The document provides information about screws and their operation. It discusses the principles of how screws work based on the concept of an inclined plane. It defines key terms and objectives related to understanding screws. Several examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the pitch, torque, efficiency and other factors related to screws. Formulas are given for determining values like force, torque and efficiency for both raising and lowering loads using screws.
This document discusses the design of shafts that can experience twisting moments, bending moments, or a combination of both. It provides equations to determine the diameter of shafts subjected to twisting moments only based on the torque and material shear stress. Similarly, it gives equations for sizing shafts experiencing bending moments only based on the bending moment and material bending stress. For shafts with combined loads, it describes two failure theories and the resulting equivalent moment equations that can be used for design.
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/bHKaPBgDk6g
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
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Here are the solutions to the problems in Activity 5B:
5.5 Effort = 120 kg x 60 cm / 10 cm = 72 N
5.6 Force = 50 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 x 3.3 m / (50 cm x 7 revolutions x 2π) = 49 N
5.7 Speed = 6 mm x 3 x 12 rev/s = 216 mm/s = 0.216 m/s
Power = (200 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 x 0.216 m/s) / 0.7 = 293 W
Friction coefficient = (1 - 0.7) / 0.7 = 0.143
5
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit-3 - Velocity and acceleration of mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
Kinematic synthesis deals with determining link lengths and orientations of mechanisms to satisfy motion requirements. This document discusses several key concepts in kinematic synthesis of planar mechanisms, including:
1) Movability/mobility synthesis which determines the degrees of freedom using Gruebler's criterion. The simplest mechanism is the four-bar linkage.
2) Transmission angle synthesis which aims to position links for maximum torque transmission, usually near 90°.
3) Limit positions and dead centers which are configurations of four-bar mechanisms where links are collinear.
4) Graphical synthesis methods using the pole and relative pole to determine link lengths and positions based on input/output motion specifications.
This document discusses the design of shafts that can experience twisting moments, bending moments, or a combination of both. It provides equations to determine the diameter of shafts subjected to twisting moments only based on the torque and material shear stress. Similarly, it gives equations for sizing shafts experiencing bending moments only based on the bending moment and material bending stress. For shafts with combined loads, it describes two failure theories and the resulting equivalent moment equations that can be used for design.
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/bHKaPBgDk6g
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Here are the solutions to the problems in Activity 5B:
5.5 Effort = 120 kg x 60 cm / 10 cm = 72 N
5.6 Force = 50 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 x 3.3 m / (50 cm x 7 revolutions x 2π) = 49 N
5.7 Speed = 6 mm x 3 x 12 rev/s = 216 mm/s = 0.216 m/s
Power = (200 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 x 0.216 m/s) / 0.7 = 293 W
Friction coefficient = (1 - 0.7) / 0.7 = 0.143
5
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Unit-3 - Velocity and acceleration of mechanisms, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
The various forces acts on the reciprocating parts of an engine.
The resultant of all the forces acting on the body of the engine due to inertia forces only is known as unbalanced force or shaking force.
Kinematic synthesis deals with determining link lengths and orientations of mechanisms to satisfy motion requirements. This document discusses several key concepts in kinematic synthesis of planar mechanisms, including:
1) Movability/mobility synthesis which determines the degrees of freedom using Gruebler's criterion. The simplest mechanism is the four-bar linkage.
2) Transmission angle synthesis which aims to position links for maximum torque transmission, usually near 90°.
3) Limit positions and dead centers which are configurations of four-bar mechanisms where links are collinear.
4) Graphical synthesis methods using the pole and relative pole to determine link lengths and positions based on input/output motion specifications.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
This experiment examines how shear forces vary with increasing point loads applied to a beam. Theoretical calculations of shear force are compared to experimental measurements. As the applied load increases, both the theoretical and experimental shear forces increase linearly. The experimental shear forces are slightly lower than theoretical values. This shows that the equation used to calculate shear force theoretically accurately predicts the beam's behavior under different loading conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding shear forces in structural engineering design.
Three types of gear trains are described:
1. Simple gear trains involve one gear on each shaft to transmit power.
2. Compound gear trains have more than one gear on a shaft, allowing for larger speed reductions.
3. Epicyclic gear trains have gears mounted on shafts that can move relative to a fixed axis, enabling high velocity ratios with moderate sized gears. Epicyclic trains are used in automotive differentials and machinery.
This document describes an experiment to investigate the displacement and velocity variations in a Hooke's coupling, which is a type of universal joint used to transmit rotational motion between two shafts at an angle. The experiment involves measuring the input and output angles of two Hooke's couplings connected by an intermediate shaft at various input angles. The results are plotted and analyzed to validate theoretical equations showing that two couplings cancel out fluctuations when the intermediate angle is the same. The purpose is to demonstrate how universal joints maintain constant velocity despite changing shaft angles.
1. A shaft transmits power and rotational motion and has machine elements like gears and pulleys mounted on it.
2. Press fits, keys, dowel pins, and splines are used to attach machine elements to the shaft.
3. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings and uses features like retaining rings to take up axial loads.
4. Couplings are used to transmit power between drive and driven shafts like between a motor and gearbox.
This document provides an overview of dynamics of machines including:
1. It defines force, applied force, constraint forces, and types of constrained motions like completely, incompletely, and successfully constrained motions.
2. It discusses static force analysis, dynamic force analysis, and conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium.
3. It covers concepts like inertia, inertia force, inertia torque, D'Alembert's principle, and principle of superposition.
4. It derives expressions for forces acting on the reciprocating parts of an engine while neglecting the weight of the connecting rod.
The document discusses isoparametric finite elements. It defines isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements. It provides examples of shape functions for 4-noded rectangular, 6-noded triangular, and 8-noded rectangular isoparametric elements. It also discusses coordinate transformation from the natural to global coordinate system using these shape functions and calculating the Jacobian.
This document discusses friction in pivot and collar bearings. It begins by providing examples of rotating shafts that experience axial thrust, such as propeller shafts and turbine shafts. It then discusses assumptions made in studying friction in bearings, including uniform pressure and wear distributions. Several pages are dedicated to analyzing the friction torque in flat pivot bearings assuming uniform pressure and uniform wear. A similar analysis is done for collar bearings. Formulas are provided for calculating friction torque and power lost to friction in various bearing configurations. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations.
1. The document discusses gyroscopic couple, which acts on a spinning object that is rotating about another axis.
2. It provides examples of gyroscopic couple in naval ships, where the spinning of propeller shafts affects steering, pitching, and rolling.
3. The document also examines the gyroscopic couple and centrifugal couple in vehicles like cars and motorcycles taking turns, and how this affects their stability.
This document discusses the cam jump phenomenon in cam and follower mechanisms. It defines cam jump as occurring under high speeds when the unbalanced forces during negative acceleration exceed the spring force, causing the cam and follower to separate. It presents the equations of motion for a follower under the forces of inertia, spring, and cam. It identifies the critical speed as when the force on the follower is zero, indicating no contact. Above this speed, hammering noises occur due to cam jump. The document recommends increasing preload and spring stiffness to avoid cam jump to some extent.
This document discusses various topics related to power screws including:
- Types of screw threads used for power transmission like square, acme, and buttress threads.
- The torque required to raise or lower a load using a square threaded screw, which depends on the helix angle and friction angle.
- The maximum efficiency of a square threaded screw occurs at a helix angle between 40-45 degrees.
- Self-locking screws have a friction angle greater than the helix angle, while overhauling screws have a friction angle less than the helix angle.
- Additional sections cover efficiency as it relates to screw and collar friction, stresses in power screws, differential and compound screws, and design considerations for screw
The document discusses static force analysis and equilibrium of mechanisms. It covers topics like static equilibrium, equilibrium of two and three force members, members with two forces and torque, free body diagrams, and the principle of virtual work. Examples of static force analysis of four bar and slider-crank mechanisms are presented. Methods to determine the forces and torques required for static equilibrium are demonstrated through graphical techniques like force triangles and the principle of virtual work.
This document discusses screw jacks and includes:
1) An overview of screw jacks and how they are used to raise heavy loads through small heights using square threads for power transmission.
2) Questions about the type of thread used for screw jacks, their uses, paper sizes, title blocks, and drawing sheet layouts.
3) An assembly drawing assignment to create sectional and top views of a screw jack with a parts list and bill of materials.
Solutions Manual for machine design by khurmi and GuptaAdnan Aslam
This document contains solutions to problems from machine design textbooks by Khurmi and Gupta provided by Eng. Younis Fakher for 4th year mechanical engineering students at Thi-Qar University College of Engineering in 2010-2011. The solutions cover problems from chapters 4 through 6.
This document is a presentation on profile projectors. It discusses that a profile projector is an optical instrument used for measuring by magnifying a specimen's profile and projecting it onto a screen. There are three main types - bench, vertical, and horizontal. The document outlines the history, working principle, procedures for use, types, applications, advantages such as time and cost savings, and limitations such as it being a fixed device.
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackMahesh Shinde
The document discusses power screws, including their terminology, types of threads, torque analysis, and efficiency. It defines key terms like nominal diameter, pitch, lead, and lead angle. It describes common types of threads like square, ACME, and buttress threads. It discusses torque required to raise and lower loads, including expressions for self-locking and overhauling screws. The document also covers screw efficiency and collar friction torque, providing expressions to calculate overall efficiency. An example calculation is given to find maximum load lifted, efficiency, and overall efficiency of a screw jack.
ME 312 Mechanical Machine Design is the flagship course of the mechanical engineering department at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about mechanical fasteners and non-permanent joints. The course is offered every fall by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui.
1) The document discusses the impact of a jet of water on stationary and moving plates. It defines impact of jet as the force exerted by the jet on a plate.
2) Key factors that determine the force include the jet velocity, plate velocity, plate angle, and whether the plate is flat, curved, or includes a series of vanes.
3) Formulas are provided to calculate the force and work done on plates in different configurations based on impulse-momentum principles.
Dynamometers are devices used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers which measure power by absorbing it, and transmission dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through a shaft. Examples of absorption dynamometers include Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers include belt transmission, epicyclic gear train, and torsion dynamometers. Torsion dynamometers work by measuring the angle of twist in a shaft which is directly proportional to the transmitted torque.
This document provides an overview of friction, including definitions, concepts, and formulas. It begins by defining friction as the force that resists the relative motion or tendency of contact surfaces to slide against each other. It then defines key terms like coefficient of friction and angle of friction. The document provides examples of how to calculate friction forces in different scenarios like motion up or down an inclined plane when a parallel pull force is applied. It includes sample problems and solutions. The overall objectives are to understand the concept of friction and be able to illustrate frictional forces, use relevant formulas to solve problems, and calculate answers using friction concepts.
BEST PPT FOR DOWNLOADING & SUBMISSION
INFORMATION IN POINTS
When the inertia forces are considered in the analysis of the mechanism, the analysis is known as dynamic force analysis.
Now applying D’Alembert principle one may reduce a dynamic system into an equivalent static system and use the techniques used in static force analysis to study the system.
Garcia and Bayo (1994), Wang and Wang (1998), Shi and Mc Phee (2000) were interested in the analytical and
experimental study of the dynamic response of these mechanisms
This experiment examines how shear forces vary with increasing point loads applied to a beam. Theoretical calculations of shear force are compared to experimental measurements. As the applied load increases, both the theoretical and experimental shear forces increase linearly. The experimental shear forces are slightly lower than theoretical values. This shows that the equation used to calculate shear force theoretically accurately predicts the beam's behavior under different loading conditions. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding shear forces in structural engineering design.
Three types of gear trains are described:
1. Simple gear trains involve one gear on each shaft to transmit power.
2. Compound gear trains have more than one gear on a shaft, allowing for larger speed reductions.
3. Epicyclic gear trains have gears mounted on shafts that can move relative to a fixed axis, enabling high velocity ratios with moderate sized gears. Epicyclic trains are used in automotive differentials and machinery.
This document describes an experiment to investigate the displacement and velocity variations in a Hooke's coupling, which is a type of universal joint used to transmit rotational motion between two shafts at an angle. The experiment involves measuring the input and output angles of two Hooke's couplings connected by an intermediate shaft at various input angles. The results are plotted and analyzed to validate theoretical equations showing that two couplings cancel out fluctuations when the intermediate angle is the same. The purpose is to demonstrate how universal joints maintain constant velocity despite changing shaft angles.
1. A shaft transmits power and rotational motion and has machine elements like gears and pulleys mounted on it.
2. Press fits, keys, dowel pins, and splines are used to attach machine elements to the shaft.
3. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings and uses features like retaining rings to take up axial loads.
4. Couplings are used to transmit power between drive and driven shafts like between a motor and gearbox.
This document provides an overview of dynamics of machines including:
1. It defines force, applied force, constraint forces, and types of constrained motions like completely, incompletely, and successfully constrained motions.
2. It discusses static force analysis, dynamic force analysis, and conditions for static and dynamic equilibrium.
3. It covers concepts like inertia, inertia force, inertia torque, D'Alembert's principle, and principle of superposition.
4. It derives expressions for forces acting on the reciprocating parts of an engine while neglecting the weight of the connecting rod.
The document discusses isoparametric finite elements. It defines isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements. It provides examples of shape functions for 4-noded rectangular, 6-noded triangular, and 8-noded rectangular isoparametric elements. It also discusses coordinate transformation from the natural to global coordinate system using these shape functions and calculating the Jacobian.
This document discusses friction in pivot and collar bearings. It begins by providing examples of rotating shafts that experience axial thrust, such as propeller shafts and turbine shafts. It then discusses assumptions made in studying friction in bearings, including uniform pressure and wear distributions. Several pages are dedicated to analyzing the friction torque in flat pivot bearings assuming uniform pressure and uniform wear. A similar analysis is done for collar bearings. Formulas are provided for calculating friction torque and power lost to friction in various bearing configurations. Examples are included to demonstrate calculations.
1. The document discusses gyroscopic couple, which acts on a spinning object that is rotating about another axis.
2. It provides examples of gyroscopic couple in naval ships, where the spinning of propeller shafts affects steering, pitching, and rolling.
3. The document also examines the gyroscopic couple and centrifugal couple in vehicles like cars and motorcycles taking turns, and how this affects their stability.
This document discusses the cam jump phenomenon in cam and follower mechanisms. It defines cam jump as occurring under high speeds when the unbalanced forces during negative acceleration exceed the spring force, causing the cam and follower to separate. It presents the equations of motion for a follower under the forces of inertia, spring, and cam. It identifies the critical speed as when the force on the follower is zero, indicating no contact. Above this speed, hammering noises occur due to cam jump. The document recommends increasing preload and spring stiffness to avoid cam jump to some extent.
This document discusses various topics related to power screws including:
- Types of screw threads used for power transmission like square, acme, and buttress threads.
- The torque required to raise or lower a load using a square threaded screw, which depends on the helix angle and friction angle.
- The maximum efficiency of a square threaded screw occurs at a helix angle between 40-45 degrees.
- Self-locking screws have a friction angle greater than the helix angle, while overhauling screws have a friction angle less than the helix angle.
- Additional sections cover efficiency as it relates to screw and collar friction, stresses in power screws, differential and compound screws, and design considerations for screw
The document discusses static force analysis and equilibrium of mechanisms. It covers topics like static equilibrium, equilibrium of two and three force members, members with two forces and torque, free body diagrams, and the principle of virtual work. Examples of static force analysis of four bar and slider-crank mechanisms are presented. Methods to determine the forces and torques required for static equilibrium are demonstrated through graphical techniques like force triangles and the principle of virtual work.
This document discusses screw jacks and includes:
1) An overview of screw jacks and how they are used to raise heavy loads through small heights using square threads for power transmission.
2) Questions about the type of thread used for screw jacks, their uses, paper sizes, title blocks, and drawing sheet layouts.
3) An assembly drawing assignment to create sectional and top views of a screw jack with a parts list and bill of materials.
Solutions Manual for machine design by khurmi and GuptaAdnan Aslam
This document contains solutions to problems from machine design textbooks by Khurmi and Gupta provided by Eng. Younis Fakher for 4th year mechanical engineering students at Thi-Qar University College of Engineering in 2010-2011. The solutions cover problems from chapters 4 through 6.
This document is a presentation on profile projectors. It discusses that a profile projector is an optical instrument used for measuring by magnifying a specimen's profile and projecting it onto a screen. There are three main types - bench, vertical, and horizontal. The document outlines the history, working principle, procedures for use, types, applications, advantages such as time and cost savings, and limitations such as it being a fixed device.
Unit 4 Design of Power Screw and Screw JackMahesh Shinde
The document discusses power screws, including their terminology, types of threads, torque analysis, and efficiency. It defines key terms like nominal diameter, pitch, lead, and lead angle. It describes common types of threads like square, ACME, and buttress threads. It discusses torque required to raise and lower loads, including expressions for self-locking and overhauling screws. The document also covers screw efficiency and collar friction torque, providing expressions to calculate overall efficiency. An example calculation is given to find maximum load lifted, efficiency, and overall efficiency of a screw jack.
ME 312 Mechanical Machine Design is the flagship course of the mechanical engineering department at DHA Suffa University. This lecture is about mechanical fasteners and non-permanent joints. The course is offered every fall by Dr. Bilal A. Siddiqui.
1) The document discusses the impact of a jet of water on stationary and moving plates. It defines impact of jet as the force exerted by the jet on a plate.
2) Key factors that determine the force include the jet velocity, plate velocity, plate angle, and whether the plate is flat, curved, or includes a series of vanes.
3) Formulas are provided to calculate the force and work done on plates in different configurations based on impulse-momentum principles.
Dynamometers are devices used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers which measure power by absorbing it, and transmission dynamometers which measure torque transmitted through a shaft. Examples of absorption dynamometers include Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers include belt transmission, epicyclic gear train, and torsion dynamometers. Torsion dynamometers work by measuring the angle of twist in a shaft which is directly proportional to the transmitted torque.
This document provides an overview of friction, including definitions, concepts, and formulas. It begins by defining friction as the force that resists the relative motion or tendency of contact surfaces to slide against each other. It then defines key terms like coefficient of friction and angle of friction. The document provides examples of how to calculate friction forces in different scenarios like motion up or down an inclined plane when a parallel pull force is applied. It includes sample problems and solutions. The overall objectives are to understand the concept of friction and be able to illustrate frictional forces, use relevant formulas to solve problems, and calculate answers using friction concepts.
This document discusses the operation and design of multi-cylinder engines. It describes how multi-cylinder engines distribute the load on the crankshaft uniformly by spacing piston power strokes at regular intervals. The firing order determines the sequence of power strokes in the cylinders. The document also describes the key components that make up the engine framework, including the cylinder block and crankcase unit, which houses the cylinders, crankshaft, and camshaft. It details the construction of in-line, V-type, and air-cooled engine frameworks.
Case of Aluminum Cylinder block-PrecisionerTobey Hou
This document provides specifications for a die casting mold to produce a housing part made of aluminum. The mold will have 1x4 cavities, be made of DIEVAR steel inserts in a P20 steel mold base, and be designed to cast parts that are 94.5mmx126.6mmx105.5mm. The mold will undergo heat treatment to achieve a hardness of HRC46±1° and be tested on an LK 800T cold chamber die casting machine.
Investigation of Heat Dissipation in Petrol Engine Cylinder during Explosion ...IJARTES
The current work determines the rate of heat flow
from an engine cylinder. The heat addition during the heat
addition stage or during explosion is determined by using the
classical equations. The heat dissipation from the cylinder is
enhanced by the fins provided around the cylinder. The results
which are obtained are validated with the finite element
analysis software ANSYS APDL. A study is conducted by
considering various materials to obtain optimum material
selection to enhance the better flow of heat from the system.
Stress and Durability Analysis of Threaded Connections in a Cast Aluminum Cyl...Altair
Bolted connections involve sharp notched components that are therefore sensitive to fatigue loading. In internal combustion engines, the journal bearings of the crankshaft are supported by bearing caps which are bolted to the cylinder block. These threaded connections are a fatigue concern as cracking may be experienced on dynamometer tests of new engines. The critical element of this application however is not the steel studs rather the threaded bolt holes in the cast engine block. While the nominal stress concept is applicable to the fatigue design of studs, a local stress approach has to be adopted to assess the fatigue strength of threaded bolt holes.
This paper addresses the fatigue design of this kind of threaded connection. Initially alternate methods of FE modeling and analysis of threaded joints by the local approach are critically examined. The parallel development of a simplified experimental test system involving a threaded hole in cast AlSi7 is described and used to generate baseline fatigue data under known loading conditions. The fatigue behavior of the experimental system is then analyzed on the basis of alternate FE models and post processing approaches. Finally, recommendations for the accurate and computationally efficient FE modeling and durability analysis of threaded connections in cast aluminum cylinder block are outlined.
Speakers
Marco Bersella, Engineer, TP Engineering srl
This document outlines a final project to design a four-cylinder internal combustion engine. It discusses the history and development of the engine, from early innovators like Nikolaus Otto to Henry Ford and Rudolf Diesel. It also covers the main components of an engine like the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft. The document provides calculations for designing the engine block, piston group, connecting rod, and crankshaft mechanism. Materials selection and drawings are also included. The goal is to apply engineering principles to design a functional four-cylinder internal combustion engine.
This document provides an overview of moment of inertia. It defines moment of inertia as the product of mass and the square of a distance, and discusses its units. The document then covers theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes, formulas for moment of inertia of common shapes, torque, angular acceleration, angular momentum, angular impulse, work done by a torque, and angular kinetic energy. Specific objectives are provided to define key terms and explain concepts related to moment of inertia.
The document describes the construction and manufacturing of engine blocks. It discusses the types of materials used, including cast iron and aluminum. It describes the processes of casting blocks, machining surfaces, boring cylinders, and preparing blocks for assembly. Key steps include aligning main bearing bores, decking the block, boring and honing cylinders, and checking surfaces meet specifications.
The document discusses various types of frictional clutches, including disc clutches, cone clutches, and centrifugal clutches. It provides details on the structure and operating principles of single plate and multi-plate disc clutches. The torque transmission analysis for these clutches is presented based on both uniform pressure and uniform wear theories. Cone clutches are described as providing higher torque transfer compared to disc clutches of the same size. Centrifugal clutches are explained as using centrifugal force to automatically engage and disengage based on engine speed.
This document provides information about gear trains and epicyclic gear trains. It includes examples of how to calculate speed ratios and determine speeds of various gears in different configurations of epicyclic gear trains using the tabular method. Several problems are also provided at the end for determining speeds and directions of rotation of gears in various epicyclic gear train arrangements given certain input conditions.
The document discusses the key parts and classifications of internal combustion engines. It describes the major components of an engine like the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons, crankshaft and camshaft. It then covers the different types of cylinder arrangements found in engines like inline, V-shaped, opposed, radial and rotary configurations. The document also discusses the different classifications of engines based on aspects like the number of strokes, type of fuel and ignition method, firing order, cooling type and valve train layout.
This document discusses hoisting and dynamics of rotation. It provides examples and explanations of:
1) The forces, torques, and equations of motion involved when a hoist drum raises or lowers a load while accelerating or decelerating. This includes the inertia couple of the drum opposing changes in rotation and friction torque opposing rotation.
2) Specific examples that calculate the torque required to raise a load or bring it to a stop, given information like the drum's moment of inertia, load mass, acceleration, and friction torque.
3) Diagrams illustrate the forces and torques acting on the hoist drum and load in different scenarios like raising or lowering while accelerating versus coming to a stop
The document discusses various methods for testing and measuring elements of screw threads, including ISO and BSW threads. It describes how to measure the major diameter, minor diameter, mean diameter, and thread angle of a screw using tools like micrometers, prisms, and an optical comparator. The three-wire method for measuring pitch diameter is also explained in detail, including formulas to calculate measurements based on wire size.
The document outlines the design and manufacture of a custom Formula SAE engine, the ER-600-C1, built by Edith Cowan University. It was based on components from a Honda CBR-600RR motorcycle engine. The report documents the process of designing and manufacturing major engine components to replace the stock Honda engine previously used. It discusses the rationale for developing a custom engine, the regulations that guided its design, and reviews competitor engine choices.
Presentation on Remanufacturing of Engine Block of a locomotive at DMW, PatialaArjun Gaur
The presentation is related to my Internship at D.M.W, Patiala, one of the primate manufacturers for Indian Railways. The project assigned to me was to study the rehabilitation and remanufacturing of the Engine Block of a locomotive. Although there might be some minute loop holes in the presentation as it has been 2 years since I left that very place, but more or less everything is same. In fact, it was during my training that the Ministry of Railways decided to manufacture and roll out Multi- Genset loco called WDM 2G. So for any basic queries regarding the presentation feel free to contact.
Night vision systems in automobiles use infrared light and cameras to increase a driver's visibility beyond the reach of headlights. There are two main types: active systems which emit infrared light and passive systems which detect thermal radiation. Most cars use active systems which provide longer ranges up to 250 meters but have disadvantages in heavy rain or fog. Passive systems have greater ranges up to 300 meters and detect living objects better, but have lower resolution images. Night vision is an optional feature primarily on premium vehicles and can help classify objects on the road.
Chapter 1 engine components and classificationHafizkamaruddin
The document discusses the basic theoretical knowledge and understanding of engine components, classifications, and terminology. It covers the construction and operating principles of different types of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke petrol and diesel engines as well as rotary engines. It also explains important engine terminology such as bore, stroke, displacement, compression ratio, cylinder head, valve train, and valve timing diagrams.
This document provides specifications and tightening torques for the engine timing system, cylinder head assembly, engine block, and other components of the D4FA - DSL1.5 engine. It includes details on specifications for components like the camshaft, valves, piston, crankshaft, and connecting rod. Tightening torques are provided for cylinder block components, main moving system parts, timing chain components, and cylinder head parts. Tolerances and limits are given for dimensions, clearances, and other metrics.
Rasuk keluli berkeratan I dengan panjang 1 m dikenakan beban teragih seragam 28 kN/m. Tegasan ricih maksimum dihitung menggunakan rumus tegasan ricih untuk keratan I dan ditemui bernilai 7 MN/m2.
Rasuk yang dibebankan menghasilkan momen lentur positif dan negatif. Momen lentur maksimum boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan persamaan dM/dx = 0. Titik kontra lentur adalah titik di mana rasuk berubah dari melendut ke meleding."
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang daya-daya yang dikenakan pada bahan, termasuk tegasan, tegasan kerja, tegasan bukti, faktor keselamatan, tenaga keterikan, nisbah Poisson, tegasan ricih, dan terikan ricih. Secara ringkas, dokumen tersebut menjelaskan hubungan antara daya dan deformasi bahan, serta parameter-parameter penting yang berkaitan dengan kekuatan bahan.
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The document discusses different types of belting used to transmit power between rotating shafts in factories, including flat belts and V-belts. It provides objectives and formulas for calculating the length of open and closed belt drives, as well as the power transmitted by a belt based on the tension in the tight and slack sides and the belt velocity. Worked examples are included to demonstrate calculating belt length and transmitted power.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. SCREW J3010/5/1
UNIT 5
SCREW
OBJECTIVES
General Objective : To understand the concept of the working of a screw.
Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to :
state the terms that are important for the study of screw.
match the principle of screw working to that of friction on an inclined
plane.
use these suitable concepts to solve problem involve.
calculate the answer using these concepts correctly.
2. SCREW J3010/5/2
INPUT
5.0 INTRODUCTION
The screws, bolt, studs, nuts etc. are widely used in various machines and structures
for fastenings. These fastenings have screw threads, which are made by cutting a
continuous helical groove on cylindrical surface. If the threads are cut on the outer
surface of a solid rod, these are known as external threads. But if the threads are cut on
the internal surface of a hollow rod, these are known as internal threads.
We use The principle of the
inclined plane in the screw thread
concept/applications.
5.1 THE SQUARE-THREADED SCREW
(a) A Single-Start Thread
Let W be the axial force against which the screw is turned, Fig. 5.1, and P the
tangential force at the mean thread radius necessary to turn the nut. The
development of a thread ia an inclined plane, Fig. 5.2, and turning the nut
against the load is equivalent to moving this load up the plane by the
horizontol force P applied at the mean radius of the thread.
3. SCREW J3010/5/3
Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2
The angle ,
p
Tan =
D
(b) A Two-Start Thread
For a two-start thread the distance moves axially by the screw in its nut in one
revolution is the lead , which is twice the pitch.
Tan =
D
2p
Tan =
D
4. SCREW J3010/5/4
5.2 THE VEE-THREADED SCREW
For a V-thread, the normal force between the nut and the screw is increased since the
axial component of this force must equal W. Thus, if the semi-angle of the thread is ,
Fig. 5.3., then normal force = W sec .
The friction force is therefore increased in the ratio sec : 1, so that the V-thread is
equivalent to a square thread having a coefficient of friction v sec
Fig. 5.3
5. SCREW J3010/5/5
INPUT
Turning the screw is equivalent to moving a mass of weight W along the inclined plane by a
horizontal force P.
5.3 RAISING LOAD
When the load is raised by the force P the motion is up the plane.(Fig.5.4).
Motion
R R
P +
W
P
W
Fig. 5.4
From the triangle of forces:
P
Tan ( + ) =
W
P = W tan ( + )
6. SCREW J3010/5/6
Torque
The torque T required to rotate the screw against the load is:
1
T = P( D)
2
O
1 +
T = PD
2
1
T = WD tan ( + ) P
2 1
D
2
Fig. 5.5: Cross-section of Screw
Efficiency
The efficiency of the screw is equal to:
Forward efficiency :
forward = force P required without friction ( = 0)
force P required with friction
w tan
=
w tan( )
tan
=
tan( )
or,
= work done on load W in 1 revolution
work done by P in 1 revolution
w
=
P(D)
w
= x
P D
7. SCREW J3010/5/7
But,
w 1
and tan
P tan( ) D
tan
=
tan( )
Maximum Efficiency
1 sin
mak =
1 sin
Example 5.1
The helix angle of a screw tread is 10˚. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the mean
diameter of the square thread is 72.5 mm, calculate:
(a) the pitch of the tread,
(b) the efficiency when raising a load of 1 kN,
(c) the torque required.
Solution 5.1
Given:
α = 10˚ μ = 0.3 Dmean = 72.5 mm
p
(a) tan α =
D
p = tan 10˚ (3.14)(72.5)
= 40.1 mm
8. SCREW J3010/5/8
(b) μ = tan α
α = tan-1 0.3
α = 16.7˚
tan
Efficiency for raise load, =
tan( )
tan10 0
=
tan(10 0 16.7 0 )
0.1763
=
0.5027
= 0.35 x 100%
= 35%
1
(c) Torque, T = WD tan ( + )
2
1
T = (1000)(72.5) tan (10˚ + 16.7˚)
2
1
T = (1000)(72.5)(0.5027)
2
T = 18.22 x 103 kN mm
T = 18.22 Nm
9. SCREW J3010/5/9
5.4 LOAD BEING LOWERED
(i) When >
P is applied to resist the downward movement of the load. Under
this condition the load would just about to move downwards. If P
were not applied in this direction the load would overhaul, that is
move down on its own weight.
R
P
P
Motion
R - W
W
Fig. 5.6
From the triangle of forces:
P
Tan ( - ) =
W
P = W tan ( - )
Efficiency
Downward efficiency :
downward = work done by P in 1 revolution
work done on load W in 1 revolution
P(D)
=
w
tan( )
=
tan
10. SCREW J3010/5/10
Example 5.2
Calculate the pitch of a single-start square threaded screw of a jack which will
just allow the load to fall uniformly under its own weight. The mean diameter
of the threads is 8 cm and μ= 0.08. If the pitch is 15 mm, what is the torque
required to lower a load of 3 kN?
Solution 5.2
If the load is to fall uniformly under its own weight, =
Given :
μ = 0.08 μ = tan = 4.57˚
p
Tan = then, =
D
p
Tan 4.57˚ =
(3.14)(8)
p = 20 mm
p
If the pitch is 15 mm, Tan =
D
15
Tan =
(3.14)(8)
Tan = 5.97
= 80.49˚
1
Torque, T = WD tan ( - )
2
1
T = (3000)(8)tan (80.49˚- 4.57˚)
2
1
T = (3000)(8)(tan 75˚ 92’)
2
T = 2.4 Nm
11. SCREW J3010/5/11
(ii) When >
If the angle of friction is greater than the angle of the plane, then it can
be seen from the triangle of force, that force P must be applied to help
lower the load.
R
Motion
-
R - W
P
P
W
Fig. 5.7
From the triangle of forces:
P
Tan ( - ) =
W
P = W tan ( - )
Efficiency
tan( )
terbalik =
tan
12. SCREW J3010/5/12
Example 5.3
The mean diameter of a square-threaded screw jack is 5 cm. The pitch
of the thread is 1 cm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15. What force
must be applied at the end of a 70 cm long lever, which is
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the screw to lower a load of 2
tonnes?
Solution 5.3
Given:
Mean diameter, d = 5 cm Pitch, p = 1 cm
Coefficient of friction, μ = 0.15 = tan Then, = 8.32˚
Length of lever, L = 70 cm Load W = 2 t = 2000 kg
Force required to lower the load,
P = W tan ( – α)
= 2000 tan (8. 32˚-3.39˚)
= 2000 tan 4. 53˚
= 2000 x 0.0854
= 170.8 kg
13. SCREW J3010/5/13
Activity 5A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT…!
5.1 A nut on a single-start square thread bolt is locked tight by a torque of 6 Nm. The
thread pitch is 5 mm and the mean diameter 6 cm. Calculate :
(a) the axial load on the screw in kilogrammes
(b) the torque required to loosen the nut. μ = 0.1.
5.2 The total mass of the table of a planning machine and its attached work piece is 350
kg. The table is traversed by a single-start square thread of external diameter 45 mm
and pitch 10 mm. The pressure of the cutting is 600 N and the speed of cutting is 6
meters per minute. The coefficient of friction for the table is 0.1 and for the screw
thread is 0.08. Find the power required.
5.3 The mean radius of a screw of a square thread screw jack is 2.5 cm. The pitch of the
thread is 7.5 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12, what effort applied at the end of
a lever 60 cm length is needed to raise a weight of 2000 kg?.
5.4 A screw press is used to compress books. The thread is double thread (square head)
with a pitch of 4 mm and a mean radius of 25 mm. The coefficient of friction for the
contact surfaces of the threads is 0.3. Determine the torque required for a pressure of
500 N.
14. SCREW J3010/5/14
Feedback to Activity 5A
Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now
5.1 161 kg, 3.47 Nm
5.2 191 W
5.3 14.07 kg
5.4 4450 Nmm
15. SCREW J3010/5/15
INPUT
5.5 OVERHAULING OF THE SCREW
When the load moves down and overcomes the thread friction by its own weight, it is
said to overhaul. When it moves down against a resisting force P we found that
P = W tan ( - )
When the load overhauls, P = 0
Therefore,
tan ( - ) = 0
- =0
=
Hence,
when the angle of the inclined plane is equal to the angle of the friction the load will
overhaul.
The efficiency of such a screw when raising a load is given by:
tan
=
tan( )
but =
tan
=
tan 2
16. SCREW J3010/5/16
Example 5.4
A load of 6 kN is lifted by a jack having a single-start square thread screw of 45 mm
core diameter and pitch 10 mm. The load revolves with the screw and the coefficient
of friction at the screw thread is 0.05. Find the torque required to lift the load. Show
that the load will overhaul.
Solution 5.4
Given:
1
W = 6000 N D mean = 45 + x 10 = 50 mm μ = 0.05 p = 10 mm
2
Then,
p
tan = μ tan α =
D
10
tan = 0.05 tan α =
(3.14)(50)
= 2.86˚ tan α = 0.0637
α = 3.64˚
1
Torque required, T = WD tan ( + )
2
1
= (6000)(50) tan (3.64˚ + 2.86˚)
2
= 3000(50) tan (6.50˚)
= 3000(50) (0.114)
= 17.1 Nm
tan
Efficiency, =
tan( )
tan 3.64 0
=
tan(3.64 0 2.86 0 )
0.0636
=
0.114
= 0.558
= 56% > 50% (overhauling)
17. SCREW J3010/5/17
Activity 5B
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT…!
5.5 The drum of a windlass is 10 cm in diameter and the effort is applied to the handle 60
cm from the axis. Find the effort necessary to support a weight of mass 120 kg.
5.6 A wheel and axle is used to raise a load of mass 50 kg. The radius of the wheel is 50
cm and while it makes seven revolutions the load rises 3.3 m. What is the smallest
force that will support the load?.
5.7 A table carrying a machine tool is traversed by a three-start screw of 6 mm pitch and
external diameter 23 mm. The mass of the table is 200 kg and the coefficient of
friction between the table and its guides is 0.1. The screw is driven by a motor at 12
rev/s. Find the speed of operation of the tool, the power required and the coefficient of
friction for the thread if the efficiency is 70 percent.
5.8 A differential pulley, the two parts of which have respectively twenty four and twenty
five teeth, is used to raise a weight of mass 500 kg. Show by sketch how the apparatus
is used, and determine its velocity ratio. Find also what effort must be exerted if the
efficiency is 60 percent.
18. SCREW J3010/5/18
Feedback To Activity 5B
Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now
5.5 10 gN
1
5.6 7 gN
2
5.7 12.96 m/min, 60.5 W, 0.11
2
5.8 50, 16 gN.
3
19. SCREW J3010/5/19
SELF-ASSESSMENT 5
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check
your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 5 given on the next page.
If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
1. Find the torque to raise a load of 6 kN using a screw jack with a double-start square
thread, containing two threads per centimeter and a mean diameter of 60 mm. μ =
0.12. What is the torque required to lower the load?
2. A lathe saddle of mass 30 kg is traversed by a single-start square-thread screw of 10
mm pitch and mean diameter 40 mm. If the vertical force on the cutting tool is 250 N,
find the torque at the screw required to traverse the saddle. The coefficient of friction
between saddle and lathe bed and for the screw thread is 0.15.
3. A double-start square-thread screw has a pitch of 20 mm and a mean diameter of 100
mm, = 0.03. Calculate its efficiency when raising a load.
4. A load of 2500 N is to be raised by a screw jack with mean diameter of 75 mm and
pitch of 12 mm. Find the efficiency of the screw jack, if the coefficient of friction
between the screw and nut is 0.075.
20. SCREW J3010/5/20
Feedback to Self-Assessment 5
Have you tried the questions????? If “YES”, check your answers now
1. 31.4 Nm , 12 Nm
2. 0.376 Nm
3. 80.5 %
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!…..
May success be with you
4. 41.5 % always….