Operational management is an important step in production process of a chemical reaction for getting good quality of yield with economical way as taken in recycling of chromium from tannery waste. It is most widely used the Chromium (III) salts as a chemicalin the process of tanning. Only 60%-70% of chromium salt is used to reacts with theskins and hides but 30%-40% of remaining chromium chemicals are wasted in form of the solid and liquid (as a tanning solutions). Consequently, the recoveryand recycling of the chromium metal content of existed wastewaters is essential for economic reasons and environmental protection. Recycling and recovery of chromium metal is supported by using chemical precipitation methods. For achieving this special aim, calcium hydroxide plus alum and magnesium oxide are used as two precipitating agents. This is a confirmatory Study on the effects of stirring time, pH, sludge and settling rate volume in batch experiments. These Results are showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery was done at 8.5, good sludge with high settling rate and lower volume during recovery process was achieved. Based on these findings an economical recovery plant was designed. The recovery achieved about 99(%) at pH 8 with stirring at 90 rmp.
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Potato peels which are a low cost, renewable agroindustry by-product were used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from
aqueous effluents. Batch experiments were carried out with an artificial effluent comprising of potassium dichromate in deionised
water. The effects of the initial hexavalent chromium concentration, dose of biosorbent, and removal kinetics were explored. An
adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L was effective in complete removal of the metal ion, at pH 2.5, in 48 minutes. The kinetic process of
Cr(VI) adsorption onto potato peel powder was tested by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models as well as
the Elovich kinetic equation to correlate the experimental data and to determine the kinetic parameters. The adsorption data were
correlated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3.28 mg/g was calculated
using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a functional group limited adsorption process. The results confirmed that
potato peels are an effective biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from effluent.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
Chromium is a metal that exists in several oxidation
• Chromium is a metal that exists in several oxidation or valence states, ranging from chromium (-II) to chromium (+VI).
• Chromium compounds are very stable in the trivalent state and occur naturally in this state in ores such as ferrochromite, or chromite ore.
• Chrome III is an essential nutrient for maintaining blood glucose levels
• The hexavalent, Cr(VI) or chromate, is the second most stable state. It rarely occurs naturally.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
Es una presentación sobre la descripción de las principales características que presentan los niños duran esta etapa de la vida, nos permite saber que cuidados y precauciones debemos tener con ellos.
Potato peels which are a low cost, renewable agroindustry by-product were used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from
aqueous effluents. Batch experiments were carried out with an artificial effluent comprising of potassium dichromate in deionised
water. The effects of the initial hexavalent chromium concentration, dose of biosorbent, and removal kinetics were explored. An
adsorbent dosage of 4 g/L was effective in complete removal of the metal ion, at pH 2.5, in 48 minutes. The kinetic process of
Cr(VI) adsorption onto potato peel powder was tested by applying pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models as well as
the Elovich kinetic equation to correlate the experimental data and to determine the kinetic parameters. The adsorption data were
correlated by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 3.28 mg/g was calculated
using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, suggesting a functional group limited adsorption process. The results confirmed that
potato peels are an effective biosorbent for the removal of hexavalent chromium from effluent.
Modified magnetite nanoparticles with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as super...Iranian Chemical Society
This paper reports application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) coated magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) as a novel adsorbent for removal of two types of disperse dyes, including disperse red 167, and disperse blue 183, from wastewater of textile companies. The effect of parameters including type of surfactant, pH of solution, surfactant concentration, and amount of salt, was investigated and optimized. The obtained results showed that the ratio of initial dye concentration to CTAB amounts has critical effect on removal processes so that removal efficiencies higher than 95% can be achieved even at high concentration of dyes as high as 500 mg l-1 when the ratio is optimum. Removal of dyes is very fast, and equilibrium is reached at times less than 10 min even for high concentration of the dyes. Very high adsorbent capacity (as high as 2000 mg g-1) was yielded for maximum tested concentration of the dyes (500 mg g-1). The obtained result was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis data. This study showed that CTAB coated Fe3O4 NPs is a very efficient adsorbent for removal of dyes from wastewater of textile companies and has high capacity under optimum conditions.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto Activated Alumina ...IJERA Editor
The ability of activated alumina and activated carbon to remove Fluoride from aqueous solution has been investigated. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, concentration and pH. The data indicate that activated alumina surface sites are heterogeneous in nature and that fits into a heterogeneous site binding model. The optimum pH for complete removal of Fluoride from aqueous solution were described. The rate of fluoride removal was rapid during several time intervals of time, and equilibrium was attained were described in detailed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Examination Of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Proximate, Elemental A...IOSRJAC
A study in terms of proximate, elemental and fatty acid contents of (Hura crepitans) seed was investigated using standard analytical techniques. The results of proximate composition in % were as follows: moisture 12.82 ± 0.01, crude protein 24.76 ±0.04, crude fibre 10.15 ± 0.03, fat 10.68 ± 0.01, ash 3.16 ± 0.02 and carbohydrate 34.75 ± 0.05. The elemental composition of the seed showed Na, K, Ca and Mg in mg/100g to be 6.00 ± 0.01, 123.00 ± 0.02, 10.40 ± 0.03, 112.00 ± 0.01 respectively while other elements determined in mg/kg were Fe and Zn with 7.10 ±0.04 and 2.60± 0.01. The (%) free fatty acid compositions of the seed oil were as follows: lauric (1.310 ±0.015), palmitic (0.389 ±0.012), palmitoleic (1.211 ±0.013), stearic (2.436 ± 0.004), oleic (6.138 ±0.003), linoleic (8.625 ±0.001) and linolenic (2.469 ± 0.102). The results revealed linoleic and oleic acids to be the most common in terms of abundance while palmitic acid was the least. The seed of Hura crepitans could be described as a good food because it contained significant amount of essential nutrients required by man.
Chromium is a metal that exists in several oxidation
• Chromium is a metal that exists in several oxidation or valence states, ranging from chromium (-II) to chromium (+VI).
• Chromium compounds are very stable in the trivalent state and occur naturally in this state in ores such as ferrochromite, or chromite ore.
• Chrome III is an essential nutrient for maintaining blood glucose levels
• The hexavalent, Cr(VI) or chromate, is the second most stable state. It rarely occurs naturally.
Removal of Harmful Textile Dye Congo Red from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan...IJERA Editor
Color is an important aspect of human life. Textile industries are the major consumers of dye stuffs. During coloration process, 10 to 15 percent of the dyes will be lost and this will be discharged with the effluents coming from textile industries. These are very difficult to degrade and they may degrade to form products that are highly toxic to human. Today, methods such as coagulation, flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, etc. are available for the removal of dyes. These are all quite expensive and difficult to degrade. Chitosan is a natural hetero polymer derived from chitin. Chitosan has proved to be effective in removing hazardous compounds from environment due to its multiple functional groups. It is available as flakes and powder. In the present work, chitosan beads were prepared and modified with a cationic surfactant CTAB for the removal of dye Congo Red. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effect of CTAB concentration, contact time, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and pH. Batch equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Bach kinetic data were analyzed using Pseudo first order kinetic model and pseudo second order kinetic model.
Es una presentación sobre la descripción de las principales características que presentan los niños duran esta etapa de la vida, nos permite saber que cuidados y precauciones debemos tener con ellos.
I am looking for bookkeeping job in Melbourne, always become assest of the company. My always goal to learn, earn, return to the company, and become the professional Accountant
Decolorization potential of immobilized pseudomonas putida mtcc 1194 with low...eSAT Journals
Abstract A simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation method for removal of reactive blue-4 is reported here. The mustard stalk activated carbon (MSAC) using Pseudomonas putida MTCC1194 was applied to decolorize reactive blue-4. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various parameters; initial pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial concentration, on removal of reactive blue-4. Optimum conditions for reactive blue -4 removals were found to be pH 7, adsorbent dose10g/l, temperature 32°C at equilibrium time 360 min for 150 mg/l of dye concentration. Experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of reactive blue 4 onto MSAC were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R). The results show that experimental data follow pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Out of four isotherms, Langmuir was found to be best fit with experimental data (R2 > 0.97), with 70.2% removal of reactive blue 4. Keywords: activated carbon mustard stalk, reactive blue 4, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB), Pseudomonas putida
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution using chemically modified oran...IOSR Journals
The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET. The characterization of the orange peel biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in Cr (VI) biosorption. Chemically modified orange peel exhibited more adsorption potential as compared to the raw orange peel. The biosorption efficiency of the orange peel was dependent on the pH of the Cr (VI) solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The removal rate of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in contact time and remained constant after an equilibrium time of 180 min. The removal of Cr (VI) ions increased with increase in biosorbent concentration with the optimal adsorbent dosage at 4.0 mg/L. The increase in initial Cr (VI) ion concentration led to an increase in the percentage removal of Cr (VI). The adsorption data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with R2 = 0.987 for the raw orange peel and R2 = 0.995 for the modified orange peel. The Freundlich constants Kf and n were 97.07 [mg/g (L/mg)n] and 0.79 (g/L) for the raw orange peel and 139.0 [(mg/g)(L/mg)n] and 0.815 (g/L) for modified orange peel respectively. The present study revealed that orange peel which is a low cost agricultural material could be used as an efficient sorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions and that chemical modification of the biosorbent using sodium hydroxide enhanced adsorption capacity
Operational parameters affecting the removal and recycling of direct blue ind...IJEAB
In this work the ability of “bleached” oil mill solid waste to reduce the dyestuff content in industrial textile wastewater was studied. Bleaching treatment consists in a preliminary oil mill solid waste management with NaOH and NaClO2 for obtaining cellulosic materials, mainly removing lignin from the waste surface. Thus, a novel bioadsorbent from agricultural residues, named bleached olive pomace (OP), was presented. Direct Blue 78 was studied as a model azoic dye. Experiments were planned to study the effect of different initial conditions on the adsorption processes: oil mill waste amount as grains and as a fine powder (OPP), solution temperature values, initial dye concentration, pH values and electrolytes influence. The results showed that the adsorption process using bleached oil mill waste determined an excellent degree of water color reduction, reaching the best work conditions when pH 2 and OPP were used. The presence of electrostatic interactions was also suggested. The adsorption appeared to be influenced by temperature values showing an endothermic character. Interestingly, to confirm the role of ionic interactions between dye and sorbent at pH 2, fashionable results were obtained. The adsorption process was verified also at pH 6 with 100% of dye removal in presence of both NaCl and Na2SO4 avoiding the aforementioned strong acid conditions. A very important aspect of this work is the recycle of both the dye and the adsorbent, with particular attention to the dye reuse for coloring cotton fabric.
Biodegradation of Hexavalent Chromium from Paint Industry Effluent by Indigen...Scientific Review SR
Hexavalent chromium (Cr-VI) is toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic chemical, whereas its reduced trivalent form (Cr-III) is much less toxic. Cr-VI is widely used in paint industry, tannery industry, and so on. In the present study an attempt was made to isolate naturally occurring bacteria from paint industry effluent possessing high potentiality to reduce Cr-VI. Seven efficient chromium reducing bacterial strains were isolated as Bacillus korlensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus varians, Enterobacter intermedius and Tatumella terrea. These bacteria reduced chromium in culture media at maximum 5 mM concentration within a period of 24–72 h as determined by 1, 5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) colorimetric method. However, significant Cr-VI reduction or biodegradation was observed at 1.25 mM substrate concentration within 24 h at 37°C. The research was very promising for development of a microbiological process to be used in the removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from the environment.
hazardous waste mangement in pulp and paper industryarvind kumar
While there is little doubt that humankind’s increasing of natural law has brought us
increased life expectancy and higher quality of life for more people than ever known
before. This has brought the risk of global calamity and impairment of human health.
Hazardous waste management has become an international problem. The
environmental and Human Health consequences of the residuals and wastes: not
understood and recognized. Developments in science, epidemiology, toxicology and
analytical chemistry enabled to recognize. Dioxins and Furan are the major toxic or
hazardous material produced from pulp and paper mill effluent.
Treatment of piggery wastewater through struvite precipitation and nitrogen r...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.
Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removalijtsrd
In this study, two types of eco friendly and low cost bio adsorbents, Neem leaf powder NLP and acid treated Neem leaf powder TNLP were prepared for the removal of dye color from Congo red solution. The physicochemical parameters of the prepared absorbents were measured. The structural features of these absorbents were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. These experiments were conducted with different process parameters such as adsorbent dosage and agitating time using batch adsorption method. Firstly, the dosage amount of adsorbents was optimized for constant shaking for one hour and it was observed that the maximum percent adsorption was found at 91 of 0.4 g for NLP and 76 of 0.4 g for TNLP. The optimum dosage amount of adsorbents, 0.4 g was selected for further study. After optimizing the adsorbent dosage, the optimum agitating time was observed at 60 min with the percent removal of 91 for NLP and 76 for TNLP. From this research, it was observed that NLP and TNLP can be used as bio adsorbents to remove the color of the dye solution. Thet Thet Wai | Ei Mon Aung | Nyein Chan Kyaw "Potential of Neem Leaf Powder as Bio-Adsorbents for Dye Colour Removal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27987.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/27987/potential-of-neem-leaf-powder-as-bio-adsorbents-for-dye-colour-removal/thet-thet-wai
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Dissipation Study of Thiophanate Methyl Residue in/on Grapes (Vitis vinifera ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
A multi-location field trial was conducted in
India during 2006–2008 to evaluate the dissipation pattern
of thiophanate methyl (75% WP) in/on grapes at two
application rates (500 and 1,000 g a.i. ha-1). The quantitative analysis of the fungicide residues as carbendazim
was performed using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer at the
maximum absorption band of 281 nm. The average
recovery was found 87% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were below 3.8%. Following the first order
kinetics the fungicide dissipates in grapes with a half-life
(t) value of 4.74–6.52 days irrespective of locations and
doses.
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Operational Management of Chromium Recycling From Tannery Wastewater
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-10, Oct- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
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Operational Management of Chromium
Recycling From Tannery Wastewater
M Badar*1
, Fatima Batool2
, Muhammad Idrees3
, M Ahsan Zia4
, Hafiz Reehan Iqbal5
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
2
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab. Lahore
3
Departement of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
4
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha
5
Departement of Physics, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Abstract— Operational management is an important step in
production process of a chemical reaction for getting good
quality of yield with economical way as taken in recycling of
chromium from tannery waste. It is most widely used the
Chromium (III) salts as a chemicalin the process of tanning.
Only 60%-70% of chromium salt is used to reacts with
theskins and hides but 30%-40% of remaining chromium
chemicals are wasted in form of the solid and liquid (as a
tanning solutions). Consequently, the recoveryand recycling
of the chromium metal content of existed wastewaters is
essential for economic reasons and environmental
protection. Recycling and recovery of chromium metal is
supported by using chemical precipitation methods. For
achieving this special aim, calcium hydroxide plus alum and
magnesium oxide are used as two precipitating agents. This
is a confirmatory Study on the effects of stirring time, pH,
sludge and settling rate volume in batch experiments. These
Results are showed that the optimum pH for efficient
recovery was done at 8.5, good sludge with high settling
rate and lower volume during recovery process was
achieved. Based on these findings an economical recovery
plant was designed. The recovery achieved about 99(%) at
pH 8 with stirring at 90 rmp.
Keyword— Economical Recovery, Chromium, Tanning,
Chemicals, Recycling.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, thepeople of whole world are facing three main
environmental issues as increasing environmental pollution,
food shortage and human population. The first one is
observing a serious issue in the under developing
countries.Developing countries also have their share for their
increased rate of uncontrolled discharge of waste into
environment due to rapid industrialization. It is known as
major leather production centers in the world as Brazil,
Mexico, Japan, China, South Korea, Pakistan and India [1].
Pakistan’s leather industry is one of the major sources of
foreign exchange. At present about 90 % of the leather is
exported in finished form. During the year 2004-06 export
earnings from leather and leather goods amounted to US $
745 million. About 54 million skins and hides were
processed during this year [2].
According to a survey report conducted by National
Engineering Services Pakistan that in Pakistan, there are
about 595 tanneries but most of them situated in groups or
industrial regions in Lahore, Karachi, Kasur, Multan,
Faisalabad, Peshawar, Sialkot and Gujranwala. traditional
tanneries as small and medium-scale units still succeed, but
there are some large well-mechanized and export oriented
tanneries are situated in Karachi.
leather and leather-based product industry needs some raw
material which is drawn from a livestock’scontainingthe
36.7 million sheep, 19.5 million buffaloes, 21.5 million
cattle, 5.5million horses and 49.5 million goats which
areproducing about 75 million of goat and sheep skins and
over 18.6 million of cattle hides per year in Pakistan [3].
Tanning is one of the oldest and fastest growing industries in
Pakistan. The various processes involved in leather tannery
generate wastes in solid and liquid form containing
substantial quantities of chromium along with organic
matter, lime and sulfide. These wastes need to be treated and
made suitable for disposal. Thus tannery waste management
has gained a paramount significance in Pakistan and
elsewhere in the world [4]. Chromium is one of the most
hazardous waste materials emitted from tanneries. Frequent
studies and researches have struggled to define the
intracellular status of chromium as carcinogen or mutagen
for its chemical nature, ultimately. It is reported in literature
that Cr (III) species can be mutagenic and genotoxic inside
the cell. The ability of Cr (III) to participate in non-
enzymatic phosphorylation and crosslink DNA and proteins
as influence calcium transport channels has been
reported[5]. It is ionized of reaction sites for chrome tanning
with the carboxyl groups on side chains of the collagen
protein.
The potential of toxicity of some forms of chromium are not
serious if chromium waste water is treated effectively on
regular basis. Sometimes its concentration is abnormally
high but is discharged as an effluent[5].
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-10, Oct- 2016]
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The objective of this paper is managing chemical process
during recycling of chromium from waste for waste
management.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
Wastewater Sampling
Samples were taken from different tanneries during the
working hours of during continuing industrial processes.
Wastewater (composite samples) before finishing process
was collected in pre-washed plastic containers from the
tanneries on Lahore-Sheikhupura road. The tanneries
sampled were: Hafeez Shafi Tanneries (Pvt) Ltd, Lahore.
Sample transportation: The stoppers closing the sample
containers were fixed in place by adhesive (PVC) tap to
prevent leakage. The samples were transported securely
without damaging the container or seal.
Storage: The samples were stored in a cool (less than 30ºC)
and dry place.
Chemical Analysis
The analyses were carried out by using standard ASTM
methods as follows. Reagent grade chemicals were used in
all tests[6].
Determination of chromium[7]
Summary of test method: Hexavalent chromium reacts with
1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide (s-diphenylcarbozide) in an acid
medium to produce a reddish-purple color. The intensity of
the color formed is proportional to the hexavalent chromium
concentration.
Apparatus: Spectrophotometer (UV-1700 Shimadzu)
equipped with a cell having a path length of 10 mm.
Reagents: Chromium stock solution (1 mL ≡ 0.10 mg Cr):
Potassium dichromate (0.2828 g), that has been oven dried
at 105°C for 1 h, was dissolved in distilled water to make 1
L.
Standard solution (1 mL ≡ 0.001 mg Cr): Ten mL of
chromium stock solution was diluted to 1 L with distilled
water.
Calculation:
The hexavalent chromium concentration was calculated as
follows:
Cr+6
(g L-1
) = (WS – WB) (50/S)
Where:
WS = Chromium found in the sample, mg L-1
WB L-1
= Chromium found in the sample blank, mg
S = Volume of sample used, mL
Determination of hardness[8]
test method Summary: Magnesium and Calcium ions in
water are appropriated by the adding of disodium
ethylenediamine tetra acetate. The end point of the reaction
is detected by means of Chrome Black T4
, which has a red
color in the presence of calcium and magnesium.
Regents: Ammonium hydroxide solution (1 + 4 ): One
volume of NH4OH (sp gr 0.90) was mixed with 4 volumes
of water.
Calcium indicator — Hydroxynaphthol blue.
Hardness indicator solution — Chrome Black T3
(0.5 g) was
dissolved in 50 mL of diethanolamine or triethanolamine
and stored the solution in a dark-colored bottle. This solution
had a storage life of several months.
Procedure: High hardness — The clear sample (50 mL) was
transferred into a clear colorless container utilizing a white
background. The pH of the sample was adjusted to 7-10 by
adding NH4OH solution or HC1 solution. To this was added
0.5 mL of buffer solution and 2 drops of indicator solution
and the mixture was stirred. The standard Na2H2EDTA
solution was added slowly from a burette with continuous
stirring until the color changed from red to blue. The
titration was completed within 5 min after the buffer
addition. If the titration required more than 20 mL of the
titration solution, the sample was diluted and the test was
repeatd.
Low hardness — The low-hardness (0.5 to 5.0 mg L-1
as
CaCO3) was determined as above by using 100 mL sample
and titrating by means of a micro-burette. The quantity of
the reagents used was twice than used above(Brown SJ,
2010).
Determination of biological oxygen demand (BOD) [9]
Reagents: Standard sodium thiosulphate (0.25N) ─ . Two
mg of the salt was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water in
conical flask and a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 + 20
mL standard IO3
-
solution were added. The solution was
titrated for librated iodine against sodium thiosulphate by
shaking the flask until pale straw yellow color appeared.
After this a few drops of starch solution was added until
color changed from blue to colorless).
Dissolved 2 g starch powder + 0.2 g salicylic acid as a
preservative in 100 ml boiled distilled water.
Procedure: A dilution water was prepared by aerating the
required volume of distilled water in a container by bubbling
compressed air to attain saturation. To this was added 1 mL
each of phosphate buffer, MgSO4, CaCl2, FeCl3 solutions for
each liter of dilution water.
The BOD bottle was filled to its half with dilution water. A
suitable volume of sample (20-40 mL) was transferred to the
BOD bottle. After this the bottle was filled to its full
capacity with dilution water and stopped immediately. A
blank was prepared using plain dilution water. One sample
bottle was kept for initial dissolved oxygen (DO) and the
other bottle was incubated at 20ºC for 5 days.
Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) [10]
Apparatus: Spectrophotometer (UV-1700 Shimadzu),
heating block (capable of maintaining a temperature of 165
±2°C throughout); COD tubes (borosilicate glass, 16 by 100
mm with TFE-fluorocarbon-lined screw caps); laboratory
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-10, Oct- 2016]
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blender; vacuum pretreatment device (consisting of vacuum
chamber connected to a pump assembly that draws sample
through the chloride removal agent; an internal gauge on the
vacuum chamber must be utilized to indicate a vacuum level
of generating and displaying a vacuum of 508-635 mm of
mercury); mixing vials (borosilicate, 20-30mL capacity,
with TFE-fluorocarbon-lined screw closures).
Reagents: Chloride removal agent — Sodium bismuthate
(NaBiO3) in an inert medium, packaged in single-used
cartridges. Manganese III COD reagen t— Pre-measured
COD tubes of reagent and catalyst. Reagent is stabilized by
complexation in sulfuric acid solution where there are
several possible manganese III complexes. The predominant
species in 1N H2SO4 are Mn2(SO4)3 and two hydrated
species, [Mn(H2O)5HSO4]2+
and [Mn(H2O)5(HSO4)2]+
.
Potassium acid phthalate standard solution (1 mL ≡ 1 mg
COD) — 0.851 g of dried (120°C, overnight) potassium acid
phthalate (KC8H5O4) primary standard dissolved in distilled
water to make 1 L. Sulfuric acid — (H2SO4) concentrated,
reagent grade (sp gr 1.84). The photometric cell was filled
with reagent water, the prepared sample for COD and
measurements were made against the reagent water filled
cell at 510 nm. The prepared reagent blank served as a
quality control only, and was not used to zero the
instrument. The cell was inverted several times prior to
reading in order to ensure that the filter disc and any
undigested suspended solids do not settle, so that they do not
interfere with photometric readings.
Calculation: COD values (mg L-1
) were calculated from the
calibration curve [11].
Determination of solids[12]
Summary: These tests are based on evaporation of the water
sample under standard conditions and weighing the dry
residue.
Apparatus: Platinum dish; Gooch crucible; desiccators.
Procedure:
Total solids: The unfiltered thoroughly shaken sample (100
mL) was evaporated to dryness in a pre-weighed platinum
dish on a stream or water bath. The residue was dried at
103°C for one hour.
Dissolved solids: The sample was filtered to reduce its
turbidity to less than 1 unit. The clear sample (100 mL) was
taken in a pre-weighed platinum dish and evaporated to
dryness. The residue was dried at 103°C for one hour.
Suspended solids: The water sample (2 L) was filtered
through a pre-weighed Gooch crucible having an asbestos
mat, dried for one hour at 103°C, cooled in a desiccator to a
constant weight.
Calculations and formula:
Total Solids mg
L-1
= Increase in weight of pt-dish in mg
× 10
Total dissolved = Increase in weight of pt-dish in mg
solids mg L-1
× 10
Suspended solids = Total solids – Dissolved solids.
Recovery Process of chromium from wastewater
The chromium was removed from the wastewater by using
CaO + alum and MgO as the precipitating agent. The
procedure is given as follows:
Precipitation: All the chemicals used were of analytical
reagent grade and obtained from E. Merck. The precipitation
of Cr(III) was carried out in two steps. In the first step lime
solution along with alum was used then in the second step
the residual Cr(III) was precipitated by use of MgO solution.
A saturated lime solution was prepared by soaking excess of
CaO in distilled water (100 mL). A 10% solution of MgO
was prepared by dissolving MgO (10 g) in distilled water
(100 mL) in a 250-mL [13].
Optimization of process
The process was optimized and managed by changing pH,
amount of alum and amount of chromium present in the
sample. By changing these parameters the settling rate was
determined by measuring the height of supernatant, sludge
volume and chromium in the supernatants by standard
methods[14].
For examplesludge volume, settling rate and the shape of the
precipitate for all precipitating agents were measured at the
pH where fixed at the optimalrate. For the determine sludge
volumes and settling rate, samples of wastewater were
transferred into graduated cylinders, then sludge volume or
height of supernatant was measured after 5 h.
III. RESULTS
Chemical Analysis ofwastewater samples
The results of the analyses of samples are given in Table 1
that shows the chemical variation in waste water due to
important tanning process. Tanning process is started with
the pickling and mostly commercial chrome tannin reagents
are used in powder form as they contain about 25 % of
Cr2O3. In this process Basic chrome sulphate (BCS) liquors
are used. So, table-1 has high values of chromium due high
concentration of chromium dissolved in tanning solution.
Liquid waste Water consumption per kg of raw hides varies
from tannery to tannery.
Water consumption in tanning process as normal
requirement of 50 litre per kg of hides processingbut it is
generally found in the tanneries consumes more water than
normal requirement. The waste consists of: solid content
3.5-6.5%; volatile matter 20-48%; inorganic matter 51-74%;
chromium 0.37-0.75%.
A considerable quantity of sludge is also present in
composite wastewater. The settle able matter is responsible
for the sludge generation.
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-10, Oct- 2016]
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Table.1: Chemical Analytical data of samples
Parameter
Hafeez Shafi Tanneries
Mean Range
pH 4.42 4.0 - 4.8
BOD (mgL-1
) 1419.8 1079 - 1822
COD (mgL-1
) 3278.4 2987 - 3698
SO4
2-
(mgL-1
) 619 421 - 735
PO4
3-
(mgL-1
) 472.8 258 - 658
TDS (mgL-1
) 1437.4 1025 - 1854
TSS (mgL-1
) 609.8 487 - 698
TS (mgL-1
) 2337 2045 - 2587
S2-
(mgL-1
) 405.2 256 -547
Cr (mgL-1
) 3636 3187 - 3987
Phenol (mgL-1
) 50.6 14 - 98
Ca (mgL-1
) 381.2 245 - 478
Na (mgL-1
) 737.8 698 - 874
K (mgL-1
) 186.2 125 - 269
NH3 (mgL-1
) 1764.4 1024 - 3210
Managing the operation as pH and chromium recycling
It is shown in Fig. 1 that at pH 7.0 – 7.5 about 112 – 228 mg
L-1
chromium was present in the treated effluent which is not
acceptable for further treatment.
These results demonstrate that Magnesium Oxide (MgO) is a
good and suitable agent for precipitation chemical reaction
which is very help full for recovering the chromium metals
from tanning waste solution. Below fig. 1 gives the
relationship pH and time for recovery of chromium that is
important for recovery operation and productions.
In thecases of Magnesium Oxide MgO involving recycling
systems have good chance in improving the efficiency and
make it more economical for treatment of wastewater.
Fig.1: Graph showing change of pH (by use of lime) with
time
Constant variation between Chromium concentration
and recovery
The wastewater management processes are based on
common effluent treatment plants, which involve chromium
recovery. the results are shown in Fig. 2. A chromium
concentration range varying from 200 to 6000 mg-1
was
studied under optimum conditions.
The expected concentrationis 6000 mg/L of chromium in
wastewater from tanning process which is needed to be
recycled. The data indicate that the recovery (%) increase
with the chromium content of the sample linearly following
the equation y = 0.0013x + 90.672with r2
= 0.9606 (Fig. 2)
Fig.2: Graph between chromium recovery and
concentration
Managing the two variable as time and pH for recycling
of Chromium
The recovery of chromium (III) which is closely related
variables time and pH. And in this process the use of MgO is
most extensive because it is highly ionized molecule.
Because of its good settling rate and high bulk density of
matter that present in chromr wastewater.This is a series
wise process and gives the benefits for increasing the
precent of recovery of chromium during the operation as
shown in fig. 3.
Below figure is the best proof for specified the optimum pH
increasing with time when use the MgO regent. But
commercially MgO available chemicals have important
amounts of calcium salts as impurities for chemical
coagulation. So, this is very important that good grades of
MgO can play a major role for getting economical and high
percentage of chrome recovery from wastewater as shown in
fig- 3.
9
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10
0 10 20 30 40
pH
Time (min)
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Cr (mg/L)
Recovery(%)
5. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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Fig.3: Graph showing change of pH (by use of MgO) with
time
IV. DISCUSSION
The reduction of chromium in wastewater
using the replacing with sulfur dioxide or technical sugars
because it has very low molecular weight as compare to
chromium metal. The aim of tanning is to make leather
durable and softwith stability as a wide range of
physical and chemical conditions under humidity and
pH.Different reports showing that the tanning
capable for the process of cross-linking
molecules of collagen protein. This is basically d
crosslinking needs careful consideration as
too much then harsh and brittle product is obtained
clearly seen from the results that when pH inc
acidic to basic the recovery of chromium increases
The environmentin which alkali are used in precipitating
chromium (III) hydroxide can also effect on
of chromium (III) Sulphatethat characteristics of colloidal
chromium (III) hydroxide particles which
with the zeta potential as report in recovery process
nature of alkali as fectors depend on distribution of particle
sizes, degree of aggregation, settling behavior and
morphological properties of chromium (III) hydroxide
important consideration [16].
This is a common practice all over the world that
the chromium (III) sulphate for tanning process
the soft and flexible leathers and recovery process is needed
for everyone. Another solutionof these problems for
removing the pollution of chromium containing wastewater
are simple remediation of chromium (VI) and
biotechnology treatment processes have been developed
previous. Treatement method as Physio-chemical adsorption
has long been researchedbut the process cost is
compare to chromium recovery treatment method
Bioremediation method of wastewater treatment
of bacteria can very effectively degrade chromium (VI) and
it is economically favorable but the bactericidal toxicants at
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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Graph showing change of pH (by use of MgO) with
DISCUSSION
of chromium in wastewater is carried out by
sulfur dioxide or technical sugars
because it has very low molecular weight as compare to
. The aim of tanning is to make leather more
a wide range of bearing the
under humidity and
tanning chemicals are
linking among the
This is basically degree of
as if cross-linking is
too much then harsh and brittle product is obtained. It is
clearly seen from the results that when pH increases from
acidic to basic the recovery of chromium increases [15].
used in precipitating of
can also effect on the settling rate
characteristics of colloidal
which are closely related
as report in recovery process. But
istribution of particle
settling behavior and
morphological properties of chromium (III) hydroxide are
all over the world that using of
rocess for obtaining
and recovery process is needed
Another solutionof these problems for
containing wastewater
remediation of chromium (VI) and and
treatment processes have been developed
chemical adsorption
cost is much high as
compare to chromium recovery treatment method.
method of wastewater treatment by strains
chromium (VI) and
is economically favorable but the bactericidal toxicants at
many waste sites would
environmental pollution. Chemical reduction
salt is well known to remove chromium (VI) effectively
rapidly. [17].
Chromium chemicals are manufactured in most of the
industrial countries of the world. Pakistan imports about
70% of the chromium compounds to be used in tanneries. It
is therefore, necessary to develop methods for the industrial
production of these compounds and conversion of the waste
chromium form tanneries wastewater as re
compounds [18].
V. CONCLUSIONS
The research assumptions are based on treatment of waste
water containing chromium sulphate from tanning operation.
The idea about recovering and recycling process
its related achievements have been shown that precipitating
method is cheaper and most economical.
for the precipitating is 8.5 which good for
sludge with high settling rate
with using MgO as the precipitating agent.
researchers needs develop the practical and implementation
by using mechanical design models for enhancement for
wastewater treatment technology.
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Formed by Radiolysis of Chloride Salts in P
Bearing Materials.” Journal of Nuclear Materials
Management,vol. 38, no. 3
[6] EPA – US Environmental Protection Agency. 2011.
Environmental Cleanup Best Management Practices:
[Vol-2, Issue-10, Oct- 2016]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 1723
many waste sites would be dangerous again for
Chemical reduction of chromium
known to remove chromium (VI) effectively and
Chromium chemicals are manufactured in most of the
industrial countries of the world. Pakistan imports about
70% of the chromium compounds to be used in tanneries. It
is therefore, necessary to develop methods for the industrial
ds and conversion of the waste
chromium form tanneries wastewater as re-useable
CONCLUSIONS
The research assumptions are based on treatment of waste
containing chromium sulphate from tanning operation.
The idea about recovering and recycling process is good and
been shown that precipitating
and most economical. The operational pH
is 8.5 which good for production of Cr
settling rates.Lower volume is obtained
using MgO as the precipitating agent. Next time
researchers needs develop the practical and implementation
by using mechanical design models for enhancement for
wastewater treatment technology.
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