Wire ropes are made of strands of twisted steel wires wrapped around a core. They are used to transmit power over long distances in applications like elevators, cranes, and bridges. Wire ropes have advantages like being lighter, more reliable, and durable. They are classified based on the direction of twist of the wires and strands. Design considerations for wire ropes include selecting the type based on application, calculating design load and rope diameter, and ensuring stresses do not exceed the rope's ultimate strength. Sample problems demonstrate designing a wire rope for a mine hoist and selecting a rope to lift debris from a well.
It is power point presentation on belt and chain drive. you can find working and mechanism of chain and belt drive and their advantage and disadvantages.....enjoy.
Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The belts are flexible machine elements that are used to transmit power. The transmission of power between the two pulleys that are mounted to shafts that may be parallel or perpendicular or inclined at certain angle. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/friction/ratio-of-driving-tension-for-flat-belts.aspx
Design of material handling system belt conveyor system for crushed coal for ...Aditya Deshpande
This was a project under subject in graduation in Mechanical Engineering -DOMS- Material Handling System
Conveyor belts have been used for decades to transport bulk and unit loads. They have proved their worth everywhere because belt conveyor installations can be adapted to meet nearly all local conditions.
This project demonstrates how to design such Conveyor Belt for Coal Crushing in Thermal Power Plant application with mathematical and imperial ways
It is power point presentation on belt and chain drive. you can find working and mechanism of chain and belt drive and their advantage and disadvantages.....enjoy.
Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
The belts are flexible machine elements that are used to transmit power. The transmission of power between the two pulleys that are mounted to shafts that may be parallel or perpendicular or inclined at certain angle. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Ratio of Driving Tension for Flat Belts:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/friction/ratio-of-driving-tension-for-flat-belts.aspx
Design of material handling system belt conveyor system for crushed coal for ...Aditya Deshpande
This was a project under subject in graduation in Mechanical Engineering -DOMS- Material Handling System
Conveyor belts have been used for decades to transport bulk and unit loads. They have proved their worth everywhere because belt conveyor installations can be adapted to meet nearly all local conditions.
This project demonstrates how to design such Conveyor Belt for Coal Crushing in Thermal Power Plant application with mathematical and imperial ways
A rope drive is a type of belt drive, used for mechanical power transmission. Rope drives use several circular section ropes, rather than a single flat or vee belt.
Notes on Wire rope, Construction/type of wire rope, Testing of wire rope, Application of wire rope, Safety factor, Examination of wire rope, Care & Maintenance, Rope splicing, Tucking, Rope Capel, Reliance Capel, Deterioration of rope, Maximising the life of rope behalf of mining
Spring is an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.
APPLICATION OF SPRINGS
To apply forces as in brakes, clutches and spring loaded valves.
To store energy as in watches, toys.
To measure forces as in spring balance and engine indicators.
To cushion, absorb or control energy due to either shock or vibration as in car.The material of the spring should have
high fatigue strength,
high ductility,
high resilience and
creep resistant.
It largely depends upon the size and service.
The strength of the wires varies with size, smaller size wires have greater strength and less ductility, due to the greater degree of cold working.
Severe service means rapid continuous loading where the ratio of minimum to maximum load (or stress) is one-half or less, as in automotive valve springs.
Average service includes the same stress range as in severe service but with only intermittent operation, as in engine governor springs and automobile suspension springs.
Light service includes springs subjected to loads that are static or very infrequently varied, as in safety valve springs.
The springs are mostly made from oil-tempered carbon steel wires containing 0.60 to 0.70 per cent carbon and 0.60 to 1.0 per cent manganese.
UNIT - 06 TRANSMISSION LINES AND SUBSTATIONSPremanandDesai
Code of practice for Transmission lines and substations, transmission line materials and their specifications, types of Towers, ACSR conductors and Number of Disc insulators in suspension string, strain string, span and height of towers for 66 KV, 110 KV, 220 KV transmission lines, concept of single circuit and double circuit transmission lines, method of calculating the Quantity of transmission line materials, Prepare the schedule of materials
(only) for 66 KV,110 KV and 220 KV single circuit transmission lines. 66KV/11KV, 5 MVA Substations- Single Line diagram, list of Electrical equipment's/ materials (only) and their
specifications.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. *Wire Ropes are made from cold-drawn wires that are first wrapped
into strands; then wrapped into helices around a core or central
element, which is usually hemp or pulp.
*Often, the core or central element is an independent wire rope core
(IWRC) which makes the rope much more resistant to crushing.
*IWRC, compared to hemp core, is high-temperature resistant, has
about 7.5% greater strength and has smaller elongation under load.
*Wire ropes are used when a large amount of power is to be transmitted
over long distances from one pulley to another (i.e. when the pulleys
are up to 150 metres apart).
*The wire ropes are widely used in elevators, mine hoists, cranes,
conveyors, hauling devices and suspension bridges.
*The wire ropes run on grooved pulleys but they rest on the bottom of
the grooves and are not wedged between the sides of the grooves.
2
3. Advantages of Wire Ropes
*These are lighter in weight,
*These offer silent operation,
*These can withstand shock loads,
*These are more reliable,
*These are more durable,
*They do not fail suddenly,
*The efficiency is high, and
*The cost is low.
3
4. Classification of Wire Ropes according to the direction of twist of the
individual wires and that of strands relative to each other
1. Cross or regular lay ropes: the direction of twist of wires in the
strands is opposite to the direction of twist of the strands; such type
of ropes are most popular.
2. Parallel or lang lay ropes: the direction of twist of the wires in the
strands is same as that of strands in the rope
3. Composite or reverse laid ropes: the wires in the two adjacent
strands are twisted in the opposite direction.
4
5. Designation of Wire Ropes
*Wire ropes are designated by the number of strands and the number of
wires in each strand.
*For example, a wire rope having six strands and seven wires in each
strand is designated by 6 × 7 rope.
6 x 19 with IWRC
5
11. Wire Rope Sheaves and Drums
*The sheave diameter should be fairly large in order to reduce the bending
stresses in the ropes when they bend around the sheaves or pulleys.
*Large diameters should be employed which give better and more
economical service, if space allows so.
*If the groove is bigger than rope, there will not be sufficient support for
the rope which may, therefore, flatten from its normal circular shape and
increase fatigue effects.
*If the groove is too small, then the rope will be wedged into the groove
and thus the normal rotation is prevented.
Sheave or pulleys for
winding ropes
11
12. For light and medium service, the sheaves are made of cast iron, but for
heavy crane service they are often made of steel castings.
12
16.
A
w
W
S
w
W
W
v
h
L
h
a
ah
v
Lg
S
ahE
w
W
W
st
st
r
r
a
r
st
2
is
stress
ing
correspond
The
2
starting,
during
load
Impact
therefore
,
0
and
0
then
rope,
in the
slackness
no
is
When there
rope
the
of
length
rope
the
of
slackness
rope
the
of
on
accelerati
2
rope,
of
velocity
2
1
1
rope.
on the
load
impact
an
induces
This
load.
on the
pull
a
exert
to
starts
and
stretched
or
taut
is
rope
the
before
overcame
be
must
which
(h)
slack
a
has
rope
when the
is
starting
of
case
general
The
16
17.
safety.
of
factor
by the
divided
strength
ultimate
than the
less
be
should
stresses
these
of
sum
the
rope,
wire
a
designing
When
load
the
of
on
accelerati
during
rope
in the
Stress
Effective
starting
during
rope
in the
Stress
Effective
working
normal
during
rope
in the
Stress
Effective
rope
in the
Stress
Effective
.
5
in w/c
3
similar to
obtained
be
may
stress
l
add'
This
speed
of
change
to
due
Stress
.
4
1
2
a
b
d
b
st
b
d
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
t
v
v
a
17
18. Procedures in Designing a Wire Rope
1. Select a suitable type of rope from Tables for the given
application.
2. Find the design load by assuming a factor of safety 2 to 2.5
times the factor of safety given in the Table.
3. Find the diameter of wire rope (d) by equating the tensile
strength of the rope selected to the design load.
4. Find the diameter of the wire (dw) and area of the rope (A)
from the Table.
5. Find the various stresses (or loads) in the rope.
6. Find the effective stresses (or loads) during normal working,
during starting and during acceleration of the load.
7. Lastly, find the actual factor of safety and compare with the
factor of safety given in the Table. If the actual factor of safety is
within permissible limits, then the design is safe.
18
19. Sample Problem 1
*Select a wire rope for a vertical mine hoist to lift a load of 50 kN from
a depth 150 meters. A rope speed of 250 metres / min is to be
attained in 10 seconds.
19
s
; t
m/
m; v
N
kN
W 10
min
250
150
depth
;
50000
50
:
Given
Step 1. Select a suitable type of rope from Tables for the given application.
Either 6x7 or 6x19 rope can be used. Say, we use 6x19
20. 20
Step 2. Find the design load by assuming a factor of safety 2 to 2.5 times the
factor of safety given in the Table.
N
N 900000
50000
18
rope
for the
Load
Design
18
8
2.25
safety
of
Factor
21. 21
Step 3. Find the diameter of wire rope (d) by equating the tensile strength of
the rope selected to the design load.
mm
mm
d
d
38
89
.
38
900000
595 2
22. 22
2
2
2
550
38
38
.
0
38
.
0
4
.
2
38
063
.
0
063
.
0
mm
d
A
mm
d
dw
Step 4. Find the diameter of the wire (dw) and area of the rope (A) from the
Table.
23. 23
Step 5. Find the various stresses (or loads) in the rope.
N
d
w
w
a
6
.
7862
150
0363
.
0
rope
of
length
X
length
unit
ave.wt.per
rope
of
weight
)
2
25. 25
N
W
A
S
W
b
b
b
36465
550
3
.
66
load
bending
equivalent
N
w
W
W
h
d
N
a
g
w
W
W
W
s
m
t
v
a
c
st
a
a
115725.2
6
.
7862
50000
2
2
given)
(not
0
starting,
to
due
load
Impact
)
2459.6
417
.
0
81
.
9
6
.
7862
50000
on
accelerati
to
due
load
l
add'
417
.
0
10
60
250
60
load
and
rope
of
on
accelerati
)
2
26. 26
Step 6. Find the effective stresses (or loads) during normal working, during
starting and during acceleration of the load.
Step 7. Lastly, find the actual factor of safety and compare with the factor of
safety given in the Table. If the actual factor of safety is within permissible
limits, then the design is safe.
ry.
satisfacto
is
diameter
mm
-
38
of
rope
19
x
6
therefore
Safe,
3
.
9
96787.2
900000
safety
of
factor
Actual
96787.2
2459.6
36465
6
.
7862
50000
load
Effective
load,
of
on
accelerati
During
91
.
5
152190.2
900000
safety
of
factor
Actual
152190.2
36465
115725.2
load
Effective
starting,
During
54
.
9
94327.6
900000
safety
of
factor
Actual
94327.6
36465
6
.
7862
50000
load
Effective
operation,
normal
During
N
W
W
w
W
N
W
W
N
W
w
W
a
b
b
st
b
27. Sample Problem 2
*Select a suitable wire rope to lift a load of 10 kN of debris from a well
60 m deep. The rope should have a factor of safety equal to 6. The
weight of the bucket is 5 kN. The load is lifted up with a maximum
speed of 150 metres/min which is attained in 1 second. Find also the
stress induced in the rope due to starting with an initial slack of 250
mm. The average tensile strength of the rope may be taken as 590 d2
Newtons (where d is the rope diameter in mm) for 6 × 19 wire rope.
The weight of the rope is 18.5 N/m. Take diameter of the wire (dw) =
0.063 d, and area of the rope (A) = 0.38 d2.
27
d
.
d; A
.
; d
wire rope
x
m
N
w
d
mm
h
s
t
m
v
;
m; FS
N
kN
W
N
kN
W
w
bucket
debris
2
2
38
0
063
0
19
6
;
5
.
18
;
590
strength
Tensile
;
250
;
1
;
min
150
6
60
depth
;
5000
5
;
10000
10
:
Given
28. 28
mm
d
mm
d
d
N
20
Use
;
53
.
18
202500
590
202500
5000
10000
5
.
13
rope
for the
Load
Design
5
.
13
6
2.25
safety
of
Factor
2
2
2
2
152
20
38
.
0
38
.
0
26
.
1
20
063
.
0
063
.
0
mm
d
A
mm
d
dw
N
A
S
W
mm
N
S
mm
kN
E
D
d
E
S
mm
D
d
D
d
N
m
m
N
w
b
b
b
r
w
r
b
26812.8
152
4
.
176
4
.
176
600
26
.
1
84000
ropes
steel
for
84
:
600
20
30
sheave
dia.of
;
30
20
1110
60
5
.
18
rope
of
weight
2
2
29. 29
N
W
Lg
S
ahE
w
W
W
W
mm
m
depth
L
mm
h
mm
N
A
W
S
N
a
g
w
W
W
W
W
s
m
t
v
a
st
a
r
bucket
debris
st
a
a
bucket
debris
a
a
60542.7
81
.
9
60000
27
84000
250
5
.
2
2
1
1
1110
5000
10000
2
1
1
60000
60
;
250
starting,
to
due
load
Impact
27
152
4105.5
4105.5
5
.
2
81
.
9
1110
5000
10000
on
accelerati
to
due
load
l
add'
5
.
2
1
60
150
60
load
and
rope
of
on
accelerati
2
2
30. 30
2
398.3
152
60542.7
mm
N
A
W
S st
st
31
.
4
47028.3
202500
safety
of
factor
Actual
47028.3
4105.5
26812.8
1110
5000
10000
load
Effective
load,
of
on
accelerati
During
32
.
2
87355.5
202500
safety
of
factor
Actual
87355.5
26812.8
60542.7
load
Effective
starting,
During
72
.
4
42922.8
202500
safety
of
factor
Actual
42922.8
26812.8
1110
5000
10000
load
Effective
working,
normal
During
N
W
W
w
W
W
N
W
W
N
W
w
W
W
a
b
bucket
debris
b
st
b
bucket
debris
31. Homework:
*Suggest the suitable size of 6 × 19 hoisting steel wire rope for an
inclined mine shaft of 1000 m length and inclination of the rails 60°
with the horizontal. The weight of the loaded skip is 100 kN. The
maximum acceleration is limited to 1.5 m/s2. The diameter of the
drum on which the rope is being wound may be taken as 80 times the
diameter of the rope. The car friction is 20 N / kN of weight normal to
the incline and friction of the rope on the guide roller is 50 N / kN of
weight normal to the incline. Assume a factor of safety of 5. The
following properties of 6 × 19 flexible hoisting rope are given : The
diameter of the rope (d) is in mm. The weight of the rope per meter =
0.0334 d2 N; breaking load = 500 d2 N; wire diameter = 0.063 d mm;
area of wires in rope = 0.38 d2 mm2; equivalent elastic modulus = 82
kN/ mm2. [Ans. 105 mm]
31