Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Director General, With Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan (ILRI) at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Working animals: Climate change and public health issues in achieving the Sus...ILRI
Presentation by Rebecca Doyle at a United Nations High Level Political Forum side event on working equids, climate change and public health issues, 7 July 2020.
Introducing the Technical Consortium for Building Resilience to Drought in th...ILRI
Presented by Polly Ericksen, Mohamed Manssouri and Katie Downie at the Global Alliance on Drought Resilience and Growth visit to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 5 November 2012
Livestock biodiversity for sustainable, resilient food systemsILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the Food systems and nutrition patterns: Biodiversity, resilience and food security HLPF SDGs learning, training and practice 2020, session 4, 8 July 2020
Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Director General, With Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan (ILRI) at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Working animals: Climate change and public health issues in achieving the Sus...ILRI
Presentation by Rebecca Doyle at a United Nations High Level Political Forum side event on working equids, climate change and public health issues, 7 July 2020.
Introducing the Technical Consortium for Building Resilience to Drought in th...ILRI
Presented by Polly Ericksen, Mohamed Manssouri and Katie Downie at the Global Alliance on Drought Resilience and Growth visit to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 5 November 2012
Livestock biodiversity for sustainable, resilient food systemsILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the Food systems and nutrition patterns: Biodiversity, resilience and food security HLPF SDGs learning, training and practice 2020, session 4, 8 July 2020
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Presented by Christian K. Tiambo, Jimmy Smith, Okeyo Mwai and Steve Kemp at the Animal Biotechnology: The Next Frontier Stakeholders Sensitization and Awareness Workshop on Animal Biotechnology Applications and Regulatory Perspectives, Naivasha, Kenya, 22-24 March 2021
Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprisesILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers, Virtual, 23 November 2020
The interplay of knowledge and natural resources: Ensuring the health, wealth...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on Bridging the gap between
increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, 17−19 September 2014
Presentation by Bernard Bett at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
Silvopastoralism and welfare of farmed animals in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Gezahegn Alemayehu, Tsega Berhe, Eyob Gelan, Mulugeta Mokria and Rebecca Doyle at a training and knowledge exchange workshop on animal welfare, Halaba, Ethiopia, 1-2 September 2021.
Healthy lives: Tackling food-borne diseases and zoonoses ILRI
Presented by Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Bernard Bett, Fred Unger at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, Czech Republic, 17−19 September 2014.
Livestock roles in addressing the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the third Global Official Development Assistance Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13–15 May 2019.
Resilience and sustainable development: Insights from the drylands of eastern...ILRI
Presented by Jonathan Davies, Lance W. Robinson and Polly J. Ericksen at the Third International Science and Policy Conference on the Resilience of Social and Ecological Systems, Montpellier, France, 4-8 May 2014
One Health and zoonoses projects at the International Livestock Research Inst...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at the Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (COHESA) partner orientation workshop, 16 December 2021.
One Health approach to address zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases and ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee, Fred Unger, Arshnee Moodley, Eric Fèvre, Barbara Wieland, Bernard Bett, Michel Dione, Edward Okoth, Johanna Lindahl, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at the virtual 2020 Global ODA Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development 9–10 November 2020.
The roles of livestock and farmed wildlife in preventing the next pandemic: C...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl and Dieter Schillinger at a virtual workshop on countering zoonotic spillover of high consequence pathogens, 12 July 2022.
How can Animal Biotechnology contribute to Agenda 2063, ST&I Strategy for Afr...ILRI
Presented by Christian K. Tiambo, Jimmy Smith, Okeyo Mwai and Steve Kemp at the Animal Biotechnology: The Next Frontier Stakeholders Sensitization and Awareness Workshop on Animal Biotechnology Applications and Regulatory Perspectives, Naivasha, Kenya, 22-24 March 2021
Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprisesILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers, Virtual, 23 November 2020
The interplay of knowledge and natural resources: Ensuring the health, wealth...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on Bridging the gap between
increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, 17−19 September 2014
Presentation by Bernard Bett at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
Silvopastoralism and welfare of farmed animals in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Gezahegn Alemayehu, Tsega Berhe, Eyob Gelan, Mulugeta Mokria and Rebecca Doyle at a training and knowledge exchange workshop on animal welfare, Halaba, Ethiopia, 1-2 September 2021.
Healthy lives: Tackling food-borne diseases and zoonoses ILRI
Presented by Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Bernard Bett, Fred Unger at the Tropentag 2014 Conference on bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources, Prague, Czech Republic, 17−19 September 2014.
Livestock roles in addressing the Sustainable Development GoalsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the third Global Official Development Assistance Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 13–15 May 2019.
Resilience and sustainable development: Insights from the drylands of eastern...ILRI
Presented by Jonathan Davies, Lance W. Robinson and Polly J. Ericksen at the Third International Science and Policy Conference on the Resilience of Social and Ecological Systems, Montpellier, France, 4-8 May 2014
One Health and zoonoses projects at the International Livestock Research Inst...ILRI
Presentation by Theo Knight-Jones at the Capacitating One Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (COHESA) partner orientation workshop, 16 December 2021.
One Health approach to address zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases and ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee, Fred Unger, Arshnee Moodley, Eric Fèvre, Barbara Wieland, Bernard Bett, Michel Dione, Edward Okoth, Johanna Lindahl, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at the virtual 2020 Global ODA Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development 9–10 November 2020.
The roles of livestock and farmed wildlife in preventing the next pandemic: C...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl and Dieter Schillinger at a virtual workshop on countering zoonotic spillover of high consequence pathogens, 12 July 2022.
Presentation by Professor Robyn Alders, Hub Roadmap Series Lead, at the Special Technical Session on 'Building a resilient biomedical disaster response: learning from the Covid-19 pandemic' organised by The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
This session was part of the 5th World Congress on Disaster Management (WCDM), which took place in New Delhi, India, in November 2021.
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated w...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Fred Unger, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel, Ram Pratim Deka, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Barbara Wieland and Hung Nguyen-Viet at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
Presented by John McDermott, Director (CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health) and Thomas Randolph, Director (CGIAR Research Program on Livestock Agri-Food Systems) based on a presentation to the CGIAR System Council workshop on COVID-19, 12 June 2020
Presented by Delia Grace, Erastus Kang'ethe, Bassirou Bonfoh, Kristina Roesel and Kohei Makita at the 4th annual Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH) conference, London, UK, 3-4 June 2014.
The future of food safety in Africa: Research perspectiveILRI
Keynote presentation by Delia Grace, Silvia Alonso, Kebede Amenu, Elizabeth Cook, Michel Dione, Theo Knight-Jones, Johanna Lindahl, Florence Mutua, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Kristina Roesel and Lian Thomas at the virtual Food Safety Conference for Africa, 10–11 November 2021.
Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation
A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers
Vaccines and diagnostics—The case for regional One Health centres of excellence ILRI
Presented Delia Grace, Phil Toye, Shirley Tarawali and Vish Nene at the Workshop on One Health Colloquium: Sustainable Livestock and Disease Control—Exploring the Links to Climate Change, Improving Human Nutrition and the Refugee Crisis, London, 31 May–1 June 2016
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 52 on “Food safety: a critical part of the food system in Africa ” took place on 19 September 2018 from 09h00 to 13h00, ACP Secretariat, Brussels 451 Avenue Georges Henri, 1200 Brussels. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with the European Commission (DG DEVCO & DG Health and Food Safety), the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Global Food Safety Partnership.
Presentation by Kebede Amenu, Coen van Wagenberg, Claudia Ganser, James Noah Ssemanda, Arie Havelaar, Kristine Roesel, Biruk Alemu Gemeda, Lina Mego, Donya Madjdian, Theo Knight-Jones at a stakeholder update workshop on Ethiopia food safety research projects, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 20 May 2021.
The immediate, medium-term, and longterm impact of COVID-19 on food poverty, ...Francois Stepman
1 June 2020. Webinar. COVID-19 emergency response: the African nutrition perspectives.
Presentation "The immediate, medium-term, and longterm impact of COVID-19 on food poverty, and nutrition outcomes" by
Paul Amuna University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
Livestock research for Africa’s food security and poverty reductionILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Shirley Tarawali, Iain Wright, Suzanne Bertrand, Polly Ericksen, Delia Grace and Ethel Makila at a side event at the 6th Africa Agriculture Science Week, Accra, Ghana, 15-20 July 2013
Antibiotic resistance in food and agricultureTENYWADERICK
this presentation addresses the escalating problem of antibiotic resistance in biological systems like agriculture and health, and how they are interelated
Similar to The One Health research-for-development agenda: Enhance holistic health of people, animals and environment (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The One Health research-for-development agenda: Enhance holistic health of people, animals and environment
1. Better lives through livestock
The One Health research-for-development
agenda: Enhance holistic health of people,
animals and environment
Jimmy Smith, Director General
International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya
The place of science in the COVID-19 story
Webinar, Friday 18 December 2020
2. 2
Overview
• A global view: pandemic and endemic diseases
• Impacts of COVID-19 in Kenya
• Key elements of a One Health approach
5. 5
Warning! Increasing frequency of pandemics
Graphics: Annabel Slater, ILRI; adapted fromUnited Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020).
Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
6. 6
Preventing the next pandemic
Seven major anthropogenic
drivers of zoonotic disease
emergence
1. Increasing demand for
animal protein
2. Unsustainable agricultural
intensification
3. Increased use and
exploitation of wildlife
4. Unsustainable utilization
of natural resources
5. Travel and transportation
6. Changes in food supply
chains
7. Climate change
United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next
Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
7. 7
At least one billion people on the planet are also impacted because of
endemic livestock diseases
Over 1 billion people; two-thirds of rural livestock keepers are women; 40% agricultural GDP
Loss of animals; or their productivity impacts on multiple livelihood dimensions
8. 8
Kenya
Impacts in the livestock sector matter:
- Sector supports 10 million mostly pastoralists
- Half of agricultural workforce
- 13% GDP
- Resilience, food, income, etc
9. Expected effects of COVID-19 on the livestock value chain
(tested: phone survey in northern Kenya)
Inputs (agrovets
and other service
providers)
Reduced sales due to
limited demand by
producers
Producers/
Pastoralists
Reduced livestock
sales due to closure
of markets
Reduced income
from livestock sales
Limited access to
market information
Reduced labour
force from non-
family members
Aggregators
Reduced livestock
stocks
Reduced access due
to border , inter-
county restrictions,
curfew & market
closures
Processors
Fewer animals for
slaughter due to
border restrictions and
curfew
Abattoirs running
below capacity
Reduction in
quantities processed
Distributor-
w/sale &
retailers
Reduction in
livestock numbers
being sold
Increased cost of
international trade
due to closure of
borders and
movement
restrictions
Consumers
Reduced purchasing
power due to fewer
livestock sales,
unemployment
Reduction in
quantity of foods
consumed & food
security
Reduced use of
health and nutrition
services
10. Results: consumers
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Isiolo Marsabit Garissa Wajir Turkana Total
mean
Income
(Kes)
Household mean income in KES by county
January February March April
• Significant reduction in household incomes across the 5 counties
• Reduction in consumption frequency of nutrient dense meat, eggs, fruits
and vegetables
• Reduction in number and quantity of
meals consumed per day
• Reduction in number of ante- & post-natal
visits: e.g. in Garissa, the % children 6-59
months getting micronutrient
supplementation dropped to 30% in May
2020 (71% May 2019)
• Frequent hand washing and sanitation as a
COVID-19 preventive measure could have
positive health/nutrition effects
11. Results: livestock markets and retailers
• Sharp reduction in meat sold
• Volumes of livestock sold started to decline in Feb across the counties and
plummeted in March and April with the closure of most livestock markets
• Improvement in May and June, but generally stagnated compared to the
period before the pandemic
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
JA N- 20 F E B- 20 MA R- 20 A P R- 20 MA Y - 20 JUN- 20
NUMBER
SOLD
MONTH
VOLUMES SOLD BY SPECIES
Cattle Camel Goats Sheep
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
January February March April
Kilograms of meat sold by
month
Isiolo Marsabit Garissa
Wajir Turkana Total
13. 13
Pandemics and endemics: One Health approach needed
Prepare – detect – respond
United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next
Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission. Nairobi, Kenya.
15. 15
Detect: evaluate impacts and opportunities of lockdown
measures
Underway: One Health Regional Network for the Horn of Africa - ‘HORN’ project (UK
funded, ILRI, University of Liverpool):
• Partnership with University of Nairobi, Moi University
• Status of practicing public health actions against COVID-19 in an urban slum in Nairobi
• Team of young multidisciplinary coinvestigators (Moi)
• COVID-19 impacts and mitigation measures on dietary diversity and health outcomes (Uasin
Gishu County)
• Repurposed funding:
• Telephone surveys of formal and informal value chain actors: business implications of
lockdown, diversification, financing issues and impacts on farmers
• Analysis of respiratory virus and bacteria shedding in exhaled breath and mass
masking behaviour in a Kenyan community
• Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions influence the behaviour and practices of mass mask
wearing in individuals across different socio-economic strata
• Pilot study to determine presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on masks
16. 16
Respond: repurpose facilities and support COVID-19 testing and research
• ILRI One Health Research, Outreach and
Education Centre (OHRECA) established
(German funding)
• ILRI bioscience laboratories supporting MoH for
COVID-19 testing
• New research
• Capacity development
18. 18
OHRECA: new research
• Evaluation of alternative COVID-19 testing method using saliva samples
• Monitor the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in communities through
sewerage water surveillance
• Study the genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2
virus isolates from different parts of the country through whole
genome sequencing
• Profile B cell receptor repertoire from patients showing varied disease
outcomes and identify neutralizing antibodies for production of
recombinant antibody therapeutics
19. 19
OHRECA: capacity development
• January 2021: Regional workshop to review training strategy for One Health
• Graduate fellowships – 12 PhDs across east Africa from February 2021
• Training of public and animal health workers on One Health principles to support
surveillance and zoonosis control
• Initial training on behaviour change communication on food safety (training of
trainers)
• Completed in Uganda
• scaled up in Kenya and Ethiopia through VSF Germany
• Communication and sensitization messaging on good practices on antimicrobial use
20. 20
Respond: the need for biological sciences in pandemics
Understand viral populations:
Smart molecular surveillance
Whole genome sequencing
Understand the process of infection:
Molecular interactions that
permit host species jumps
Identify potential animal
reservoirs of pandemics
Develop universal vaccines to viral
families with pandemic potential to
control animal reservoirs
A 3-D model of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, developed by Annabel Slater, ILRI
21. 21
Respond: Minimize food-borne risks and hazards
Improve not prohibit
Enabling (regulatory)
environment
Training and simple
technology
Incentives
Fresh food markets all around the
world: 80% of the food for most people
22. 22
Respond: coordination and action at every level
(Figure 5, p26 World Bank. 2010. People, Pathogens and Our Planet. Volume 1: Towards a One Health Approach for Controlling Zoonotic Diseases. Report No. 50833-GLB)
From
grassroots…..to
ministries…to
regional and global
23. 23
Key messages
• The devastating effects of COVID-19 impact every dimension of society globally and
in Kenya
• Such multi-faceted impacts have raised the profile of One Health
• One Health research and development agenda covers wide spectrum from research,
capacity development and stakeholder engagement across animal, human and
environment health sectors to:
• Prepare
• Detect
• Respond
• Addressing the present and preventing future pandemics requires focus and
investment in One Health that must not be relented on
Photo credits:
ILRI/HUPH/Ngan Tran
EADD/Neil Thomas
ILRI/Jules Mateo
A work-station at a local slaughterhouse in the Vietnamese central highland province of Binh Phuoc (photo credit: ILRI/Andrew Nguyen).
Carcass surfaces is roasted with a gas burner in the market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia (photo credit: ILRI/ Fred Unger)
China in 2005 (photo credit: ILRI/ Stevie Mann).