Rahul Kumar completed a PowerPoint presentation on wave propagation under the guidance of Miss Arzoo. The presentation covered three main types of wave propagation: ground wave propagation, which uses the area between the earth's surface and ionosphere; sky wave propagation, which involves reflections from the ionosphere; and space wave propagation, where waves travel directly or after reflecting from the earth's surface through the troposphere.

1. SUBMITTED BY :- RAHUL KUMAR.
SUBMITTED TO :- MISS.ARZOO
CLASS :- 3RD YEAR 6TH SEMESTER
BRANCH :- ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

2. I, RAHUL KUMAR of class 3RD YEAR
6TH SEMESTER,EC BRANCH,
completed this power point
presentation about WAVE
PROPAGATION under the
guidance and supervision of Miss
.ARZOO with a lots of useful and
valuable knowledge of wave
propagation.

3. CONTENT
<WAVE PROPAGATION.
<TYPES OF PROPAGTION.
<GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION.
<SKY WAVE PROPAGATION.
<SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION.

4. Wave propagation is any of the
ways in which waves travel.
With respect to the direction of
the oscillation relative to the
propagation direction, we can
distinguish between longitudinal
wave and transverse waves.
For electromagnetic waves,
propagation may occur in a
vacuum as well as in a material
medium. Other wave types
cannot propagate through a
vacuum and need a transmission
medium to exist.
WAVE PROPAGATION

5. TYPES OF PROPAGATION
<GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION
<SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
<SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION

6. Ground Wave propagation is a
method of radio frequency
propagation that uses the area
between the surface of the earth
and the ionosphere for transmission.
The ground wave can propagate a
considerable distance over the
earth's surface particularly in
the low frequency and medium
frequency portion of the radio
spectrum. Ground wave radio
propagation is used to provide
relatively local radio
communications coverage.
GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION

7. SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
Sky-wave propagation refers to radio
wave propagation via the ionosphere.
Each reflection from the ionosphere is a
hop. Reception of sky-wave
propagation is called skip.
The higher the region in the ionosphere
where the hop occurs, the greater the
distance the wave can travel.F2 skip
can travel up to 2500 miles . E skip can
travel up to 1200 miles . Sky-wave
propagation can include multiple hops
between the Earth and the ionosphere

8. The radio waves having high
frequencies are basically called as
space waves. These waves have
the ability to propagate through
atmosphere, from transmitter antenna
to receiver antenna. These waves can
travel directly or can travel after
reflecting from earth’s surface to the
troposphere surface of earth. So, it is
also called as Tropospherical
Propagation. In the diagram of medium
wave propagation, c shows the
space wave propagation.
SPACE WAVE PROPAGATION

9. RANGE OF WAVE PROPAGATION