1) A study evaluated the residual and cumulative effects of phosphorus in 13 contrasting calcareous soils from Morocco over three crops. Phosphorus application significantly increased yields for all crops. Residual phosphorus from previous applications increased yields of the second and third crops.
2) A 25-year study on a soil in India found that continuous phosphorus fertilizer applications significantly increased pod yields of groundnut and grain/seed yields of subsequent wheat, mustard, and rapeseed crops. Soil testing showed phosphorus accumulated in residual, inorganic, and organic phosphorus fractions over time.
3) Together, the studies demonstrate that phosphorus applied as fertilizer can accumulate in soils and provide residual benefits for subsequent crops grown
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is a new approach to interpreting leaf or plant analysis and a comprehensive system which identifies all the nutritional factors limiting crop production and increases the chances of obtaining high crop yields by improving fertilizer recommendations.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
thish is most helpful presantation on phosphate metabolism in plant
>importance phosphorus in plant
>phosphorus uptake in plant
>energy reaction photosynthesis
>Phosphorus Deficiency symptoms
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
The portion of a plant left in the field after harvest of the crop that is (straw, stalks, stems, leaves, roots) not used domestically or sold commercially”. The non – economical plant parts that are left in the field after harvest and remains that are generated from packing sheds or that are discarded during crop processing. Organic recycling has to play a key role in achieving sustainability in agricultural production. Multipurpose uses of crop residue include, but are not limited to, animal feeding, soil mulching, bio-manure, thatching of rural homes and fuel for domestic and industrial use. Thus, crop residues are of tremendous value to the farmers. Crop residue benefit the soil physically, chemically as well as biologically.
thish is most helpful presantation on phosphate metabolism in plant
>importance phosphorus in plant
>phosphorus uptake in plant
>energy reaction photosynthesis
>Phosphorus Deficiency symptoms
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
An efficient incentive of Nitrate and Fluoride on Organic highland cropping s...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exerting necessitated concentrations of Nitrate and fluoride to the organic highland cropping
systems is a vital management technique. All the chemical elements of the earth’s crust occur in widely differing
omnipresent concentrations, due to their different nuclear chemical formation and geochemical history. The use
of biological nitrogen and fluoride inputs complicates its balancing act due to dandier uncertainty in inorganic
Nitrogen and Fluoride availability. The growers to strike maintain Nitrogen provisioning to support crop
growth and retention of limit pollution followed by fluoride associated soils. Due to various activities of the man
in domestic field, agriculture area and industrial establishment the environment around us consisting soil, water
and air gets polluted. Fluoride inexhaustible concentrations forbid the growth of crop even though nitrates
reposit in the cultivated soils. The purpose of this project was to establish kinetics when nitro fluorides
associated in the highland soils to different crop systems towards environmental pollutions. Cordia Africana
and alfalfa are the plants which make soil to get enrichment of Nitrates and deescalate of concentrations of
fluorides from cultivated soils through its decomposition. This entire study went on its conventionally tilled
crops followed by Cordia Africana and alfalfa stems and leaf particles. Surface soil nitrate concentrations were
measured weekly, biweekly by volumetric analysis and nitrate leaching was estimated from tension Lysimeters
which were buried at the soil bedrock interface. Subsequently by using Orion 720A fluoride ion meter, deescalated
concentrations of fluorides have been measured. The demonstrated concentrations of Soil in NO3
variables, coefficients of variations from the mean concentrations across all samplings have been recorded
sporadically. The total area of the soil bed was maintained the same PH values until project was completed by
weigh Lysimeters. The timing of elevated Nitrate concentrations (10-15PPM) and the concentrations of fluoride
in deeper soil water corresponds with fallow periods. These dynamics will assist growers in adapting the timing
management operations and reduces nitrate departures.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Acceleration of Lead Phytostabilization by Maize (Zea mays) in Association wi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil where shooting practices are conducted is extremely contaminated with heavy metals, exclusively by Pb, due to the bullets and bullet fragments. These extreme concentrations of Pb, generate an unfavourable surroundings for agriculture and human health through phytoaccumulation. This study was conducted to assess the possibility of particular bio-amendment, phytostabilization on the reduction of bioavailable Pb in such contaminated soil. Biomass (BM) produced from Gliricidiasepium was used to see its ability to be used in soil remediation together with Maize (Zea mays) as phytostabilizer. A pot experiment was conducted with Maizeby adding BM at three different percentages, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Soil without amendments served as the control and arranged in a complete randomized design. By maize, translocation rate of heavy metals into crop were determined. After sixth week, grown maize were harvested and analyzed followed by digestion with con.HNO3. The most significant immobilization (p<0.05)>TF in maize. For the treatment 5% BM, PF and TF for Pb are 1.22 and 0.15 respectively. Thereby maize can be considered as a potential phytostabilizer. At the same time efficiency of phytostabilizing nature of maizecan increase together with the application of soil amendment – BM.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
Similar to Managing residual and fixed phosphorus in soil Jalalzai ph.d first seminar ppt (20)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
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to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
4. Phosphorus is an important natural resource which is
finite
It has great relevance to crop productivity in different parts of
the globe
Phosphate deficiency in soil is indeed widespread and has been
observed in several agricultural soil
Phosphorus application has almost invariably produced
comparatively richer harvests of grain and biomass, in
different soil types of each continent
Obviously, the inherent soil process that cause p fixation, as
well as relevant mechanisms to overcome such an enormous
soil fertility problem is felt strongly by agriculturists
Agricultural production needs to increase
which is related to increased use of inorganic
inputs such as phosphorus
5. Importance of
Phosphorus to Plants
important in cell division and
development of new tissue
Phosphorus is also associated
with complex energy
transformations in plants
Adding phosphorus to soil
low in available phosphorus
promotes root growth and
winter hardiness, stimulates
tillering, and often hastens
maturity
Phosphorus is a component of
complex nucleic acid structure
of plants, which regulates
protein synthesis
6. In soils P may exist in many different forms. In practical terms, however, P in
soils can be thought of existing in 3 "pools":
Forms of Phosphorus in Soils
Residual P: When the amount of fertilizer P added to soil exceeds removal by
cropping the fertilizer P residues gradually increase, with corresponding rise
in P concentration in the soil solution
Also
• Very small and will usually contain only a
fraction of P per acre.
Solution P pool
• P on the solid phase which is relatively
easily released to the soil solutionActive P pool
• Made of inorganic phosphate compounds that are
very insoluble and organic compounds that are
resistant to mineralization by microorganisms in the
soil
Fixed P pool
7. P dynamics in the soil/rhizosphere plant continuum.
Jainbo Shen et al. 2011
9. P fractions
P fractions in soil
Inorganic
Saliod P:
Al P
Ca P
Fe P
Occluded P
Organic: (50%).
Inositol
phosphate 10-
50%
Phospholipids
1-5%
Nucleic
acids0.2-2.5%
Responsible for P fixation and P
build up
10. Factors influencing P build up
Factors
influenci
ng P
build up
Nature
and
amount of
soil
minerals
Soil pH
P fixation
Fertilizer P
manageme
nt
Organic
matter
Reaction
time and
temperatu
re
Anion
effects
Cation
effects
Let me explain
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
12. Figure. Relationship between P adsorbed by soil and P in solution
Lowell et al 2009
2) Soil p adsorption and release
13. P build up - consequences
Phosphorus buildup is caused by use of inorganic fertilizer
which undergo fixation reaction in soil
Buildup of phosphorus in croplands can cause poor plant
growth and thus low productivity
Excessive soil phosphorus reduces the plant’s ability to take
up required micronutrients, particularly iron and zinc, even when
soil tests show there are adequate amounts of those nutrients in
the soil
High soil phosphorus levels threaten streams, rivers, lakes and
oceans due to possible pollution of the water bodies
14. Management of fixed and residual P
Acidifying and Liming
Application of Biofertilizers
Agronomic practices: Deep plowing,, P holiday and
others
Plant breeding and Genetics: To develop cultivars
that will grow well by using native or built up P
Root geometry change
Acidic rhizosphere
Managing Organic acids in soil
15. 1. Root modification (Proteoid roots)
Proteoid roots
produced by white
lupin with (A) and
without (B) phosphate.
There is an enormous
increase in the root
surface area helping to
forage more p
16. P uptake by cluster roots
The ability of the cluster roots of white lupin to excrete
organic acid is associated with several physiological
mechanisms (Neumann and Martinoia, 2002)
17. H release by white lupin roots during a 3-week
cultivation period
18. WHEAT TOMATO CHICKPEA WHITE LUPIN
| + P - P | +P -P | + P - P | + P - P - P |
non-proteoid proteoid
Carboxylate concentration [µmol g-1
FW]
| 1.18 5.38 | 8.48 12.03 | 8.50 17.11 | 8.70 15.98 28.12 |
PEP-carboxylase activity [nmol NADH min-1
mg protein-1
]
| 426 703 | 90 375 | 144 302 | 120 210 330 |
P deficiency-induced changes in PEP carboxylase activity as
related to organic acid accumulation in the root tissue
I. Citrate synthase enzyme involved in synthesis of citrate
II. Is also synthesized in higher quantities
III. The excess citrate is released into the rhizosphere, which
solubilizes bound P
PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate
19. A. Low molecular weight, non amino organic acid anions such as citrate,
malate, oxalate, fumarate, and malonate
B. Organic acid concentrations in the cytosol are relatively stable whereas,
in the vacuole vary in response to nutrient availability and metabolic
activity
C. Exudation is usually localized to specific regions of the root system
Organic acids in soil
Regulation of
cellular pH
and osmotic
potential
Maintenance of
elecro neutrality
during excess
nutrient cation
uptake
Involved in
assimilation of
nutrients
Supply of
energy to
symbiotic
bacteria(malate,
malonate,
oxalate)
Functions of organic acids in soil
20. 1. Minimizing reaction of P fertilizer with unfavorable soil components
2. Modifying soil chemical environment to suit better P acquisition by plant
3. Selecting proper P source and timing of its application
22. Evaluation of residual and
cumulative phosphorus effects in
contrasted Moroccan calcareous
soils
Amrani et al. 1999
1st paper
23. To evaluate the residual and cumulative P effects on crop growth and P uptake in
contrasting calcareous soils from the arid and semiarid zones of Morocco
Objective
24. Materials and methods
Thirteen calcareous soils were collected from three regions of arid and semi-arid
zones of Morocco. The soils were air dried, crushed and sieved through a 2-mm
screen
Available P was extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO3 solution and analyzed by the ascorbic acid
method
Five kg of each soil was placed in polyethylene plastic
pots. Three successive crops were grown as follows
Greenhouse experiment
Third crop: WheatFirst crop: Wheat Second crop: Corn
25. First crop: Wheat
Supplemental fertilization added to each pot consisted of:
1) 100 mg N kg-1 from NH4NO3, one half at sowing and the other at
tillering
2) 50 mg K kg-1 from K2SO4
3) 3.5 mg Zn kg-1 from ZnSO4.7H2O
4) 8 mg Fe kg-1 from Fe - Chelate (10%)
5) 4.5 mg Cu kg-1 from CuSO4.5H2O
6) 8 mg kg-1 from MgSO4.7H2O
Fertilizer P solutions were prepared using reagent grade monocalcium phosphate
and mixed with soil at rates :
a. 0, 3.4, 6.7 and 13.4 mg P kg-1 soil
b. Four replications
c. Nineteen wheat seeds (cv. Merchouch) were placed at a depth
of 2 to 3 cm in each pot
d. Thinned to 9 plants, 12 days after sowing
Pots were watered regularly (every 3 days) with enough deionized water to
bring them to 90% of field capacity
The greenhouse was maintained at 24 ◦C day and 15 ◦C at night
27. The greenhouse experiments were conducted as completely randomized
factorial designs with:
a) Two factors for the first crop (wheat)
b) Two factors for the second crop (corn)
c) Three factors for the third crop (wheat)
An analysis of variance and fitted model were performed on measured and
calculated variables using the SAS package (SAS Institute, 1985)
28. Result and discussion
Variable Source DF Crops
Wheat Corn Wheat
(1st crop) (2nd crop) (3rd crop)
Direct P RP CP RP
—————————-P—————————-
Grain yield Soils 12 0.01 – 0.01 0.01
P rates 3 0.01 – 0.01 0.01
Soils×P rates 35 0.01 – 0.01 0.01
Dry-matter Soils 12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03
P rates 3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Soils×P rates 35 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.01
Total Puptake Soils 12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
P rates 3 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Soils×P rates 35 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04
Table 2: Analysis of variance of the direct, cumulative, and residual effect of P on
succeeding crops grown under greenhouse conditions
- only corn dry matter was harvested. P is probability. RP=residual P. CP=cumulative P
29.
30.
31. Fig. Relative grain yield of wheat as a function of initial NaHCO3 – P mg kg -1
32. i. The effect of residual P on succeeding crops was evident in this study
ii. The response of both corn (second crop) and wheat (third crop) to previously
applied P supported the observation that much of the P applied to a crop as
fertilizer may not be used by that crop
iii.Response of corn to residual P was significant for soils with initial NaHCO3 – P
test level less than 9 mg kg-1 and no response above 14mg kg-1
Conclusion
33. Crop yields and phosphorus fertilizer
transformations after 25 years of
applications to a subtropical soil under
groundnut-based cropping systems
Research Paper - 2
Aulakh et al 2003
Objective
To determine the status of different soil P pools in long term
fertilized soils
To assess and make use of accumulated fertilizer P for sustainable
crop production and environmental safety
34. A field study was conducted for 25 consecutive years (1975/1976–
1999/2000) on a semiarid, irrigated.
Material and Methods
Location: Tolewal sandy loam soil (Typic Ustochrepts) at Punjab
Agricultural University Research Farm, Ludhiana, India.
Temperature 6- 20Cο
in January and
27-41Cο
in June
Annual rainfall 600 – 1200mm
pH 8.7
EC 0.21 dSm-1
OC 3.8g kg-1
Olsen P 11.6 kg ha-1
The experimental design was a completely randomized block (CRBD)
12 treatments (four P rates x three P frequencies) were randomized within
three blocks
35. Table 1 : Groundnut based cropping sequences, crop cultivars (cv.), and rates
and frequencies of fertilizer P followed during 25 years (1975–2000)
37. Table 2: Pod yield of groundnut from plots receiving different rates and frequencies
of fertilizer P in three groundnut based cropping sequences
a LSD005: rate = 130; year = 250; frequency, rate x frequency, year x frequency, year x rate, and year x rate x frequency =
nonsignificant. b LSD0.05: year = 200; rate, frequency, rate x frequency, year x frequency, year x rate, and year x rate x
frequency = nonsignificant. c LSD005: rate = 300; year = 380; rate x frequency, year x frequency, year x rate, and year x rate
x frequency = nonsignificant.
38. Table 3: Grain yield of winter-grown wheat and seed yield of mustard and rapeseed crops from
plots receiving different rates and frequencies of fertilizer P in the groundnut-based cropping
sequences
a LSD0 05: rate = 350, frequency = 220, year = 210, rate x frequency = 335; year x frequency, year x rate, and year x rate x
frequency = non-significant. bLSD0.05: rate = 67, frequency = 49, year =110, rate x frequency = 110; year x frequency, year
x rate, and year x rate x frequency = non-significant. c LSD0 05: rate = 140, frequency = 120, year = 210, rate x frequency =
210; year x frequency, year x rate, and year x rate x frequency = non-significant.
39. Table 4: Transformations of residual fertilizer P in different P fractions
in soils after 25 years of fertilizer P applications in groundnut-based
cropping systems (values are means of three fertilizer P rates)a
Pi: inorganic P; Po: organic P
41. Fig. . Dynamics of Olsen-P in soil during 25 years in no-P control and with
fertilizer P applications to summer-grown groundnut, winter crop and both crops
each year. P1 P2, and P3 refer to 30, 60 and 90kgP2O5 ha-1 applied in groundnut-
wheat; 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in groundnut-mustard; 20, 30 and 40kgP2O5 ha-1
in groundnut-rapeseed sequence, respectively.
42. Conclusion:
i. P-build up to a high fertility range would increase plant available P,
albeit at a diminishing rate, continuous high application rates of
fertilizer P may also result in P induced micronutrient deficiencies.
ii. Results indicated a marked difference in P fraction changes between
fertilized and non fertilized control plots.
iii. The conversion of fertilizer P to non labile P forms is significantly
enhanced by increasing rates and frequency of applied P.
44. To evaluate both the initial year’s response to P fertilization of corn in south
eastern Turkey as well as its residual effect over a number of years.
Objective
Material and methods
Field location
1. Multiple years field corn experiments as a second rotation crop were conducted at
the Research Station of Cukurova University in Adana, Turkey.
2. The soil was a loamy, smectitic and calcareous
3. Selected physical and chemical properties of soil that might influence P use and
crop growth were:
• pH 7.6 (1:5 soil:water),
• organic matter content (0.74%),
• High CaCO3 (29%),
• cation exchange capacity (29 Cmol kg-1)
• Marginal levels of plant available P, i.e., 10 mg kg-1 NaHCO3- extractable P
(Olsen).
45. Corn genotype (Hybrid XL72AA) was planted manually in late June to early July,
based on the weather conditions of that specific year
Treatments:
In the first year (1998), the main plots were fertilized with 0,33, 66 and 99 kg
P ha- (as triple superphosphate) prior to the experiment in order to establish a
range of soil test values for the following years.
During the second and following years, the main plots were divided into
subplots, each receiving 0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 kg P ha-1
The first year experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block
design, and then became a split-plot design having:
a) 0, 33, 66 and 99 kg P ha-1 rates as main plots
b) 0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 kg P ha-1 rates as subplots
c) Four replications in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002
46. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Initial (main plot) and currently applied (sub plot) fertilizer P in relation to
yield and increment.
47. Table 2. Initial (main plot) and currently applied (sub plot) fertilizer P in relation to grain P
uptake, total plant P uptake and P recovery.
48. Main plots P rates kg P ha Relative yield
1999 2000 2001 2002
0 119 121 128 135
33 123 124 106 132
66 126 124 107 133
99 112 126 106 136
Average 120 124 112 134
Table 3. Relative corn yield to currently applied P for
4 years after the initial P applicationa.
a Mean response of the 9,18,27,36 kg P ha a -1 rates relative to the control
for each initial level of P.
49. Figure . Extractable P status in 2002 after 5 years of P fertilization. Initial main-
plots received 0, 33, 66 and 99 kg P ha-1 in 1998 and sub-plots 0, 9, 18, 27, 36
kg P ha-1 annually from 1999-2002
50. CONCLUSION
i. Residual P from fertilizer application does accumulate rapidly for the
benefit of succeeding crop
ii. The phenomenon occurs in calcareous Mediterranean soils which ‘‘fix’’
applied P fertilizer
iii.Based on research in the Mediterranean region, and data from that
study was, the fertilization value of P fertilizer residues can easily
assessed and monitored by soil testing
51. Rescheduling of phosphorus application to FCV tobacco grown
on Phosphorus build up soils of KLS(Karnataka light soil)
region
Vasuki et al. (2002)
objective
To ascertain the effect of reducing the level as well as omitting the application
of P on yield and quality of FCV tobacco
4th Paper
52. Material and Methods
1. Location: Agricultural Research Station Navile, Shimoga. In
plot where tobacco continuously grown.
2. Available P was very high (130 kg P2O5 ha)
3. Design was RBD.
4. Long term field trial on P application was conducted with
reduced level of P 30 and 60kg h in combination of with
different schedules of application
1. Every year
2. Once in two year
3. Once in three year
53. Results and Discussion
S/No treatments Nicotine (%) Reducing sugar(%)
X L X L
1 No P2O5 1.63 1.70 15.2 14.9
2 30 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 1..63 1.85 16.1 15.6
3 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 2 E. yr.) 1.68 1.83 16.5 14.1
4 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 3 E. yr.) 1.67 1.73 16.4 15.3
5 60 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 1.66 1.81 15.2 15.1
6 60 kg P2O5 ( once in 2 E. yr.) 1.59 1.77 15.6 15.2
7 60 kg P2O5 ( once in 3 E. yr.) 1.61 1.74 16.5 15.2
S.Em. +/- 0.10 0.08 0.68 1.17
C.D. 0.05 Ns Ns Ns Ns
CV.% 11.4 9.7 13.6 15.8
Table 1: Nicotine and reducing sugar levels of FCV tobacco as influenced by P
application (Average of six year)
FCV: Flue Cured Virginia
54. Table 2: depletion of available P at the end of sixth year
S/No treatments P2O5 kg ha-1 Extent of
depletion
kg ha-1
% of
depletion1994 initial 1999
1 No P2O5 171.6 97.5 74.3 43
2 30 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 194.0 131.0 63.0 32
3 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 2 E. yr.) 195.9 139.0 56.8 29
4 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 3 E. yr.) 170.4 117.8 52.5 31
5 60 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 192.8 142.0 51.0 26
6 60 kg P2O5 ( once in 2 E. yr.) 187.1 139.0 48.0 25
7 60 kg P2O5 ( once in 3 E. yr.) 194.1 141.0 53.5 27
S.Em. +/- 11.6 9.3 11.2
C.D. 0.05 Ns 27.5 Ns
CV.% 9.6 24.3 39
55. S/No treatments Av. Yield kg ha-1 B: C ratio*
1 No P2O5 1102 1:18.36
2 30 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 1075 1:14.8.
3 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 2 E. yr.) 1107 1:16.42
4 30 kg P2O5 ( once in 3 E. yr.) 1134 1:17.31
5 60 kg P2O5 (E. yr.) 1162 1:13.71
* Input – output costs arrived based on the returns of corresponding years and input
multiplied by the costs of respective years.
Table 3: Economic performance of rescheduling of P to FCV tobacco.
56. Conclusion
The depletion of available soil P in long run in plots where
no P applied and with a view to sustain the P supply to the
crop at the optimum level over the years, it is advisable to
go for 30kg ha application once in three years
57. Organic acids exuded from roots in phosphorus uptake
and aluminum tolerance of plants in acid soils
Hocking 2001
objective
I. To understand how organic acid exudation from roots benefits
the P nutrition of plants.
II. To determine the role of organic acid in mobilizing fixed P
for plant nutrition
5th paper
58. Fig 1: Outline of the main processes affecting P availability in the rhizosphere and P supply to plant roots.
Root take up inorganic P (Pi) from the soil solution. Which is replenished by Pi from the solid phase and by
hydrolysis of organic P (Po) from the soil solution and solid phase. Root exudates particularly organic acids
increase rates of solubilization, desorption. and mineralization either directly or indirectly via the activity of
microorganisms. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorbing area of the root system and the volume of soil
exploited.
59. Table 1: Organic acids exuded from roots of selected crop species grown under P stress
Plant
species
Growth
conditions
Organic aced exuded from roots (whole root
system; μ mol g-1 dry wt h-1
References
citric Malic Malonic Others
White
lupine
P-deficient
solution
11000 8000 - Traces of aconitic,
fumaric ,oxalic and
succinic
Johnson et al.
1996
Rice Low - P soil 2300 - - Traces of oxalic,
malic, lactic and
fumaric
Kirk et al. 1999
Maize P-deficient
soil
1300 6000 - Jones and Darrah
1995
Alfalfa P-deficient
sand
650 279 Succinic Lipton et al. 1987
Pigeon
pea
P-deficient
solution
2.3 trace 752 Oxalic, Picidic and
tartaric
Otani el al. 1996
Chick
pea
P-deficient
solution
209 74 41 aconitic, fumaric and
succinic
Ohwaki and Hirata
1992
60. Fig 2: Effect of adding various amounts of citrate to an Oxisol on the quantities
of P subsequently extracted. Levels of 50 to 100 μ mol citrate g-1 soil are similar
to those found in rhizospheric soil of white lupine proteoid roots. Note: citrate
increase the extraction of both fixed soil P and recently added P.
61. Fig. 4: defferences in the capacity of crop species to access poorly availabe soil P as assessed
by a 32P isotope dilution (L- value) techinque. The L- value is a measure of the total quantity
of palnt avaible P: the higher the value . The greater the plant access to soil P. the plants were
grown in pot culture for 30 days in a P-fixing Oxisol high in total P but low n available P.
histograms with the same letter do not differ at p=0.05.
62. I. Based on current consumption of P fertilizer. It is estimated that world
reserves of rock phosphates will be exhausted within the next 60-90 years.
II. Currently many developing countries in the tropics have to contend with
very low soil P reserves and soils fixing high P
III. Consequently there is increasing pressure to manage the use of P fertilizer in
food and livestock production systems in acid soil to minimize actual and
potential adverse environmental effects caused by P
Conclusion:
63. Objective:
To investigate the effects of PSB and AMF
and their interactions on, biological properties
and inorganic phosphorus fractions of
different soil types and crop
Research Paper - 6
64. Materials and Methods:
Soils: Four soil samples (0-10 cm), low in phosphorus, were used for the pot
experiments (Table 1). Subsamples were used to determine chemical properties and
soil texture.
Experimental Design: The experimental treatments were arranged in split plot
factorial based on a complete randomized block design including:
1) Four soil types (clay, clay loam, loam and sandy loam)
2) Three phosphorus fertilizer levels (0, 20 and 40 mg kg_1P)
3) Four levels of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM)
A. Mixture of three phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSM) including:
Azotobacter chrocooccum strain 5, Pseudomonas fluorescens 187 and
Pseudomonas fluorescens 36,
B. Mixture of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi (AMF) including: Glomus mossea and
Glomus intraradices,
C. Mixture of PSB and AMF
D. Control
E. The experiment was replicated thrice
F. Total numbers of plots were 144.
65. Table 1: Some physical and chemical properties of soils
66. Soil type Ca10-P O-P Fe-P Al-P Ca8-P Ca2-P Total P
Clay 432 22 20 18 152 7.6 952
Clay loam 392 16 17 19 142 4.9 822
Loam 401 17 16 10 130 6.2 789
Sandy loam 255 11 14 15 113 4.6 510
Table 2: The concentration of inorganic phosphorus fraction (mg kg -1) of
different soil types
67. Variable df Shoot dry
weight
Root dry
weight
Plant
height
Spike
length
Grain
spike
number
Grain
yield
Colon
percent
Spore
number
PSB
number
Replication ® 2 0.8 0.3 2.7 19.8 5.2 0.4 5.3 10.8 1.1×109
Soil type (S) 3 5.3** 0.1 25.7 21.4 5.1 0.5 51.5 429.3** 7.4×109**
Phosphorus
fertilizer (P)
2 7.8** 0.3 0.9 18.9 10.9 0.1 7671.0** 1300.5*
* 10.0×109**
S × P 6 0.2 0.2 21.4 19.6 7.3 0.1 136.0 26.4 1.2×109
Biological
fertilizer (B)
3 14.7** 0.7** 1.0 21.7 45.2** 16.9** 9089.0** 662.3** 3.4×1010**
S× B 9 1.3* 0.2 23.0 21.1 7.3 1.6** 27.7 97.9** 8.1×108
P× B 6 0.9 0.4 14.0 21.7 9.1 3.6** 2245.0** 429.4** 3.9×108
S× P ×B 18 1.1 0.1 24.2 20.9 2.9 0.5 12.8 15.4 8.1×108
Error 93 0.6 0.1 18.6 0.4 17.8 0.6 94.9 17.8 8.2×108
CV - 20.4 19.4 8.0 9.3 23.6 8.9 47.7 23.6 32.3
*Significant at P < 0.05, ** Significant at P < 0.01
Table 3: Analysis of variance of measured parameters of crop performance and
biological properties
68. Table 4: Mean comparisons of the main effects on Wheat growth properties.
69. Fig. 1: Interaction effects Soil kind and Biological fertilizer on shoot dry weight (a), grain
yield (b), colonization(c) and ∆P-Olsen (d). (PSB: phosphate solubilizing bacteria, AMF:
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
70. Fig. 2: Interaction effects of Soil kinds and phosphorus level (P0=0, P20=20 and
P40=40 mg kg 1P) on ∆Ca2-P percentage (PSB: phosphate solubilizing bacteria, AMF:
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
71. a. Application of biological fertilizers reduced%∆Ca2-P and% ∆Ca8-P
and increased% ∆ P-Olsen.
b. AMF no effect on% ∆P-Olsen and PSB number whereas increased
colonization percentage and spore number
c. Application phosphorus fertilizer increased% ∆Ca2-P and% ∆Ca8-P and
no effect on% ∆P-Olsen whereas reduced colonization percentage,
spore and PSB number
d. The present study demonstrated the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) for enhancing
the growth of wheat
CONCLUSION
72. Summary
I. Temporally fixed P also called residual P becomes available with
time but at slow rate.
II. The availability of residual P in the soil is related to the rate of P
application and quantity of P taken by plant.
III. Residual P is governed by soil characteristics which include soil
physicochemical and biological properties.
IV. AMF no effect on % ∆P-Olsen and PSB number whereas
increased colonization percentage and spore number
V. Based on current consumption of P fertilizer. It is estimated that
world reserves of rock phosphates will be exhausted within the
next 60-90 years.
73. STRATEGIESFORIMPROVINGP EFFICIENCYIN THESOIL/RHIZOSPHERE-PLANTCONTINUUM
The effective strategies for P management may involve a series of multiple level
approaches in association with soil, rhizosphere, and plant processes.
P input into farmland can be optimized based on the balance of inputs/outputs
of P.
Soil based P management requires a long-term management strategy to
maintain the soil available P supply at an appropriate level through monitoring soil
P fertility because of the relative stability of P within soils.
74. Some soil and rhizosphere microorganisms such as AMF and plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria also contribute to plant P acquisition (Richardson et al.,
2009).
successful P management can be achieved by breeding crop cultivars or
genotypes more efficient for P acquisition and use.
I. wheat (Triticum aestivum) variety Xiaoyan54 that secreted more carboxylates
(e.g. malate and citrate) into the rhizosphere than P-inefficient genotypes (Li et
al., 1995).
II. soybean (Glycine max) ‘BX10’ with superior root traits that enable better
adaptation to low P soils
In addition, the ability to use insoluble P compounds in soils can be enhanced
by engineering crops to exude more phytase, which results from over expression of
a fungal phytase gene (George et al., 2005b).
The integration of genetically improved P efficient crops with advanced P
management in the soil plant system is important for improving nutrient use efficiency
and sustainable crop production.
Editor's Notes
Nature and amount of soil minerals : adsorption and desorption reactions are affected by the type of mineral surfaces in contact with P in the soil solution.
pH increasing as profound influence on the quantity of adsorption and precipitation in soils adsorption by Fe and Al oxides declining with pH.
Cation effect: divalent cations enhance P adsorption relative to monovalent cations.
Anion effects: both organic and inorganic anions can compete with P for adsorption sited, resulting in decrease adsorption of added P.
Extent of saturation: in general P adsorption is greater in soils, with little P adsorbed to mineral surfaces.
Organic matter: continued application of manure can result in elevated P levels at 2 – 4 feet depth.
Reaction and temperature: the rate of most chemical and biological reactions increases with increasing temperature.
Flooding: in most soils there is an increase in avlaible P after flooding largely due to a conversion of Fe3 to Fe2. and hydrolysis of Al phosphate.
Fertilizer P management: placement of P fertilizer and fine texture mineral have greater P adsorption than coarse texture mineral because the amount of reactive mineral surface isgreater.
Gradually reactions occur in which the adsorbed phosphate and the easily dissolved compounds of phosphate form more insoluble compounds that cause the phosphate to be become fixed and unavailable. Over time this results in a decrease in soil test P. The mechanisms for the changes in phosphate are complex and involve a variety of compounds. In alkaline soils (soil pH greater than 7) Ca is the dominant cation (positive ion) that will react with phosphate. A general sequence of reactions in alkaline soils is the formation of dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, octocalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. The formation of each product results in a decrease in solubility and availability of phosphate. In acidic soils (especially with soil pH less than 5.5) Al is the dominant ion that will react with phosphate. In these soils the first products formed would be amorphous Al and Fe phosphates, as well as some Ca phosphates. The amorphous Al and Fe phosphates gradually change into compounds that resemble crystalline variscite (an Al phosphate) and strengite (an Fe phosphate). Each of these reactions will result in very insoluble compounds of phosphate that are generally not available to plants. Reactions that reduce P availability occur in all ranges of soil pH but can be very pronounced in alkaline soils (pH > 7.3) and in acidic soils (pH < 5.5). Maintaining soil pH between 6 and 7 will generally result in the most efficient use of phosphate (Figure 3).
The active P pool will contain inorganic phosphate that is attached (or adsorbed) to small particles in the soil, phosphate that reacted with elements such as calcium or aluminum to form somewhat soluble solids, and organic P that is easily mineralized. Adsorbed phosphate ions are held on active sites on the surfaces of soil particles. The amount of phosphate adsorbed by soil increases as the amount of phosphate in solution increases and vice versa (Figure 2). Soil particles can act either as a source or a sink of phosphate to the surrounding water depending on conditions. Soil particles with low levels of adsorbed P that are eroded into a body of water with relatively high levels of dissolved phosphate may adsorb phosphate from the water, and vice versa.
Phosphorus can become water-soluble and mobile, entering surface waters and causing algae and other undesirable plants to grow. This reduces water quality and desirable fish and aquatic plants.
1200kg of acid would be required for native P in P deficient soil, mixing to the soil. But with irrigation water will give poor result.
But the problem is its very costly.