Steel is a versatile material that is commonly used for large scale construction projects due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel trusses are a type of structure frequently employed in buildings to provide support for roofs, floors, and other loads. They consist of compression and tension elements arranged in a triangulated pattern, allowing them to efficiently span long distances with minimal material. Common types of steel truss designs include Pratt, Warren, and Fink configurations. Truss members are often made of angles, channels, tubes, or other standard steel sections joined together with bolted or welded connections.
Steel portal frames are very efficient and economical when used for
single-storey buildings, provided that the design details are cost effective and
the design parameters and assumptions are well chosen. In countries where this
technology is highly developed, the steel portal frame is the dominant form of
structure for single-storey industrial and commercial buildings. It has become
the most common structural form in pitched roof buildings, because of its
economy and versatility for a wide range of spans.
Steel portal frames are very efficient and economical when used for
single-storey buildings, provided that the design details are cost effective and
the design parameters and assumptions are well chosen. In countries where this
technology is highly developed, the steel portal frame is the dominant form of
structure for single-storey industrial and commercial buildings. It has become
the most common structural form in pitched roof buildings, because of its
economy and versatility for a wide range of spans.
The presentation will include technical terminologies along with sizing of metallic and non-metallic expansion joints which are used in Steel/Cement/Minerals/Power industries.
The presentation will include technical terminologies along with sizing of metallic and non-metallic expansion joints which are used in Steel/Cement/Minerals/Power industries.
Bolted flange joints are widely used in engineering structure. The evolution of leakage is studied using
detailed contact finite element analysis. The distribution of stress at the gasket is analyzed using a contact
condition based on slide-line elements using ABAQUS, a commercial finite element code. Slide-line elements
also take into account pressure penetration as contact that is lost between flange and gasket. Results are presented
for a particular flange, a raised face flange sealed by a mild steel gasket. Although a lot of pipe flange connections
are exposed to elevated temperature during long-term plant operation, a sealing performance of the pipe flange
connections at elevated temperature is not well understood because of the experimental difficulty and the
analytical problems due to the lack of the materials properties of gaskets at elevated temperature. The authors have
been evaluating the effect of the material properties of spiral wound gaskets (SWG) and the sealing performance
of the pipe flange connections at elevated temperature.
2012 Bolted joints - Bolted joints in real conditionsErik Galdames
A summary of the conditions encountered when tightening bolts in the automotive industry. Experiences when using different materials and different tightening procedures. Based on experience and specifications of the automotive industry
API 600 - Steel Gate Valves - Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted BonnetsNilesh Mistry
This presentation briefs about the basic requirements & overall structure of API 600 Standard. The presentation includes clause by clause illustration with examples. NPS 4 (DN 100) Class 150 (PN 20) Manually Operated Bolted Bonnet Gate Valve is taken as an example & the requirements for this valve has been highlighted in the presentation. So that it becomes easy for one to understand what API is asking for.
The various screenshots from different standards are added to make it simpler & easier to understand. The detailed guidelines for testing of the prototype valve (example) from API 598 have been included in this presentation. Similarly, marking guidelines are taken from ASME B16.34 as specified in this standard.
API 600 is the primary steel gate valve purchase specification. API 600 details valve design/construction criteria as well as material/trim designations. ISO 10434 is a similar spec published in the ISO format.
For any queries, feel free to contact me at mistrynilesh@icloud.com
A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure. In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object"
Grone Solutions Wholesale LLC has been an industry-leading Steel Distributor since Carlos Valencia set up the company in 2019. We only offer our customers the highest quality products available on the market - and for the best prices, you’ll find anywhere in the North East area and beyond.
What are the types of structural steel framingnajeeb muhamed
Different types of structural steel framing systems for buildings such as skeleton, wall bearing and long span framing systems and their applications and configurations are discussed.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. • Steel can be considered as a skeleton for every
structure.
• Most kind of structures {made of any material}, requires
steel.
• But steel structures are most easy to build, maintain and
use.
• They can be easily dismantled and recycled.
• Steel can be used in different things.
• For large scale structures steel is much more feasible
and economical than any other material.
3.
4. Steel used as supporting buttresses and extended columns
*BUILDING- BRITISH RECORD INDUSTRY TRUST(BRIT) SCHOOL, LONDON
6. Steel used as
permanent bracing
between two building,
extended form of which
supports the roof
*BUILDING- BAUMSCHULENWEG CREMATORIUM,
BERLIN
7. Steel used as
permanent
support and
bracing to the
facade
Cathédrale Nôtre Dame de la Treille, Lille, France Hotel de las Artes, Barcelona, Spain, Skidmore Owings & Merril
8. Dynamic columned wall completely made of steel
*BUILDING- MEXICAN EMBASSY, BERLIN, GERMANY
9. Same framework acting as piers and truss
*BUILDING- BRITISH RECORD INDUSTRY TRUST(BRIT) SCHOOL, LONDON
10. ITEM OF WORK: STEEL TRUSS
• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight
interconnected structural elements.
• The most common use of trusses is in buildings, where
support to roofs, the floors and internal loading such as
services and suspended ceilings, are readily provided.
• Trusses are also commonly used in temporary as well as non
habitable places such as parking area, veranda, stadiums,
railway station, etc.
13. • Trusses comprise assemblies of tension and compression
elements.
• Under gravity loads, the top and bottom chords of the truss
provide the compression and tension resistance to overall
bending, and the bracing resists the shear forces.
• A wide range of truss forms can be created.
• Each can vary in overall geometry and in the choice of the
individual elements.
WHY VARIOUS TYPES OF TRUSSES ARE USED?
* FROM WEB- http://www.all-concrete-cement.com/steel-roof-truss-design.html
14. SOME COMMONLY USED TRUSSES ARE:
PRATT TRUSS ('N' TRUSS) WARREN TRUSS
NORTH LIGHT TRUSS SAW-TOOTH TRUSS
FINK TRUSS
15. • For efficient structural performance, the ratio of span to truss
depth should be chosen in the range 10 to 15.
• The architectural design of the building determines its
external geometry and governs the slope(s) given to the top
chord of the truss.
• The intended use of the internal space can lead either to the
choice of a horizontal bottom chord, e.g. where conveyors
must be hung under the chord, or to an inclined bottom
chord, to allow maximum space to be provided.
GENERAL GEOMETRY
16. For an efficient layout of the truss members between the
chords, the following is advisable:
•The inclination of the diagonal members in relation to the
chords should be between 35° and 55°
•Point loads should only be applied at nodes
•The orientation of the diagonal members should be such that
the longest members are subject to tension (the shorter ones
being subject to compression).
* FROM WEB- http://www.steelconstruction.info/Trusses
17. • Many types of sections are available for making a steel truss.
• Choice of members depends on the magnitude of the internal forces, ease of
connections between members, aesthetics and any necessity to connect
prefabricated truss sections on site.
• For smaller spans, tee sections are frequently used for chords, with angles used
as internal members.
• Back-to-back angles or channels may be used for longer spans or heavier loads,
with a gusset plate used at nodes to connect the members.
TYPES OF TRUSS SECTIONS
TYPICAL ELEMENT CROSS SECTIONS FOR LIGHT BUILDING TRUSSES
18. • For large trusses and heavy loads, typically found in transfer trusses in
buildings, members may be rolled sections.
• For many exposed trusses, hollow sections are chosen for their structural
efficiency and for aesthetic reasons.
• As part of the truss design, it is essential to verify the resistance of the joints (in
accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8) as the joint design may dominate member
selection and final truss geometry.
• Members should be selected carefully to avoid expensive strengthening of
trusses fabricated from hollow sections
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEEL SECTION USED IN TRUSSES
* FROM WEB- http://www.steelconstruction.info/Trusses
21. • Two types of structural elements, struts and ties, are associated with
bracing in trusses.
• Struts are inserted to resist compression. Ties resist tension.
• When engineered correctly, a truss is considered an ideal means to handle
loads over a long period of time without yielding, deforming or breaking.
• In the case of bridges, trusses may also span large distances because they
can be built or prefabricated in sections.
• A truss usually have 3 chord members
ELEMENTS OF A STEEL TRUSS
22. MEMBERS OF A STEEL TRUSS
TIE BEAM
It's defined as a horizontal structural
member that supports vertical loads. It’s the
member at the base which holds the above
parts and transfer the loads to columns.
GUSSET PLATE
A gusset plate connects two or more structural
members along one plane. The plates are
designed to minimize bending at the
connections, which enables the members to
do their job resisting tension or compression.
23. PURLIN
These are secondary, horizontal members
laid out to hold the sheeting that will be laid
out on the roof. Purlins are made of lighter-
gauge steel than girders, since they're not
used to hold up heavy loads.
Decking is a flat surface that sits atop the
floor and roof joists in a building or other
structure. Multiple sheets of metal, usually
corrugated, are interlock or fastened and
welded together.
DECKING
24.
25. • For all the types of member sections, it is
possible to design either bolted or welded
connections.
• Generally in steelwork construction, bolted site
splices are preferred to welded splices for
economy and speed of erection.
• Where bolted connections are used, it is
necessary to evaluate the consequences of
'slack' in connections. In order to reduce these
consequences (typically, the increase of the
deflections), solutions are available such as use
of preloaded bolts.
TYPES OF JOINTS/ JOINERY
26. • Hollow sections are typically connected
by welding whilst open sections are connected
by bolting or welding, which will usually involve the
use of gusset plates.
• Small trusses which can be transported whole from
the fabrication factory to the site, can be entirely
welded.
• In the case of large roof trusses which cannot
be transported whole, welded sub-assemblies are
delivered to site and are either bolted
or welded together on site.
• In light roof trusses entirely bolted connections are
less favoured than welded connections due to the
requirement for gusset plates and their
increased fabrication costs.
27. ESTIMATED PRICES
• Steel prices - 45-50 Rs/Kg
• fabrication charges - 15-20 Rs/Kg
• Labour charges - 30 Rs/sq. feet
• Roofing charges depends upon the type of roofing.
• For prefabricated members, it takes around 1-2 hours to assemble the truss of a
standard size of 5m* 5m.
*FROM MARKET SURVEY