages key authentication and certification to increase security and reliability. Nodes are grouped into clusters, each with a cluster head. For similar clusters, authentication uses time asymmetry based on TESLA. For cross-cluster traffic, it uses secret information asymmetry where the source sends packets to cluster heads, which relay to members. Evaluation shows the central authority uses less memory than previous methods and the protocol has higher efficiency.
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols for MAC Layer ModelsIOSR Journals
This document evaluates the performance of several routing protocols (Bellman-Ford, AODV, DSR, LAR1, WRP, FSR, ZRP) for different MAC layer models (802.11, CSMA, TSMA) using the GloMoSim simulator. Key metrics analyzed are packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput. The results show that for 802.11, AODV and LAR1 have the highest packet delivery ratios and throughput, while WRP and FSR have the lowest delays. For CSMA and TSMA, ZRP demonstrates the best overall performance due to its ability to use both proactive and reactive routing.
Detecting the High Level Similarities in Software Implementation Process Usin...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses detecting higher-level structural clones in software, beyond just simple code clones. Structural clones show larger patterns of similarity than simple clones alone.
2) It proposes a technique called Clone Miner to detect structural clones using data mining. Clone Miner formulates the structural clone concept and applies data mining to detect these similarities.
3) Detecting structural clones can help with tasks like software maintenance, reengineering for reuse, and understanding the overall design of a system.
Public Verifiability in Cloud Computing Using Signcryption Based on Elliptic ...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a scheme for public verifiability in cloud computing using signcryption based on elliptic curves. The scheme aims to ensure the correctness of user's data stored on the cloud without demanding the user's time, feasibility, or resources. It utilizes erasure-correcting codes, homomorphic tokens, and distributed verification to guarantee data dependability and allow detection and localization of data errors on misbehaving servers. Signcryption and unsigncryption based on elliptic curves are used to enforce public verifiability, improving on a previous cloud storage model.
Experimental Studies on Bioregeneration of Activated Carbon Contaminated With...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes an experimental study on bioregenerating activated carbon contaminated with hydrocarbons. The researchers characterized virgin and regenerated activated carbon and found the regeneration process maintained the carbon's key properties. They conducted experiments regenerating contaminated carbon using different volumes of Pseudomonas Putida bacteria and temperatures. Increasing bacteria volume and temperature both increased regeneration rates by reducing total hydrocarbon content more quickly. The optimal conditions were 30-40ml of bacteria at 35-40°C, providing effective regeneration while remaining economical.
Lsb Based Digital Image Watermarking For Gray Scale ImageIOSR Journals
The document describes a technique for watermarking grayscale images using the least significant bit (LSB) method. It begins with an abstract that introduces digital watermarking and LSB watermarking. It then provides more details on the LSB algorithm and how it embeds a watermark by replacing the LSB of selected image pixels. The paper tests the technique on various images, embedding the watermark in different bit positions. It calculates the mean squared error and peak signal-to-noise ratio for the watermarked images. Finally, it applies different noise attacks to the watermarked images and measures the effect on quality.
This document summarizes research on the dimerization of pumpkin seed oil using sulfur as a catalyst. Key findings include:
- Pumpkin seed oil's properties make it a potential source for oleochemicals. Dimerization yields increased with temperature up to 340°C, with a maximum dimer yield of 42.53% obtained at that temperature and 35 minutes.
- Molecular weight and acid values of dimerized samples increased with reaction time and temperature, indicating more polymerization. Optimum conditions were 340°C for 35 minutes.
- Preparative thin layer chromatography also found the highest dimer yield (42.53%) at 340°C and 35 minutes, suggesting this is the optimum temperature for pumpkin seed oil
The Delivery of Web Mining in Healthcare System on Cloud ComputingIOSR Journals
This document discusses delivering web mining services in healthcare systems using cloud computing. It proposes a model where a cloud-based web server would provide various healthcare-related data and services that could be accessed anywhere, anytime through internet-connected devices. Key benefits identified include unlimited storage, lower costs, automatic software integration, backup/recovery, and increased scalability and speed compared to traditional systems. The proposed approach involves extracting data from websites, cleaning and integrating it into a database, then allowing users to access the information remotely through the cloud server. This could help with tasks like comparing product prices from different suppliers to purchase items more cost effectively.
Survey of Real Time Scheduling AlgorithmsIOSR Journals
This document summarizes and reviews real-time scheduling algorithms. It discusses both static and dynamic scheduling algorithms for real-time tasks on uniprocessors and multiprocessors. The document reviews algorithms such as Earliest Deadline First, Least Laxity First, and Modified Instantaneous Utilization Factor Scheduling. It concludes that Modified Instantaneous Utilization Factor Scheduling provides better results than previous algorithms in terms of context switching, response time, and CPU utilization for uniprocessor scheduling.
Latest Developments in WirelessNetworking and Wireless SecurityIOSR Journals
This document discusses recent developments in wireless networking and wireless security. It describes enhancements to wireless standards including 802.11ac which provides speeds up to 1 Gbps, 802.11n which provides speeds up to 600 Mbps, and research achieving speeds of 40 Gbps over 1 km. It also discusses DARPA's efforts to develop more resilient military wireless networks and Google's plans to expand wireless networks in developing areas. The document outlines various methods for securing wireless networks including using WPA2 encryption, changing default passwords, hiding the SSID, limiting DHCP assignments, and disabling remote administration.
Design of a micro device to electrically separate and count wbc from whole bloodIOSR Journals
This document describes a micro device designed to electrically separate and count white blood cells (WBCs) from whole blood. The device consists of four main parts: 1) A micro mixer that dilutes the whole blood sample with a diluent. 2) A size-dependent electrical cell separator that uses dielectrophoresis to separate WBCs from other blood cells based on their size. 3) A micro nozzle that increases the flow velocity of cells. 4) A cell counting unit that uses a Coulter counter approach to count the number of separated WBCs by detecting changes in impedance as cells pass between electrodes. The design of each unit was simulated using software to verify it could perform its intended function. The overall
An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wi...IOSR Journals
This document discusses an optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross-layer design for wireless mesh networks. It proposes monitoring link quality at the MAC layer and notifying the network layer of changes, allowing routes to be automatically updated without a refresh phase. This provides seamless connectivity under varying load and mobility. Traditional routing protocols either have fast but vulnerable proactive routes or add overhead with reactive routes. The proposed cross-layer design monitors links continuously and performs vertical handovers to better links to avoid these issues.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an improved harmony search algorithm for automatic clustering. The improved harmony search algorithm uses variable parameters like pitch adjustment rate and bandwidth to evolve candidate cluster centers and determine the appropriate number of clusters. The algorithm aims to minimize within-cluster variance and maximize between-cluster variance. It was tested on several datasets and found to be able to accurately determine the number of clusters and locations of cluster centers.
A Fast Recognition Method for Pose and Illumination Variant Faces on Video Se...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new face recognition method for video sequences with variations in pose and illumination. The proposed method uses an active appearance model without nonlinear programming to extract features, and a lazy classifier for recognition, in order to reduce computational complexity compared to previous methods. Experimental results show the proposed method achieves better recognition performance and lower computational cost than conventional techniques. The document provides background on video face recognition challenges and reviews related work on pose-invariant and illumination-robust recognition methods.
Impulsion of Mining Paradigm with Density Based Clustering of Multi Dimension...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes and compares three clustering algorithms: DBSCAN, k-means, and SOM (Self-Organizing Maps). It first provides background on spatial data mining and clustering techniques. It then describes the DBSCAN, k-means, and SOM algorithms in detail, explaining their key steps and properties. The document evaluates the performance of these three algorithms on two-dimensional spatial datasets, analyzing the density-based clustering characteristics of each. It finds that DBSCAN can identify clusters of varying shapes and sizes with noise, while k-means partitions data into a predefined number of clusters and SOM uses neural networks to cluster unlabeled data.
Automatic Learning Image Objects via Incremental ModelIOSR Journals
This document presents a novel approach for automatically collecting and learning object category datasets and models in an incremental manner by leveraging web image resources. The proposed framework uses object recognition techniques to iteratively accumulate model knowledge and image examples, mimicking human learning. An incremental learning algorithm is used to automatically collect larger object category datasets than existing datasets like Caltech 101. As new images are classified and added in each iteration, the object model becomes more robust, leading to an even larger and more accurate collected dataset. Experiments show the approach is effective at collecting superior image datasets compared to existing resources.
A Novel Method to Improve the Control Performance of Multilevel Inverter by M...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel method to improve the control performance of a multilevel inverter by using multisampling. It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and their advantages over single-level inverters. It then describes a simulation model that compares a 5-level inverter in the existing system to a proposed 7-level inverter using multisampling. The results show that the 7-level inverter with multisampling reduces the total harmonic distortion from 1.55% to 1.02%, demonstrating improved inverter performance and reduced harmonics.
The document discusses coumarins, which are naturally occurring compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. Coumarins are found in many plant species and have a wide range of biological activities. Some examples mentioned include uses as anticoagulants, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatories, and more. Common coumarin derivatives discussed include warfarin and various synthetic routes for producing coumarins are also summarized such as the Perkin reaction and Pechmann condensation.
Organocatalysis uses small organic molecules rather than metals to catalyze chemical reactions. Thiourea organocatalysis specifically uses thiourea derivatives to accelerate reactions through hydrogen bonding interactions. Primary amine thiourea catalysts have many advantages including being inexpensive, non-toxic, stable, and able to catalyze reactions with high enantioselectivity. The document provides procedures for synthesizing a primary amine thiourea catalyst through Boc protection of an amino acid, formation of an amide bond with benzyl amine, Boc deprotection, and conversion to an isothiocyanate derivative.
This chapter examines the use of metal ion-exchanged zeolites as solid acid catalysts for the Prins reaction to synthesize nopol. Various zeolites were prepared by ion exchanging them with metals like Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Sr2+. The ion-exchanged zeolites were then tested as catalysts for the Prins condensation reaction of β-pinene and paraformaldehyde to produce nopol. This is the first study examining zeolites and their ion-exchanged forms as catalysts for the Prins reaction. The goal is to understand the effect of different metal ion exchanges on the activity and selectivity of zeolite catalysts for this reaction
Synthetic Reagent and Its Applications (M. Pharm)MohdShafeeque4
The document summarizes various synthetic reagents and their applications. It describes 12 reagents including aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and BOP reagent. For each reagent, it provides information on chemical formula, structure, preparation method, and typical applications. The document serves as a useful reference for organic chemistry students and researchers.
A green synthesis of isatoic anhydrides from isatins with urea–hydrogen perox...fer18400
The document describes a green synthesis method for producing isatoic anhydrides from isatins using urea-hydrogen peroxide complex and ultrasound irradiation. Four reaction procedures were tested using urea-hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The procedures used either acetic anhydride/acetic acid or formic acid as solvents. Ultrasound irradiation was found to dramatically reduce reaction times from 2-24 hours down to 20-135 minutes. The method provides isatoic anhydrides in good yields and with high purity under mild conditions. Combining formic acid and ultrasound yielded the best results for most isatins tested.
Green Chemistry Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions: Synthesis, ch...Karam Idrees
The poster that I presented at the 253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting and Exposition in San Francisco,
CA. It highlights some of my research at Millersville University under the mentorship of Dr. Edward Rajaseelan.
This document describes a three-component reaction to synthesize novel 2-(3-chromonyl)-2-acyloxycarboxamide derivatives. 3-Formylchromone, an alkyl isocyanide, and a carboxylic acid react in dichloromethane at room temperature to form these products in good yields. A variety of carboxylic acids and isocyanides were tested in the reaction, producing diverse derivatives. The reaction proceeds via initial formation of an adduct between the chromone and acid, followed by addition of the isocyanide and intramolecular rearrangement to form the final product.
This document summarizes information about acetonitrile (CH3CN). It provides acetonitrile's molecular formula, synonyms, physical properties such as boiling point and density, solubility, reactivity, uses as a solvent and in manufacturing processes, production methods, safety considerations, and worldwide production and trade data. The document contains detailed process flow diagrams and calculations for producing acetonitrile via ammoxidation of propylene in a two-reactor system with quenching and separation steps.
Synthesis, Characterization and Study of Antioxidant Activities of Some New P...IJRES Journal
A series of substituted pyrazoline derivatives 5(a-c) have been synthesized by the reaction of substituted chalcones 4(a-c) with isatinhydrazide. The starting materials, chalcones were prepared by clasien schimidt condensation of appropriate 1-hydroxy-2-acetonaphthone with substituted aldehydes in the presence of sodium hydroxide and in poly ethylene glycol (PEG-400). The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1HNMR & Mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for Antioxidant Activity by DPPH method.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses the history and development of asymmetric hydrogenation. It begins by explaining that asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral compounds is an efficient method for preparing optically active compounds using chiral transition metal complexes and dihydrogen. Homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation was first reported independently in 1968 and provided early proof that catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation could occur, although yields were low. A major development was the DIPAMP ligand reported in 1975, which provided high enantioselectivity up to 96% and was used industrially to produce L-DOPA. Another landmark was the BINAP ligand developed in 1980, which significantly advanced asymmetric hydrogenation and other transition metal catalyzed reactions by improving applicability and catalytic activity.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
- Phenol was selectively nitrated to ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid over gamma-alumina catalyst in liquid phase at room temperature.
- Gamma-alumina was prepared using a controlled precipitation method and characterized using various techniques which showed it had suitable properties for nitration.
- Parameters like concentration of reactants, weight of catalyst, solvent, temperature and time were varied to determine their effect on the reaction. Kinetics of the reaction were also studied.
Operational Management of Chromium Recycling From Tannery WastewaterINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Operational management is an important step in production process of a chemical reaction for getting good quality of yield with economical way as taken in recycling of chromium from tannery waste. It is most widely used the Chromium (III) salts as a chemicalin the process of tanning. Only 60%-70% of chromium salt is used to reacts with theskins and hides but 30%-40% of remaining chromium chemicals are wasted in form of the solid and liquid (as a tanning solutions). Consequently, the recoveryand recycling of the chromium metal content of existed wastewaters is essential for economic reasons and environmental protection. Recycling and recovery of chromium metal is supported by using chemical precipitation methods. For achieving this special aim, calcium hydroxide plus alum and magnesium oxide are used as two precipitating agents. This is a confirmatory Study on the effects of stirring time, pH, sludge and settling rate volume in batch experiments. These Results are showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery was done at 8.5, good sludge with high settling rate and lower volume during recovery process was achieved. Based on these findings an economical recovery plant was designed. The recovery achieved about 99(%) at pH 8 with stirring at 90 rmp.
A STUDY ON FORMATION OF SALYCILIC ACID FORMALDEHYDE POLYMER SAMPLEEDITOR IJCRCPS
Condensation of salicylic acid (0.02 mole) with formaldehyde (0.016 mole) in presence of aqueous 40% H2SO4.
Keywords: pipette,thermometer,spectro-photometer,conicalflakk,waterbath.
This document describes the preparation of a CuO@Al2O3 hybrid catalyst for photocatalytic activity. It aims to synthesize Al2O3 as a support material, prepare CuO hybrids with Al2O3 at different weight percentages using impregnation, and test the photocatalytic activity of the hybrids on different dyes. The methodology involves synthesizing Al2O3 via precipitation, adding CuO at ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4, and testing dye degradation under UV light. Results found the 7:3 ratio degraded bromo cresol green the most effectively.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
This document summarizes the one-pot synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles using 3-picolinic acid as an organocatalyst. A variety of substituted imidazoles were obtained in good yields under mild conditions. The method provides advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, and an easy experimental procedure. The author concludes that this simple method could serve as an effective approach for synthesizing highly substituted imidazole systems.
This document describes the synthesis of a new heterocyclic indigo dye called 2-(1, 3- dihydro- 3 - oxo- 2H - pyridylpyrr- 2- ylidene)-1, 2-dihydro- 3H- pyridylpyrrol- 3-one. It was synthesized in two steps: first, an aromatic glycine intermediate was synthesized from 2-aminopyridine, monochloroacetic acid, and sodium hydroxide. Second, this glycine intermediate was fused with sodamide, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide, then oxidized using acidified ferric chloride to yield the final dye compound. Spectral analysis
The document summarizes the production and characterization of glucose and ethanol from sugarcane bagasse. It discusses:
1) Pretreatment methods for bagasse including physico-chemical, chemical, biological and hydrolysis to separate lignin and increase accessibility of cellulose.
2) Production of glucose by hydrolyzing cellulose and production of ethanol through fermentation processes like SSF, SHF, DMC and SSCF.
3) Characterization methods for analyzing glucose concentration, sugar conversion, crystallinity, and ethanol yield through techniques like HPLC, SEM and UV spectrophotometry.
The conclusion recommends dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis as they require fewer steps and
This document discusses reduction reactions and reducing agents. It aims to teach the reader to: 1) exploit differences in reactivity between hydride and neutral reducing agents to achieve chemoselective reductions; 2) use substrate chirality to control syn vs. anti diastereoselectivity in ketone reductions; 3) rationalize reaction outcomes using transition state diagrams; 4) appreciate the versatility of transition metals in reductions; 5) understand the utility of dissolving metal reductions; and 6) use radical chemistry for deoxygenation and halide reduction. It then provides details on various hydride and neutral reducing agents, focusing on their reactivities and applications in selective reductions.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
K0428699
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 4, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 86-99
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
Recent progress of Ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic
synthesis
Rammohan Pal
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College,
1/1B, A. J. C. Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, India
Abstract: The role of commercially available Ammonium chloride in organic synthesis can not be understated.
This review summarizes the versatile synthetic applications of Ammonium chloride in different chemical
transformations. Reactions include Claisen rearrangement, Ullmann coupling, thia-Michael addition, three-
component synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones,
benzoxazines, iminooxazolines, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, spirochromenes, spiroacridines, four-component
synthesis of dipeptides, pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-ones, crossed-aldol condensation, condensation of carbonyl
compounds and indoles, synthesis of quinoxalines, arylbenzothiazoles, bisbenzothiazoles, reduction, and
oxidation. Application of this catalyst allows mild and highly selective transformation and synthesis in a facile
and environmentally friendly manner. Moreover, Ammonium chloride is an inexpensive and easily available
catalyst, which acts under neutral conditons.
Keywords: Ammonium Chloride, Inexpensive, Environmentally Friendly, Acid Catalysis, Organic Synthesis
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. General Information and Structural Features of Ammonium Chloride
III. Claisen Rearrangement
IV. Ullmann Coupling Reaction
V. Thia-Michael Addition Reaction
VI. Multi-Component Reactions (MCR)
VI.I Three-Component Reaction
VI.I.I. Synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones
VI.I.II. Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines
VI.I.III. Synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthene-11-ones
VI.I.IV.Synthesis of benzoxazines
VI.I.V. Synthesis of iminooxazolines
VI.I.VI. Synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines
VI.I.VII. Synthesis of spirochromenes and spiroacridines
VI.II. Ugi Four-Component Reaction
VI.II.I. Synthesis of dipeptides
VI.II.II. Synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-ones
VII.. Condensation Reaction
VII.I. Crossed-aldol condensation reaction
VII.II.Condensation of carbonyl compounds and indoles
VIII. Formation of Nitrogen Heterocycle
VIII.I. Synthesis of quinoxalines
VIII.II. Synthesis of arylbenzothiazoles and bisbenzothiazoles
IX. Reductive Transformations of Organic Substrate
IX.I. Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to aromatic amines
IX.II. Reduction of azides to amines or amides
IX.III. Reductive cleavage of azo compounds to amines
X. Oxidative Transformation of Alcohol
XI.. Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
2. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 87 | Page
I. Introduction
In the past decade, the chemistry of Ammonium chloride has experienced a rapid development. This
growing interest in Ammonium chloride is mainly because of its mild, highly selective properties,
environmentally benign character, commercial availability and cost effectiveness. Ammonium chloride is used
as fertilizers in crops, an ingredient in fireworks, as a flux in preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or
soldered. It is used as a expectorant in cough medicine, used as a systematic acidifying agent in treatment of
severe metabolic alkalosis, used to maintain the urine at an acid pH in the treatment of some urinary-tract
disordered and treatment on human polymorphonuclear leucocyte iodination.1a
It is used as food additives, as
feed supplementary cattle and an ingredient in nutritive media for yeasts and many microorganism. It has an
application as an electrolyte in zinc-carbon batteries, in hair shampoo, in the textile and leather industry. In
laboratory it is used to prepare eutective mixture1b
in cooling baths, used to prepare buffer solutions and also
mostly used as catalysts for different chemical reactions. Ammonium chloride and Ammonium based chloride
compounds1c,d
are now being routinely used in organic synthesis as homogeneous as well as heterogeneous acid
catalysts for various selective transformations of simple and complex molecules. The purpose of the present
review is to summarize the utility of Ammonium chloride with emphasis on recent synthetic applications;
Literature coverage is through till 2013.
II. General Information And Structural Features Of Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium chloride is white crystalline solid having the following physical properties1e
Molecular formula : NH4Cl
Molar weight : 53.49 g/mole
Odor : odorless
Melting point : 338 °C (decomposes)
Boiling point : 520 o
C
Solubility in water : 297 g/L (0 °C), 372 g/L (20 °C), 773 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility in alcohol : 6 g/L (19 °C)
pH (1% solution/water) :5.5 (acidic)
Density : 1.5274 g/cm3
Refractive index (nD) : 1.642
Specific gravity : 1.53 (water =1)
Figure 1A shows crystalline state of Ammonium chloride. It is hydroscopic and thus highly soluble in water and
figure 1B shows the structure of Ammonium chloride where four hydrogen in ammonium ion around the central
nitrogen atom must be placed at the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. Aqueous solutions of Ammonium
chloride is mildly acidic. It serves as an excellent source of acid and used in various acid catalyzed reactions. It
is easy to measure and safe to use.
Figure 1A Figure 1B
III. Claisen Rearrangement
Ammonium chloride was reported to catalyze aliphatic Claisen rearrangement by Rallis et al. Thus,
when allyl 3-allyoxy-2-butenoate 1 and crotyl 3-crotyloxy-2-butenoate 2 was heated separately at 150 o
C for 10
minutes, the rearrangement accelerates to a small degree by heterogenous catalysis of Ammonium chloride
(Scheme 1).2
The ethers 1 and 2 gave allyl 2-allyl-3-oxobutanoate 3 and crotyl 2-(1-methyl-2-propenyl)-3-
oxobutanoate 4 respectively in good yield. The intramolecularity of the rearrangement was also demonstrated by
heating a mixture of 1 and 2 in presence of Ammonium chloride. No crossed products were obtained.
IV. Ullmann Coupling Reaction
Heng et al. reported that Ammonium chloride could promote palladium-catalyzed Ullmann coupling of
aryl bromides in water. A mixture of various aromatic bromides, Pd/C, zinc, Ammonium chloride and water was
stirred at room tempature for 24-72 hrs. yielding diphenyls 5 in 48-67% yield (Scheme 2).3
In absence of
3. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
Br
R
RR
Pd/C, Zn, NH4Cl, H2O, rt, 24-72 h
55-67%
R= H, Me, OMe, NMe2, OH
5
O
R
CH3
O
O
R
1
NH4Cl, 150 oC, 10 min
O
R
CH3
O
O
R1
1: R= H; R
1
= allyl Yield of 3: 68%
2: R= Me; R
1
= crotyl Yield of 4: 87%
O
O
R1
O
R
CH3
H
NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + H
+
+ Cl
-
Zn + 2H
+
H2 + Zn
2+
2Pd (0)
H2
ArBr
ArPdBr + Pd
2+
(H
-
)2
6 7
6
ArBr
ArPdAr + PdBr2
8
8
Reductive elimination
Ar Ar + Pd (0)
5
PdBr2
H2
Pd (0) + 2HBr
ArBr
7
ArH + HPdBr HPdBr Pd (0) + HBr
Pd (0)
;
Ammonium chloride, coupling of aryl bromides mediated by Pd/C and zinc the product 5 was obtained in very
poor yield (17%; when R= Me). In the first step of the mechanism NH4CL react with H2O yielding H+
, which
then afforded H2 by reacting with Zn. In presence of H2, Pd(0) reacts with aryl bromide or H2 to give
intermidiate 6 (ArPdBr) and intermidiate 7 [Pd2+
(H-
)2], respectively. Intermidiate 6 reacted with another ArBr to
afford the intermidiate 8 and PdBr2. Intermidiate 8 then underwent reductive elimination to release 5 and
regenerate the active Pd(0) species. PdBr2 could also react with H2 to regenerate the active Pd(0) species. In the
meantime, aryl bromide could be reduced by intermidiate 7 to give ArH.
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
V. Thia-Michael Addition Reaction
`Thia-Michael addition of thiols to α,β-unsaturated ketones such as chalcones was accomplished in
presence of saturated Ammonium chloride in water at room temperature to obtain the corresponding 1,4 adducts
9 in good to excellent yields (Scheme 3).4
No by-products resulting from the undesired 1,2-addition and/or bis-
addition side reaction were observed. Chalcone derivatives carrying either electron-donating or electron-
withdrawing groups did not affect either the yield of the product or the rate of the reaction. This method can also
be used to produce 10 from thiols and β-nitrostyrenes.
VI. Multi-Component Reaction
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs), using three or more reactants in a one-pot synthesis to give a single
product, has gained synthesis of complicated molecules can be achieved in a fast, efficient, and time-saving
manner without the isolation of any intermediates. As a result, it requires minimum effort, which minimizes the
4. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
Ar
NO2 + RSH
NH4Cl, H2O, rt, 3 h
80-91%
Ar
NO2
SR
10
R
2
R
3
O O
N
H
NH
R
3
R
2
R
1
X
O
H2N NH2
X
R1CHO + +
NH4Cl, 100 oC, 3 h
65-92%
11
R
1
= Alkyl, Aryl X= O, S
R
2
= Alkyl-O, Alkyl
R
3
= Methyl, Phenyl, 2-thienyl
environmental loading and is an acceptable form of green chemistry. These important three- or four-component
reactions have efficiently been performed using Ammonium chloride as catalyst.
Scheme 3
VI.I. Three-component reaction
Three-component reactions of various organic compounds represent a very important class of reactions
for forming biologically active heterocyclic compounds. Dihydropyrimidines show antiviral, antitumor,
antibacterial activities,5
imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines find applications as anticytomegalo-zoster and antivaricella-
zoster virus,6a-c
analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents,6d-f
benzo[α]xanthenes have been used as
anti-inflammatory agents,7a
and in photodynamic therapy.7b
iminobenzoxazine8a,b
and iminooxazoline8c,d
derivatives are very important in the field off pharmaceuticals. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines9a,b
are medicinally
important compounds. Spirochromenes and spiroacridines exhibit spasmolitic, diuretic, anticoagulant,
anticancer and antianaphylactic activities.10a-c
this is because the synthesis of complicated heterocycles has
presently gained tremendous importance. These important heterocycles have efficiently been synthesized using
ammonium chloride as catalyst.
VI.I.I. Synthesis Of Dihydropyrimidinones
Shaabani and coauthors reported an efficient one-pot, three component, Biginelli type synthesis of 3,4-
dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones 11 under solvent-free conditions from aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes, 1,3-
dicarbonyl compounds and urea or thiourea at 100 o
C using Ammonium chloride as catalyst (Scheme 4).11a
Aliphatic aldehydes which normally show extremely low yields in Biginelli reactions,11b
gave relatively higher
yields of the dihydropyrimidines in presence of Ammonium chloride. Aromatic aldehydes containing either
electron-donating or -withdrawing groups underwent the conversion smoothly, giving moderate to excellent
yields of 11. Compared with the other methods for multicomponent synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-
ones, this new method using Ammonium chloride offers better yields, shorter reaction times and economic
viability.
Scheme 4
O
YX + RSH
NH4Cl, H2O, rt, 3 h
80-91%
O SR
YX
9X= H, p-MeO, p-Cl
Y= H, p-MeO, p-Cl, p-NO2, p-NC
R= C6H5, o-H2NC6H4
5. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
OH
X
O
O O
RO
X
RCHO ++
NH4Cl, neat, 120 oC, 8-40 min
71-94%
X= H, Br, OH
R= Phenyl, aryl, alkyl, cinnamyl
13
NH4Cl, CH3OH, rt, 3 h
67-96%
N
X
NH2
Y
H
O
ZR
1
NC+ + N
N X
HN
R1
YZ
X= CH, N; Y= H, Me, Br
R
1
= Cyclohexyl, t-butyl
Z= H, Me, MeO, NO2, Cl
12
VI.I.II. Synthesis Of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines
Shaabani et al. showed that a series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine 12 could be synthesized effectively in 3
hrs. at room temperature by Ammonium chloride catalyzed one-pot, three component Groebke condensation
reaction of aromatic aldehydes, isocyanides, and 2-aminopyridines in methanol in 67-96% yield (Scheme 5).12
Scheme 5
Replacing 2-aminopyridine with 2-aminopyrazine afforded 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine in presence
of Ammonium chloride in good yields. Methanol was found to be the best solvent for this reaction. Aromatic
aldehydes containing electron withdrawing or electron-donating substituents, gave the product 12 in good yield.
VI.I.III. Synthesis Of Tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones
Foroughifar and his group reported a one-pot multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, dimedones, and 2-
naphthols for the preparation of 12-alkyl- or 12-alkyl-8,9,10,12-tetrahydrobenzo[α]-xanthene-11-ones 13 using
Ammonium chloride as catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 120 o
c (Scheme 6).13
Various aromatic
aldehydes bearing electron withdrawing groups (such as nitro, halide) and electron-releasing groups (such as
methyl, methoxy) showed equal ease towards the product 13. Aliphatic aldehydes also gave the expected
product in good yields. When 2-naphthol was replaced by 6-bromo-2-naphthol or 2,7-naphtholenediol under
similar conditions the corresponding tetrahydrobenzo[α]xanthene-11-ones 13 was obtained in good to excellent
yields.
.
Scheme 6
VI.I.IV. Synthesis Of Benzoxazines
Bonne and his groups synthesized 4-imino-4H-3,1-benzoxazines 17 in presence of Ammonium
chloride in good to excellent yields using a three component reaction sequence. Heating a toluene solution of an
isonitrile 14, an amine 15, and an aldehyde 16 in presence of a stoichiometric amount of Ammonium chloride at
60 o
C for 12 hrs. produced 17 in 53-91% yield (Scheme 7).14
Although, the reaction takes place at room
temperature but the yield is low and requires longer times. A plausible reaction mechanism that accounts for the
preparation of 17 was shown in scheme 7. Thus, condensation of 15 and 16 gave the iminium 18, which reacted
with isonitrile 14 to afford the nitrilium intermediate 19. Trapping of the latter by the internal amide oxygen
produced the 4-iminobenzoxazine 17. Formation of quinazolin-4-ones 20, which could result from the
nucleophilic addition of amide nitrogen to the nitrilium intermidiate, was not observed.
6. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
NHR1
NC
O
X
R3R4NH (15)
R2CHO (16)
+ +
NH4Cl, toluene, 60 oC, 12 h
53-91%
O
N
NR1
R2
NR2R3
X
14 17
N
O
H nC6H13
H nC6H13
O
CN
O
N
H
COOMe
N
O
C6H13
N
O
N COOMe
NH4Cl, toluene
60 oC
62%
+ +
N
H
O
N
O
nC6H13
N
N
H
O
COOMe
O-cyclilization
NH4
21 22 23 24
25 26
23
O
N
NR1
R2
NR2R3
X
NR1
N
R2
NR2R3
O
X
O
N
NH
R
1
R2
NR3R4
X
14N
R4
R2
R3
15 16+
x
18 19
17
20
Scheme 7
VI.I.V. Synthesis Of Iminooxazolines
A new three-component synthesis of 5-iminooxazolines 24 starting from aldehydes, amines,,
and α, α-disubstituted-α-isocyanoacetamides using Ammonium chloride were developed by Pirali et al. Thus,
when heptanal 21 morpholine 22, and α-isocyanoacetamide 23 were refluxed at 60 ºC in toluene using
Ammonium chloride 24 was obtained in 62% yield (Scheme 8).15
Condensation of 21 and 22 gave the iminium
ion 25, which reacted with isonitrile 23 to afford the nitrilium intermidiate 26. Trapping of the latter by the
internal amide oxygen produced 24.
Scheme 8
VI.I.VI. Synthesis Of Imidazo[1,2-a]Pyrimidines
Parchinsky et al.16
reported that various novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines 28 were synthesized in 49-
60% yield via a multicomponent reaction of 2-aminopyrimidine, aromatic aldehyde, and isonitrile in presence of
7. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
NH4Cl, toluene, reflux, 30 h
49-66%
N
N
NH2
R
1
H
O
R
1
N C N
N
N
R1
HN
R2
++
N
N
N
H
R1
NH4
H
N
N
N
H
R1
H
R
1
N C
27
27
N
N
N
N
H
R1
R2
N
N
N
R1
N
R2
H
H
28
O
O
R
1
R
1
N
H
R
2
O
O NC X+ +
NH4Cl (20 mol%), H2O
80 oC, 10-15 min
70-96% N
H
O
R
2
H2N
X
R
1
R
1
O
O
R
1
= H, Me R2= H, F X= CN, CO2Et
29 30 31 32
O
O
R
1
R
1 NC X
+
+
NH4Cl (20 mol%), H2O
80 oC, 10-15 min
70-96%
R
1
= H, Me X= CN, CO2Et
OO
OH2N
X
R
1
R
1
O
O
29 33 31 34
Ammonium chloride in refluxing toluene (Scheme 9). The use of a nonpolar solvent instead of polar solvents
like methanol, suppresses formation of multiple products.
Scheme 9
VI.I.VII. Synthesis Of Spirochromenes And Spiroacridines
Dabiri et al.17
reported that various novel functionalized spirocromenes 32 and 34 were synthesized in
good to excellent yields via a multicomponent reaction of isatin 30 or acenapthoquinone 33, an activated
methylene reagent 31 and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 29 in presence of catalytic amount of Ammonium chloride
in water at 80 o
C (Scheme 10). The most probable mechanism of this reaction include a fast Knoevenagel
condensation between isatin and CH-acidic malononitrile/ethyl cyanoacetate in presence of Ammonium chloride
in water in the first step and a Michael addition of diketones to the unsaturated nitrile, the product of
knoevenagel condensation, in the second step and then the cycloaddition of the hydroxyl group to the cyano
moiety to form the desired product. When benzyl cyanide was treated as a substitute of malononitrile or ethyl
cyanoacetate in this reaction under similar conditions spiroacridine derivatives were produced with prolonged
reaction times.
Scheme 10
8. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
OH
COOH
R
1
CHO
R
2
NH2
NO2
F
COORNC
HO N
O R
1
N
H
O
COOR
NO2
F
R
2
[
[
]
]
n
n+ +
NH4Cl, toluene, 60 oC
43-71%
n= 1, 2
R= Me, Et: R
1
= n-C6H13, Ph, C2H4NHBoC, i-Pr
R
2
= n-C4H9, aryl, benzyl, i-Pr
35
N
H
O
C6H13CHO
NC Bn
COOK
++
C6H13
N
H
N
O O Bn
O
N
O
NH4Cl, toluene, rt
18 h
90%
36
VI.II. Ugi Four-Component Reaction
The Ugi reaction18a-c
is a four-component reaction of a ketone or aldehyde, an amine, an isocyanide and
a carboxylic acid to rapidly prepare α-aminoacyl amide derivatives. The Ugi reaction products can exemplify a
wide variety of substitution patterns, and constitute peptidomimetics that have potential pharmaceutical
applications viz. Crixivan,18d
a protease inhibitor used as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy
(HAART) to treat HIV infection and AIDS, Lidocaine18e
and bupivacaine18f
a caine-type anesthetics, in
conjugation with the enabling technologies such as high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry.18g
VI.II.I. Synthesis Of Dipeptides
Cristau et al. reported a Ugi four-component reaction promoted by Ammonium chloride in aprotic
solvent. Thus, stirring a mixture of an aldehyde, amine, 3-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, isonitrile and Ammonium
chloride in dry toluene at 60 o
C for specified time afforded dipeptide amide 35 in good yield (Scheme 11).19
Ammonium chloride promoted synthesi of dipeptides 36 using Ugi four-component reaction was also
reported by Bonne and his coworkers. Morpholine, heptanal, potassium 2-isocyano-3-phenylpropanoate and
Ammonium chloride were stirred in toluene at room temperature for 18 hrs. producing the dipeptide in 90%
yield as a mixture of two diastereoisomers (Scheme 12).20
Scheme 11
Scheme 12
VI.II.II. Synthesis Of Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyridine-5-Ones
Janvier and his group reported a one-pot Ugi four-component synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-
ones 40 using Ammonium chloride. A solution of an aldehyde, an amine, and an isonitrile 37 was stirred in
presence of Ammonium chloride at room temperature, giving oxazole 39 through imine intermidiate 38.
Subsequently, treatment of acyl chloride gave the product 40 in good yield (Scheme 13).21
Ammonium chloride
provided a proton source that is able to form hydrogen bond with 38 favoring subsequent nucleophilic attack of
isonitrile.
VII. Condensation Reaction
Cross-aldol condensation of aldehydes with ketones is an important reaction for the synthesis of α,β-
unsaturated carbonyl compounds, which are known to show diverse biological activities.22a-c
These types of
compounds are used as intermediates for synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and perfumes.23a,b
On the other hand condensation of carbonyls and indoles give diindolylmethanes that show a wide variety of
biological activities.24
It was found that Ammonium chloride effectively catalyses both types reactions.
9. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
www.iosrjournals.org 94 | Page
R
1
CHO R
2
NH2
R3
X
N
O
C
++
R
1
NR
2
38
R3
X
N
O
C
NR
2
R
1
H
R3
X
N
O
C
NHR
2
R
1
N
O
X
R
3
NHR
2
R
1
O
Cl CO2Et
N
O
X
R
3
N
R
1
R
2
O
CO2Et
toluene
Et3N
N
N
R
3
CO2Et
O
O
R
1
R
2
N
N
R
3
CO2Et
O
R
1
R
2
OH
NH4Cl, rt
37
H
+
from
NH4
+
40
39
37
O
( )n
( )n
+
NH4Cl, EtOH, reflux, 3.5-5 h
81-93%
n= 1, 0
O
ArAr
2 ArCHO
Ar= phenyl, furyl, aryl and cinnamyl
41
.
Scheme 13
VII.I. Crossed-Aldol Condensation Reaction
Teimouri and co-workers have reported that Ammonium chloride acts as an excellent catalyst for the
cross-aldol condensation reaction. Thus, when cycloalkanones and various aromatic aldehydes were refluxed in
ethanol in presence of Ammonium chloride for 3.5-5 h., ,-bis(arylmethylene)cycloalkanones 41, was
furnished in excellent yields (Scheme 14).25a
Fufuraldehyde and cinnamaldehyde also gives excellent yields of
the corresponding condensation products. Microwave irradiation method25b
for the synthesis of the similar type
of compounds using ammonium chloride has also been reported in very short time.
Scheme 14
VII.II. Condensation Of Carbonyl Compounds And Indoles
Ammonium chloride was utilized by Azizian and his groups to condense carbonyl compounds with
indoles for the synthesis of diindolylmethanes 42 under solvent-free conditions. Thus, when a mixture of
carbonyl compound, indole and Ammonium chloride was heated with stirring at 90 o
C, 42 was formed in good
10. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
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R
1
O
NH4
+
R
1
O
H-NH3
+
+
+
H2N
H2N R
H2N
H2N
R
1
HO
R
ClH2N NH2Cl
OH
R
1
HO
R
1
R
+-2NH4Cl
+ NH4Cl
HN NH
OH
R
1
HO
R
1
R
N N
R
1
R
1
R
-H2O
NH4Cl NH4 + Cl
+
+
N
H R1 N
H
N
H R1R1
R
2 R
3
R1= H or Me
R3
O
R2
NH4Cl, neat, 90 oC, 2-4 h
70-96%
42
NH2
NH2R O
O R
1
R
1
N
N
R
1
R
1
R
+
NH4Cl, MeOH, rt, 5-240 min
94-100%
R= H, Me, NO2, Cl
R
1
= alkyl, aryl
to excellent yield (Scheme 15).26
Aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes as well as cinnamaldehyde also gave
excellent yields. However, aliphatic aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and butaraldehyde gave somewhat lower
yields due to rapid evaporation at 90 o
C. Both aliphatic and aromatic ketones required increasingly more time
for completion of the reaction and their yields were relatively low due to steric crowding in the resulting
diindolylmethanes.
Scheme 15
VIII. Formation Of Nitrogen Heterocycle
VIII.I. Synthesis Of Quinoxalines
Quinoxalines, well known for their wide spectrum of biological activities27a-d
ranging from
antihelmintic, anticancer, antimicrobial, to antibacterial antiinflamatory and antidepressant, was synthesized
effectively by Darabi et al. by the direct condensation of various benzene-1,2-diamines and 1,2-dicarbonyl
compounds in excellent yields (95-100%) at room temperature using Ammonium chloride in methanol as a
mild, eco-friendly acid free and metal free catalyst (Scheme 16).28
Scheme 16
11. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
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-NH4Cl
NH4Cl
NH4 + Cl
+
MeOH/H2O
NH2
SH
R H
O H NH3
N
H
SH
OH
R
H2
Cl
N
SH
OH
R
H
N
SH
H
R
N
S
R
H
H
N
S
R
-H2O
NH4Cl/O2 (air)
NO2 NH2
Sm/NH4Cl, MeOH, US, rt, 10 min
86%
43 44
VIII.II. Synthesis Of Arylbenzothiazoles And Bisbenzothiazoles
Maleki et al. synthesized 2-arylbenzothiazoles,29a-c
a class of potent antitumor compounds by the simple
condensation of 2-aminothiophenol with aromatic aldehydes at room tempeture using Ammonium chloride as
catalyst and benign methanol-water as the reaction medium (Scheme 17).30
The reaction stopped at the
benzothiazoline derivative when carried out under nitrogen atmosphere thus proving that aerial oxygen is
absolutely essential for the oxidation step.
Scheme 17
IX. Reductive Transformation Of Organic Substrates
IX.I. Reduction Of Aromatic Nitro Compounds To Aromatic Amines
Ammonium chloride was used for the ultrasound-promoted highly efficient chemoselective reduction of
aromatic nitro compounds to the corresponding amine compounds in 56-90% yield. For example, 6-nitro
chrysene 43 was reduced to the 6-amino chrysene 44 in 86% yield in presence of samarium metal and
Ammonium chloride in methanol under ultrasonication at room temperature (Scheme 18).31a
In absence of
Ammonium chloride the reduction did not take place, inspite of keeping all other conditions identical. The
reduction sensitive groups, viz. bromo, cyano, ester, unsaturated bond and heterocyclic ring remained unaffected
during this transformation.
Scheme 18
Similar type of chemoselective reduction of aryl nitro compounds like nitrophenols to corresponding
aminophenols was reported by Sridharan et al.31b
using zinc and Ammonium chloride in aqueous medium at
room temperature (Scheme 19).
12. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
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N
H O
N3
Zn/NH4Cl, EtOH-H2O, reflux, 10 min
98% N
H O
NH2
45 46
N N
X Y
NH2 H2N
X Y
Zn/NH4Cl, MeOH, rt, 5-20 min
75-95%
+
X or Y= H, MeO, OH, Me,
COOH, COMe, halogen
OH
NO2R
2
R
1
OH
NH2R
2
R
1
Zn, NH4Cl, H2O-EtOH, rt, 10 min
R
1
= H, Me, Et, CHMe2, CO2Me, Cl, Br
R
2
= H, Br
38-48%
Scheme 19
IX.II. Reduction Of Azides To Amines Or Amides
Ammonium chloride in combination with zinc was used to reduce alkyl and acyl azides to the
corresponding amines or amides in good to excellent yields (86-98%) at room temperature as well as under
refluxing conditions . Thus, when a mixture of acyl azide 45 and Ammonium chloride in ethyl alcohol and
water, zinc powder was stirred vigorously at room temperature, 46 was formed in 98% yields (Scheme 20).32
Functional groups such as C=C bond, benzyl, esters etc. which were easily destroyed during hydrogenation
could tolerate this method and also no racemisation was observed in case of the reduction of optically active
azides.
Scheme 20
IX.III. Reductive Cleavage Of Azo Compounds To Amines
The combination of Ammonium chloride and zinc in methanol was further used by Sridhara et al. for the
reductive cleavage of azo compounds to their corresponding anilines (Scheme 21)33
, reaction time being 5-20
minutes at room temperature. The reaction however, did not proceed in absence of Ammonium chloride. Azo
compounds bearing electron donating groups such as OCH3, OH, CH3 and electron-withdwraing groups such as
COOH, COCH3 and halogens remained unaffected during the cleavage step.
Scheme 21
X. Oxidative Transformation Of Alcohols
An efficient procedure for the oxidation of alcohols with Ammonium chloride in the presence of
catalytic amount of NaBrO3 has been developed in the recent years. An optimized protocol, published in
Journal of Chemical Research (S) for the oxidation of secondary alcohol 47 to corresponding ketone 48
(Scheme 22),34
consists of the treatment of the alcohol 47 in aqueous acetonitrile with Ammonium chloride and
NaBrO3 at 80 o
C. This procedure involves a very high degree of selectivity for the oxidation of benzylic alcohol
to aldehydes, without any noticeable overoxidation to carboxylic acids, and high chemoselectivity in presence of
either secondary alcohols or other oxidizable moieties.
13. Recent progress of ammonium chloride as catalyst in organic synthesis
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CHMe2
OH
Me CHMe2Me
O
NaBrO3/NH4Cl, CH3CN, 80 oC, 4 h
81%
47 48
Scheme 22
XI. Conclusion
This review demonstrates an active current interest in synthetic applications of Ammonium chloride as
catalyst.35-39
This growing interest of Ammonium chloride is mainly due to their very useful acidic properties,
combined with benign environmental character, inexpensive and commercial availability. There has been a
major surge of catalytic activity in several areas of the Ammonium chloride chemistry. These areas include the
application of Ammonium chloride catalysts in various organic transformations such as formation of C-C, C-N,
C-O, C-P, C-S and N-H bonds in different synthetically important compounds. We anticipate that these areas of
Ammonium chloride chemistry will continue to attract significant research activity in the future.
Acknowledgement
I gratefully acknowledge the funding support of this work from the Authorities of Acharys Jagadish
Chandra Bose College and the Minor Research Projecr(S) No. PSW-130/11-12 (ERO) by the University Grants
Commission, New Delhi, India.
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AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Rammohan Pal was born in 1978 in Kolkata, India. He obtained his B.Sc. in 1999 and M.Sc. in 2001 in
Chemistry from University of Calcutta, India. He worked as a DBT-project fellow at the Biological
Department of Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences (IACS), Kolkata and as a
UGC-JRF at the Natural Product Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderebad,
India. He carried out his predoctoral research work at the Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University
under the supervision of Prof. Asok Kumar Mallik. He received his Ph.D. degree in 2011 from Jadavpur
University on synthesis and reactions of some nitrogen heterocycles. He has published over 20 scientific
papers. His current research interests cover the development of synthetic methodology, green chemistry and synthesis of
heterocyclic compounds. Presently, he is an Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose
College, Kolkata, India.